Nama FEMAS ADETYA LAUDRY

NIM 22323052
Prodi TEKNIK SIPIL
Tugas BAHASA INGGRIS WEEK 10 (READING)
Sesi 471 RABU 13.20-15.00

TOEFL EXERCISE 1: Study each of the passages and choose the best answers to the
questions that follow. In this exercise, each passage is followed by several main idea, topic,
or title questions so that the students can practice this type of question. On the TOEFL test,
one passage would probably not have two such questions because they are so similar.
PASSAGE ONE (Questions 1-2)
Fort Knox, Kentucky, is the site of a U.S. army post, but it is even more renowned for the
Fort Knox Bullion Depository, the massive vault that contains the bulk of the U.S.
government's gold deposits. Completed in 1936, the vault is housed in a two-story building
constructed of granite, Line steel, and concrete; the vault itself is made of steel and concrete
and has a door that weighs more (5) than twenty tons. Naturally, the most up-to-date security
devices available are in place at Fort Knox, and the army post nearby provides further
protection.
1. Which of the following best describes the topic of the passage?
(A) The city of Fort Knox, Kentucky
(B) The federal gold depository
(C) The U.S. army post at Fort Knox
(D) Gold bullion

2. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?
(A) The Massive Concrete Vault.
(B) Fort Knox Security
(C) Where the United States Keeps Its Gold
(D) A Visit to Kentucky

PASSAGE TWO (Questions 3-4)

One identifying characteristic of minerals is their relative hardness, which can be determined
by scratching one mineral with another. In this type of test, a harder mineral can scratch a
softer one, but a softer mineral is unable to scratch the harder one. The Mohs' hardness. scale
is used to rank minerals according to hardness. Ten minerals are listed in this scale, ranging
from talc with a hardness of 1 to diamond with a hardness of 10. On this scale, quartz
(number 7) is harder than feldspar (number 6) and is therefore able to scratch it; however,
feldspar is unable to make a mark on quartz.
3. Which of the following best states the subject of this passage?
(A) The hardness of diamonds
(B) Identifying minerals by means of a scratch test
(C) Feldspar on the Mohs’ scale
(D) Recognizing minerals in their natural state
 4. The main idea of this passage is that
(A) the hardness of a mineral can be determined by its ability to make a mark on other
minerals
(B) diamonds, with a hardness of 10 on the Mohs' scale, can scratch all other minerals
(C) a softer mineral cannot be scratched by a harder mineral
(D) talc is the first mineral listed on the Mohs' scale

PASSAGE THREE (Questions 5-6)

Hurricanes generally occur in the North Atlantic from May through November, with the peak
of the hurricane season in September; only rarely will they occur from December through
April in that part of the ocean. The main reason for the occurrence of hurricanes during this
Line period is that the temperature on the water's surface is at its warmest and the humidity of
the air is at its highest.
Of the tropical storms that occur each year in the North Atlantic, only about five, on the
average, are powerful enough to be called hurricanes. To be classified as a hurricane, a
tropical storm must have winds reaching speeds of at least 117 kilometers per hour, but the
winds are often much stronger than that; the winds of intense hurricanes can easily surpass
240 kilometers per hour.
5. The passage mainly discusses
(A) how many hurricanes occur each year
(B) the strength of hurricanes
(C) the weather in the North Atlantic
(D) hurricanes in one part of the world

6. The best title for this passage would be

(A) The North Atlantic Ocean
(B) Storms of the Northern Atlantic
(C) Hurricanes: The Damage and Destruction
(D) What Happens from May through November

PASSAGE FOUR (Questions 7-9)

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882) was perhaps the best-known American poet of
the nineteenth century. His clear writing style and emphasis on the prevalent values of the
period made him popular with the general public if not always with the critics. He was
particularly recognized for Line his longer narrative poems Evangeline, The Song of
Hiawatha, and The Courtship of Miles Standish, in which he told stories from American
history in terms of the values of the time.
Evangeline was set during the French and Indian War (1754-1763), when the British forced
French settlers from Nova Scotia; two lovers, Gabriel and Evangeline, were separated by the
British, and Evangeline devoted her lifetime to the search for Gabriel. With its emphasis on
sentimental, undying love, Evangeline was immensely popular with the public.
In The Song of Hiawatha, Longfellow depicted the noble life of the American Indian through
the story of the brave Hiawatha and his beloved wife Minehaha. The tearinspiring poem
follows Hiawatha through the tragedies and triumphs of life, ending with the death of
Minehaha and Hiawatha's departure into the sunset in his canoe.
The Courtship of Miles Standish takes place during the early period of the settlement of New
England, a period which was viewed as a time of honor and romance. In this poem centered
around a love triangle, Miles Standish asks his friend John Alden to propose to Priscilla
Mullins for him; John Alden ends up marrying Priscilla Mullins himself, and it takes time for
his friendship with Miles Standish to recover. As with Longfellow's other narrative poems,
the emphasis on high ideals and romance made the poem extremely popular.
7. Which of the following best describes the main idea of the passage?
(A) American history is often depicted in poetry.
(B) Longfellow described American history even though people really did not enjoy
it.
(C) The popularity of Longfellow's poems results from his stress on the values of the
people.
(D) Longfellow wrote long narrative poems that were not always popular with the
critics.

