MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

MATHEMATICS 3. Prove Fn+5 = 2Fn+2-Fn ;n=8

→ Study of patterns _____________________________________
→ Mathanein "to learn" _____________________________________
PATTERNS _____________________________________
→ The heart of mathematics
_____________________________________
 Layout of the floor skin of the snake
4. Prove Fn = (Fn-1 )+3 ;n+6
 Feather of the peacock
_____________________________________
 Tentacles
_____________________________________
 Fingerprint
1. Self-Organize Patterns (SOP) _____________________________________
→ Naturally made patterns. 5. If n is an even number, then Fn is an odd number.
→ Extends to non-living world. _____________________________________
2. Invoked Organization Patterns _____________________________________
→ Self-made patterns 6. Prive 3Fn-4 > 5n+10 ;n=4
→ Non-living things and living things. _____________________________________
________________________________________
THE FIBONACCI SEQUENCE ________________________________________
→ named after Fibonacci, also known as Leonardo of
Pisa or Pisano LANGUAGE
→ series of numbers where a number is found by adding → is important to understand and express one's ideas,
up the two numbers before it. feelings, or opinion. It serves as the transmitter of
F F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 information and knowledge. It helps to construct social
1 entity. Misunderstanding of one's language leads to
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 confusion and misconceptions.
F F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 MATHEMATICS AS LANGUAGE
1
→ Mathematics has its own language. It was designed so
89 144 233 377 610 987 1597 2584 4181 6765 we can write about things (numbers, sets, functions, etc.)
An important characteristics of sequence is the fact that the and can do something (add, subtract, multiply, divide,
ratio between any number and the previous one in the series etc.) on those things. And just like human languages,
tends towards a well-defined value: mathematics language consists of structural rules
1,618… governing the use of symbols representing mathematical
this is the GOLDEN RATION/MEAN ф(Phi), that objects.
frequently occurs in nature.
The Lucas numbers or Lucas series are an integer sequence CHARACTERISTICS OF MATH LANGUAGE:
named after the mathematician François Edouard Anatole There are 3 characteristics of mathematical language.
Lucas (1842-1891) who studied both that sequence and  PRECISE → exact, accurate, and careful about
closely related Fibonacci numbers. These sequences are details.
defined recursively by:  CONCISE → is able to say things briefly.
LUCAS FORMULA:  POWERFULE → is expressing complex thought
F n=F n−1+ F n−2 ; n≥ 3 with relative ease.
To determine the nth value in the sequence, a non-recursive MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE → is a system used in
formula was discovered by Jacques Binet (1843). the field of mathematics to communicate mathematical ideas,
BINETS’S FORMULA: concepts, and theories among people. It is distinct and
unique from the usual language most people are used to and
F n=¿ ¿ ¿
n
is used to communicate abstract, logical ideas.
F n=
√5 2(
1 1+ √5
) VOCABULARY OF MATHEMATICS → The language of
mathematics has an abundant vocabulary of specialist and
technical terms and also uses symbols instead of words
1. Find F10
which are essential to the power of modern mathematics.
 LUCAS: Some of the symbols commonly used in Mathematics:
