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Facial expressions are viewed as emotional responses to a situation, memory, or mental image
(Ekman, 1992). Clinicians should challenge their assumptions when working with these clients. This
chapter begins with a discussion of these Parent themes of Emotion Dysregulation and Emotion
Regulation placed in the context of the existing literature, accompanied by their sub-themes. One
skill used to regulate emotions is Identifying and Labeling Affect (Linehan, 2015). The Labeling
Current Affect category was described as the ability to identify and express emotions experienced in
the current moment. In the session following intake, CP1 continued to discuss the views he had of
his Iranian culture and how cultural dynamics caused him to feel “pressured.” The following
example is an illustration of his cultural views and the cultural pressure he described facing to be
successful: C63: The breadwinner is generally the guy. In particular, the study focused on how
emotion regulation strategies (i.e., reappraisal and suppression) mediate these relationships. Despite
these differences, acceptance is present in psychological research on emotion regulation and is often
compared with other regulatory strategies (e.g., Liverant et al., 2008; Aldao et al., 2010; Naragon-
Gainey et al., 2017; Southward et al., 2019 ). However, despite the presence of acceptance in the
work of both psychological practitioners and theoreticians, we stumble upon significant difficulties
when trying to find acceptance in broader theoretical models of emotion regulation. An illustrative
example in this direction was developed by Bosse et al. (2012, 2013), who created a virtual scenario
that could provide real-time feedbacks of users’ coping skills based on a ER computational model
and on the monitoring of behaviors and physiological parameters. Secondly, in consideration of the
heterogeneity of Middle Eastern Americans, clinicians should attempt to understand the client’s
individual sub-culture, including religion, socioeconomic status, intergenerational trauma, and other
factors contributing to the unique make-up of the individual. Many Middle Eastern families resist
treatment for emotional concerns and are generally skeptical of mental health clinicians due to the
stigma towards mental illness across these societies. Such expectations (e.g., maintaining privacy
within personal and family lives) are expected to be upheld by members of the larger family unit.
Although Middle Eastern individuals share similar values and cultural beliefs, it is a heterogeneous
group with large within-group differences. The model fit was assessed using the Chi-square value,
CFI, TLI, and RMSEA. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Participation in
research is 179 totally voluntary and means that the forms you complete as a part of your treatment,
including those that are sent to you after you end services at the clinic, will be placed in a secure
research database. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please
take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. We suggest that EMA could increase assessment
accuracy by considering ER as a situated process, in which momentary and contextual factors play a
key role. You always got your parents support so you don’t care, you think your invisible at one
point. Emotion Review, 2, 212-216. Gross, J. J. (2015a). Emotion regulation: Current status and
future prospects. Such constructs and experiences are ideally integral to the psychotherapeutic
process, regardless of therapeutic modality. This relatively high frequency suggests that the CPs were
able to demonstrate a key emotional regulation skill across the three sessions. There were a couple
times we were going to break up because I got frustrated. This may be also of paramount importance
to gauge the complexity and diversity that defines the process of ER. This example also revealed
CP2’s ability to explore her previous feelings of shame and confusion. As such, difficulties and
conflicts may present in the psychotherapy setting, as bicultural conflicts likely will have
implications for treatment in the setting of psychotherapy where emotional expression is typically
expected (see Current Status of Research on Middle Eastern Clients in Psychotherapy). The second
wave of immigration occurred between 1940-1948. Furthermore, the study initially sought to obtain
a wider sample of Middle Eastern identities in order to observe phenomena across various
individuals of Middle Eastern descent. Work Environment Characteristics and Teacher Well-Being:
The Mediation of Emotion Regulation Strategies. Analysis of the emotion codes including
comparing expressed and inferred labels (see Appendix K), and active comparison of them the
aforementioned parent themes of Emotion Regulation and Emotion Dysregulation.
Yesterday was a birthday party of my friend’s girlfriend so we all got together so. For example, an
individual may forego immediate pleasure by dieting and exercising in order to pursue weight loss. I
can take it on. I see it. T54: Yeah, what do you see when you think in your head. It illustrates the
degree to which CP3 was aware of his emotions, although he was unable to refrain from impulsively
and negatively reacting to his anger. As legalization for medical and recreational marijuana has been
expanding, perceived risk of using marijuana has been steadily declining since the late 1980’s. He
also described a tendency to shut down and not speak with the person with whom he is angry, all the
while maintaining an intense emotional experience of anger. Consistent with previous literature,
results indicated that negative emotions were coded more frequently in psychotherapy sessions than
positive emotions, as was the emotional regulation strategy of Experiential Avoidance. As previously
noted, gathering data from the Middle Eastern population qualitatively may be faced with
challenges, such as reluctance to self-disclose, as well as miscategorization of the Middle Eastern
identity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(9):907.