8. The best title of the passage is

(A) Longfellow's Popular Appeal
(B) Historical Narrative Poems
(C) The Lyric, Dramatic, and Narrative Poems of Longfellow
(D) Longfellow and the Critics

9. The subject of the fourth paragraph is

(A) nobility and honor in the poems of Longfellow
(B) the love triangle involving Miles Standish
(C) the popular appeal of The Courtship of Miles Standish
(D) the period of the early settlement of New England
TOEFL EXERCISE 2: Study each of the passages and choose the best answers to the
questions that follow.
PASSAGE ONE (Questions 1-2)
Conflict within an organization is not always viewed as undesirable. In fact, various
managers have widely divergent ideas on the value that conflict can have. According to the
traditional view of conflict, conflict is harmful to an organization. Line Managers with this
traditional view of conflict see it as their role in an organization to rid the organization of any
possible sources of conflict.
The interactionist view of conflict, on the other hand, holds that conflict can serve an
important function in an organization by reducing complacency among workers and causing
positive changes to occur. Managers who hold an interactionist view of conflict may actually
take steps to stimulate conflict within the organization.
1. How is the information in the passage organized?
(A) The origin of ideas about conflict is presented.
(B) Contrasting views of conflict are presented.
(C) Two theorists discuss the strengths and weaknesses of their views on conflict.
(D) Examples of conflict within organizations are presented.

2. Click on the paragraph that supports the view that organizational conflict can be
beneficial. (on computer test) (gray highlights)

PASSAGE TWO (Questions 3-4)

IQ, or intelligence quotient, is defined as the ratio of a person's mental age to chronological
age, with the ratio multiplied by 100 to remove the decimal. Chronological age is easily
determined; mental age is generally measured by some kind of standard test and is not so
simple to define.
In theory, a standardized IQ test is set up to measure an individual's ability to perform
intellectual operations such as reasoning and problem solving. These intellectual operations
are considered to represent intelligence.
In practice, it has been impossible to arrive at consensus as to which types of intellectual
operations demonstrate intelligence. Furthermore, it has been impossible to devise a test
without cultural bias, which is to say that any IQ tests so far proposed have been shown to
reflect the culture of the test makers. Test takers from that culture would, it follows, score
higher on such a test than test takers from a different culture with equal intelligence.
3. What type of information is included in the first paragraph?
(A) An argument
(B) A definition
(C) An opinion
(D) A theory
 4. Click on the paragraph that describes the application of IQ in the real world. (on
computer test) (gray highlights)

PASSAGE THREE (Questions 5-6)

The largest lake in the western United States is the Great Salt Lake, an inland saltwater lake
in northwestern Utah, just outside the state capital of Salt Lake City. Rivers and streams feed
into the Great Salt Lake, but none drain out of it; this has a major influence on both the salt
content Lines and the size of the lake.
Although the Great Salt Lake is fed by freshwater streams, it is actually saltier than the
oceans of the world. The salt comes from the more than two million tons of minerals that
flow into the lake each year from the rivers and creeks that feed it. Sodium and chloride-the
components of salt-comprise the large majority of the lake's mineral content.
The Great Salt Lake can vary tremendously from its normal size of 1,700 square miles,
depending on long-term weather conditions. During periods of heavy rains, the size of the
lake can swell tremendously from the huge amounts of water flowing into the lake from its
feeder rivers and streams; in 1980 the lake even reached a size of 2,400 square miles. During
periods of dry weather, the size of the lake decreases, sometimes drastically, due to
evaporation.
5. How is the information in the passage organized?
(A) Two unusual characteristics of the Great Salt Lake are discussed.
(B) Contrasting theories about the Great Salt Lake's salt levels are presented.
(C) The process by which the Great Salt Lake gets its salt is outlined.
(D) The reasons for the variations in the Great Salt Lake's size are given.