_____________________________________  The 10 digits numbers: {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0}
_____________________________________  Symbols for operations and sets:
_____________________________________ {+,,×,÷,∩,∪,⊂,⊃,etc.}
_____________________________________  symbols that "stands in": (x, y…)
 BINETS  Inequality symbols:{ ≠, ≤, ≥, < >}
_____________________________________  Set notations: (N, Z, R, Q, C, etc.}
_____________________________________  Equal sign:{=}
_____________________________________
_____________________________________ Often (but not always) letters are used in a mathematical
2. Prove 2Fn = F4+Fn-1 ;n=5 statement. And these letters have special uses.
EXAMPLE MEANING
_____________________________________ S
_____________________________________ Start of the Alphabet a,b,c… Constant (fixed value)
_____________________________________
From l to n: I, j, k, l, m, n Positive integers (for
 counting) Key word

{
End of alphabet: …, x, y, z Variables (unknown)
Than
Start writing ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
COMMON WORDS IN ALGEBRA: ¿
1. Variable → A symbol that represents a value or a
number usually. small letters are used as variables. For
instance, a, x, and y
Start wrting ¿ ¿ ¿ by
¿ {
2. Constant → A number on its own, meaning the value is WORDS INTO MATH
never definite and will never change. For instance, 4, 9, Addition Subtraction
and 35. → Add → subtract
3. Term → A constant, or a variable, or constant(s) and → Sum → difference
→ Increased by → decreased by
variable(s) multiplied together. For instance. 4, z, 5xy,
→ More → minus
87xy, and xyz. The literal coefficient is the variable in a → Combined → take away
particular term. The numerical coefficient is the constant → Plus
in a particular term. → together
For instance: In 2xy, 2 is the number or the Numerical coefficient Division Multiplication
→ quotient → product
while xy, the symbol, is the Literal Coefficient
→ per → times
4. Expression → Also called an algebraic expression, it is → divided by → of
a group of terms separated by the "plus" or "minus" → shared → multiple
symbols. For instance, 3x-2 and x+3, → ratio
COMMONLY USED VERBAL PHRASES IN Equals Turn-Around Words
→ is → that(less than)
ALGEBRA: → are → from
1. Addition → “plus”, “increased by”, “added to”, “the → were
sum of”, and → will be
2. “more than" Parenthesis
→ times the difference of
3. Subtraction → “decreased by", "subtracted from", "the → twice the value of
difference of", “less than", and "diminished by" → plus the difference
4. Multiplication → “multiplied by”, "of” “the product of" CONVERTING STATEMENT TO NUMERICAL
and "times" EXPRESSION
5. Division → ratio of." "the quotient of," and divided by' Thirteen in addition to fourteen. 14 + 13
6. Inequality → “is greater than", “is less than", 'is at Negative ten subtracted from negative thirteen. -13 – (-10)
Negative five more than nineteen. 19 + (-5)
least”, "is less than or equal", "is greater than or equal
The sum of a number x and two is equal to twelve. X + 2 = 12
to", "Is at most", and "is not equal to"
Nine times a number y equal eighteen. 9y = 18
7. Equality → "the same as”, "is equal to", and "equals"
The sum of eight and nine is greater than one. 8 + 9 >2
The difference of a number x and eight is less than or X – 8< 2
Mathematical expression → is the mathematical analogue of an equal to two.
English noun. That is, it is a correct arrangement of mathematical The sum of seven and eight times a number x is equal 8x + 7 = 90
symbols used to represent a mathematical object of interest (Burns, to ninety.
n.d). It does not state a complete thought and it does not make sense A number is increased by 4 (Clue word is by, so start n+4
to ask if an expression is true or false, in mathematics areas, such as from L-R
Algebra, the most common expressions are numbers, sets, and A number less than 6 6-n
functions. Eight more than a number n+8
A mathematical sentence → is the mathematical analogue of an The difference of 3 times a number and 8 3n - 8
English sentence. That is, it is a correct arrangement of 9 times the sum of a number and six 9 (n + 6)
mathematical symbols that state a complete thought. Hence, it The sum of squares of x and y 2 2
makes sense to ask if a sentence is true, false, sometimes true, or x +y
sometimes false. Square root of the difference of x and y √ x− y
To fully understand language, we need to know the difference The sum of the squares pf x and y is equal to the X 2 y 2=√ (x− y
between English sentences and English expression. square root of the difference of x and y
English Expression/Mathematical Expression:
 Is a name given to a mathematical object of interest. OUR BASICS CONCEPTS IN
 It simply means, it is a word/s, phrase/s, name/s that don’t convey MATHEMATICS
a complete thought. 1 – Sets
Example: 2 – Function
English Expression Mathematical Expression 3 – Relations
Dog X (x)(y) 4 – Binary Operation
Running along 1 y-2
Linda X+1
Set
→ Must state a complete thought
→ Collection of well define objects, called elements.
Example:
English Sentence Mathematical Sentence
 To indicate that an element belongs to a given set, the
The teacher talks in front of
symbol ∈(is an element of) is used.
X=2 (x)(y) = (y)(x)
the How do we name a SET?
class 1+1=2 y–2=8 → Names of set are designed being capital letters such as
A dog baring loudly X+1=0 A,B,C…
Note: In English sentence, there is a certain verb or a linking verb “is” to be How do we write a SET?
identified and in Mathematical sentence, the “=” sign is verb → One way of writing a set is by listing its elements,
Translation:
separating by commas, including this listing within a
 pair of braces, {}. This way of representing a set is → is not a function because they have the same values of
called LISTING METHOD or ROSTER METHOD. "x"
Evaluating Functions:
 When we form a set, elements within the set are never Process of determining the value of the function at the
repeated and the elements can appear in any order. number assigned to a given variable.
 The notation {x |x is a natural number between two Example:
and ten} is an example of writing the set in SET Let f(x) = x2 – 4x + 4
BUILDER NOTATION. b. f(-1) = x2 – 4x + 4
a. f(2) = x2 – 4x + 4
 A set is said to be a subset of another set if every
element of is also elements of, In symbol, A ⊆ B = (2)2 – 4(2) + 4 = (-1)2 – 4(-1) + 4
 The set is said to be equivalent to the set (exactly the
=4–8+4 =1+4+4
same number of elements).
=0 =9
Empty null/set
→ to have no value Let f(x) = 3x2 + 5x + 1
a. f(2) = a. f(2) =
UNIVERSAL SET VENN DIAGRAM
Universal Set = 3(2)2 + 5(2) + 1 = 3(-3)2 + 5(-3) + 1
→ the set containing all objects or elements and of which = 3(4) + 10 + 1 = 3(9) + (-15) + 1
all other sets are subsets.
= 12 + 10 + 1 = 27 – 15 + 1
OPERATION OF THE SETS: RELATION.
1. UNION A relation= between
23 two sets is a collection=of13ordered pairs
→ The union of sets A and B, denoted by A ∪ B, is defined containing one subject from each set.
as the set whose element are in A or in B in both and A Example: A. = {(2,3), (-2,1), (12,-3), (2,-1)}
and B. B. = {(3,4), (3,5), (6,7). (8,9)}
Example: A = {1,2,3} BINARY OPERATIONS
→ is a calculation that combines two elements to produce another
B = {3,4,5}
element.
A ∪ B = {1,2,3} ∪ {3,4,5} = {1,2,3,4,5} → include addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
2. INTERSECTION → The value of f(x) is obtained upon assigning a specific value
→ the intersection of A and B, denoted by A ∩ B, is defined for x. The variable x represents the independent variable and y
as the set whose elements are common to both. represents the dependent variable.
Example: A = {1,2,3} Example: Given f(x) = 2x3 – 3x2 – 5x + 2
B = {3,4,5} 1. F(1)
A ∩ B = {1,2,3} ∩ {3,4,5} = {3} F(1) = 2(1)3 – 3(1)2 – 5(1) + 2
3. DIFFERENCE = 2(1) – 3(1) – 5 + 2
→ the difference of two sets, written A - B is the set of all =2–3–3
elements of A that are not elements of B. = -4
Example: A = {1,2,3} Composite Functions
B = {3,4,5} A composite function is created when one function is
A - B = {1,2,3} - {3,4,5} = {1, 2} substituted into another function.
4. COMPLIMENT Example: Given f(x) = 3x + 2 and g(x) = x + 5
→ the set that includes all the elements of the universal set f(g(x)) = f(x + 5) g(f(x)) = g(3x + 2)
that are not present in the given set.
Example: U = {1,2,3,4,5} = 3(x + 5) + 2 = (3x + 2) + 5
4= {4,5}
A' = U - A = {1,2,3,4,5} – {4,5} = {1, 2, 3} = 3x + 15 + 2 = 3x + 7
= 3x + 17
FUNCTION Given f(x) = x2 + 6 and g(x) = 2x – 1, find
→ A function is a relation as a set of ordered pairs (x, y) f(g(x)) = x2 + 6 f(g(x)) = x2 + 6
where no two or more distinct ordered pairs have the
same first element, or simply no elements of "x" are the = (2x – 1)2 + 6 = 2x – 1
same.
= (2x – 1)2 + 6 = 2(x2 + 6) – 1
Ways to determine if relation is a function:
 DOMAIN: x - value = 4x2 – 4x +1 + 6 = 2x2 + 12 - 1
 RANGE: y - value
 The Vertical Line Test: If it is possible for a vertical line = 4x2 – 4x +7 =2x2 + 11
to intersect a graph at more than one point, then the LOGIC
graph is not the graph of a function. → Study of the principles of correct reasoning
 All function are relations but not all relation are function → It helps us to differentiate correct reasoning from poor
or can be functions reasoning.
→ It allows us to validate arguments in and out mathematics.
Examples:
1. J = {(1,2), (a,b), (-1,2); → It illustrates the importance of precision and conciseness of the
language of Mathematics.
→ is function despite they have the same values of "y"
MATHEMATHICAL LANGUAGE
2. C = {(a,c), (a,b), (b,a)}
→ It is a branch of mathematics with close connections to  p ∧ ~q
computers. Mathematics is the language of science however, it is
→
→ It includes both the mathematical study of logic and the not a challenging subject.
applications of formal logic to other areas of mathematics.
 ~p ∧ ~q
→ The importance of logic to mathematics cannot be overstated.