6. Click on the paragraph that explains where the Great Salt Lake gets its salt. (gray
highlights)
TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 1-2): Study each of the passages and choose the best answers to
the questions that follow.
PASSAGE ONE (Questions 1-2)
Common types of calendars can be based on the Sun or on the Moon. The solar calendar is
based on the solar year. Since the solar year is 365.2422 days long, solar calendars consist of
regular years of 365 days and have an extra day every fourth year, or leap year, to make up
for the Line additional fractional amount. In a solar calendar, the waxing and waning of the
Moon can take place at various stages of each month.
The lunar calendar is synchronized to the lunar month rather than the solar year. Since the
lunar month is twenty-nine and a half days long, most lunar calendars have alternating
months of twenty-nine and thirty days. A twelve-month lunar year thus has 354 days, 11 days
shorter than a solar year.
1. What is the main idea of the passage?
(A) All calendars are the same.
(B) The solar calendar is based on the Sun.
(C) Different calendars have dissimilar bases.
(D) The lunar month is twenty-nine and a half days long.

2. How is the information in the passage organized?

(A) Characteristics of the solar calendar are outlined.
(B) Two types of calendars are described.
(C) The strengths and weakness of the lunar calendar are described.
(D) The length of each existing calendar is contrasted.

PASSAGE TWO (Questions 3-6)

Vaccines are prepared from harmful viruses or bacteria and administered to patients to
provide immunity to specific diseases. The various types of vaccines are classified according
to the method by which they are derived.
The most basic class of vaccines actually contains disease-causing microorganisms that have
been killed with a solution containing formaldehyde. In this type of vaccine, the
microorganisms are dead and therefore cannot cause disease; however, the antigens found in
and on the microorganisms can still stimulate the formation of antibodies. Examples of this
type of vaccine are the ones that fight influenza, typhoid fever, and cholera.
A second type of vaccine contains the toxins produced by the microorganisms rather than the
microorganisms themselves. This type of vaccine is prepared when the microorganism itself
does little damage but the toxin within the microorganism is extremely harmful. For example,
the bacteria that cause diphtheria can thrive in the throat without much harm, but when toxins
are released from the bacteria, muscles can become paralyzed and death can ensue.
A final type of vaccine contains living microorganisms that have been rendered harmless.
With this type of vaccine, a large number of antigen molecules are produced and the
immunity that results is generally longer lasting than the immunity from other types of
vaccines. The Sabin oral antipolio vaccine and the BCG vaccine against tuberculosis are
examples of this type of vaccine.
3. Which of the following expresses the main idea of the passage?
(A) Vaccines provide immunity to specific diseases.
(B) Vaccines contain disease-causing microorganisms.
(C) Vaccines are derived in different ways.
(D) New approaches in administering vaccines are being developed.

4. How many types of vaccines are presented in the passage?

(A) Two
(B) Three
(C) Four
(D) Five

5. Click on the paragraph that discusses vaccines made from dead organisms. (gray
highlight)

6. Click on the paragraph that discusses vaccines that do not contain the disease-causing
microorganism. (yellow highlight)

PASSAGE THREE (Questions 7-8)

A hoax, unlike an honest error, is a deliberately-concocted plan to present an untruth as the
truth. It can take the form of a fraud, a fake, a swindle, or a forgery, and can be accomplished
in almost any field: successful hoaxes have been foisted on the public in fields as varied as
politics, religion, science, art, and literature.
A famous scientific hoax occurred in 1912 when Charles Dawson claimed to have uncovered
a human skull and jawbone on the Piltdown Common in southern England. These human
remains were said to be more than 500,000 years old and were unlike any other remains from
that period; as such, they represented an important discovery in the study of human evolution.
These remains, popularly known as the Piltdown Man and scientifically named Eoanthropus
dawsoni after their discoverer, confounded scientists for several decades.
It took more than forty years for the hoax to be uncovered. In 1953, a chemical analysis was
used to date the bones, and it was found that the bones were modern bones that had been
skillfully aged. A further twist to the hoax was that the skull belonged to a human and the
jaws to an orangutan.
7. The topic of this passage could best be described as
(A) the Piltdown Man
(B) Charles Dawson's discovery
(C) Eoanthropus dawsoni
(D) a definition and example of a hoax

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8. The author's main point is that
(A) various types of hoaxes have been perpetrated
(B) Charles Dawson discovered a human skull and jawbone
(C) Charles Dawson was not an honest man
(D) the human skull and jawbone were extremely old