→ Mathematics is not the language of science and it is
→ No conjecture in mathematics is considered fact until it has
been logically proven and truly valid mathematical analysis is not a challenging subject.
done only within the rigors of logic.
→ Part of the development is the codification of mathematical 2. DISCONJUCTION: The disjunction of the
logic into symbols. propositions p and q is the compound statement "p or
→ With logic symbols and their rules for use, we can analyze and q" denoted as p ∨ g which is, FALSE ONLY when
rewrite complicated logic statements much like we do with BOTH p and q are FALSE, otherwise, it is true.
algebraic statements… Examples:
STATEMENT OR PREPOSITION p: I will not join the theatre arts group.
 It is a declarative sentence that is true or false but not both. q: I will work part as a production staff.
 Propositional Variables such as p, q, r, s, t, etc. are used to  p∨q
represent propositions. 1. I will join the theatre arts group or I will work
→
Examples:
part-time as a production staff.
1. San Fernando City is the capital of La Union.
 ~p ∨ q
→ ANSWER: PREPOSITION because it has truth value
→ Mathematics is not the language of science but it is a
(TRUE).
2. The girl is beautiful and sexy. challenging subject.
→ ANSWER: NOT A PREPOSITION because it is  p ∨ ~q
neither true or false. → Mathematics is the language of science however, it is
3. Where are you going? not a challenging subject.
→ ANSWER: NOT A PREPOSITION because the  ~p ∨ ~q
sentence is interrogative. → Mathematics is not the language of science and it is
4. Please give me some water. not a challenging subject.
→ ANSWER: NOT A PREPOSITION because the
sentence is imperative. 3. NEGATION: The negation of the propositions p is
5. Mt. Apo is the tallest mountain in the Philippines. denoted by -p where the - is the symbol for "not". The
→ ANSWER: PREPOSITION because it is true. Mt. Apo truth value of the negation is ALWAYS the reverse of
is the tallest mountain in the Philippines, having an the truth value of the original statement.
elevation of 2,956 meters, which offers a wonderful Statement Negotiation
scene. All x are y Some x are not y
6. 1 + 1 = 2 No x are y Some x are y
→ ANSWER: PREPOSITION because the sentence has Some x are not y All x are y
truth value(TRUE). Some x are y No x are y
7. x > 5 if x = 3 Directions: Write the negotiation of the following statements
→ ANSWER: PREPOSITION because the sentence has a  All carabaos are black.
truth value  Some cellphones are expensive.
8. x > 6  No Filipinos have white complexion.
→ ANSWER: NOT A PROPOSITION because the value
Answer:
of x is not given, hence, the truth value of the statement
 Some carabaos are black.
cannot be determined.
 All cellphones are expensive.
REMARKS: If a proposition is true, then we can say its truth
value is TRUE, and if a proposition is false, we say its truth  Some Filipinos have white complexion.
fe
value is FALSE. 4. CONDITIONAL/IMPLICATION: The
LOGICAL CONNECTIVES conditional/implication of the propositions p and q is the
 Mathematical statements may be joined by logical connectives compound statement "If p, then q' denoted as p → g
which are used in combine simple prepositions to form which is, FALSE ONLY when p is true and q is false.
compound statements. Note: The conditional statement Is a compound sentence formed by using
 These connectives are CONJUCTION, the words if and then to combine the two simple sentences. It is written “if P
DISCONJUNCTIONS, NEGATION, IMPLICATION, and then Q”
BICONDITIONAL. Example:
1. CONJUNCTION: The conjunction of the propositions p: I attended the meeting.
p and q is the compound statement "p and q" denoted q: I will get my discount card.
as p ∧ q which is, TRUE ONLY when BOTH p and q Ans: If I attended the meeting, then I will get my discount card.
are TRUE, otherwise, it is false. 5. BICONDITIONAL: The bi-conditional of the
Example: propositions p and q is the min compound statement "p
p: Mathematics is the language of Science if only if q" denoted as p⇿g which is, TRUE ONLY
q: Mathematics is a challenging subject when BOTH p and q have the SAME TRUTH
 p∧q VALUES.
→ Mathematics is the language of science and it is a Note: The biconditional statement is a compound sentence
challenging subject. formed by combining the two conditionals P⇿Q and Q⇿P
under a conjunction and. This is written as "P if and only if
 ~p ∧ q
→ Mathematics is not the language of science but it is a Q" denoted by P ⇿Q.
challenging subject. Example:
 p: We will go to swimming.
q: The weather is fine.
We will go swimming if and only if the weather is fine.