Continuing with the previous example, perhaps the party is for work and you are required to attend.
While there is no direct benefit to you to have your materials placed in the database, your
participation may provide valuable information to the field of psychology and psychotherapy. In this
study, we had adjusted the scale by adding “in teaching” to each items when preparing our Chinese
version questionnaires, which helps to make sure that the teachers will respond to the items according
to their experiences at school. The qualitative process involved obtaining a rich description of the
participants of the study. CP2 reported experiencing stress related to planning her wedding. The use,
distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the
copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance
with accepted academic practice. CP3 stated that he began stuttering at the age of five, which
negatively impacted his social and academic functioning; for instance, by eight-years-old, he would
often avoid participating in class or engaging with classmates. All client-participants described either
existing or in-the- moment instances of experiential avoidance. Each Excel sheet contained columns
for Emotion Regulation, Emotion, and InVivo codes. Unlimited Counselor Training Emotion
Regulation and Vulnerability Prevention Emotion Regulation and Vulnerability Prevention Dr.
DawnElise Snipes ?AllCEUs. Thus, individuals who face difficulty regulating their emotions,
especially individuals with BPD, typically experience intense and labile affect. Then, research IDs
were assigned to both therapist and client for research identification purposes. In the present paper
we highlight and discuss these issues in more detail and—based on this discussion, postulate
directions for future experimental research on acceptance. In order to maintain accuracy and
transparency (Mertens, 2015), an audit trail was utilized throughout the process, which included and
described decisions that were made regarding the research design, data collection, analysis, and
reporting as well as personal 71 reflections and biases (see limitations section for notes on biases).
C48: Like I don’t mean here with you in this building. Finally, Committed Action is the step taken to
achieving an enriched and fulfilled life that is guided by the individual’s values (Harris, 2009). T22:
Right, it sounds like based on your childhood experiences you haven’t fit into one side or the other.
Is there anything else you want to go over with today. Emotion Coding, the second coding approach
utilized during the First Cycle Coding method, enabled the researchers to code specific emotions
identified, recalled, or experienced by the client participant (Saldana, 2009). Iran J Psychiatry.
McCullough, J. P., Jr. (2000). Treatment for chronic depression: Cognitive behavioral analysis system
of psychotherapy (CBASP). Anger can be adaptive in that it can propel individuals into inspiring
change and creating social justice.
DBT teaches four behavioral skills: mindfulness, distress tolerance, interpersonal effectiveness, and
emotion regulation. Potential disadvantages of CBT include attention paid to autonomy, behavioral
change, and rationality (Hays, 1995). If I participate in a sponsored research project, a representative
of the sponsor may inspect my research records. 11. The data placed in the database will be stored in
locked file cabinets and password-protected computers to which only the investigators, research
team members and clinic directors will have access. According to Linehan (1993), increasing positive
emotional events ultimately means making life changes that will serve to increase the frequency of
positive events. Like DBT, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a third-wave form of
psychotherapy that targets emotional distress and inflexibility. The measures of emotion
dysregulation highlighted in this subsection include the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale,
and the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire. Fees for psychological testing cover: initial interview,
test administration, scoring and interpretation, oral feedback of test results, and a written test report.
Also, the three categories of Emotion Regulation codes found in this study Acceptance, Increasing
Positive Emotional Events, and Labeling Current Affect, are understood in the general emotion
regulation literature as tactics used to regulate affect. So that thing bothers you, it.it kinda amplifies
inside you. Preliminary data based on nationwide survey conducted among Jews in Israel show that
the tendency to reappraise negative emotions during war is associated with more tolerant attitudes.
Many of these response modulations involve avoidance strategies, which will be discussed in a later
post. Further clarification of these terms is provided in the Review of Relevant Literature. 5 Chapter
2: Review of Relevant Literature Overview Current literature on emotion and emotion regulation is
well established. With the emergence of low-cost devices as well as massive commercial products,
VR has become a more feasible tool to be implemented in clinical contexts ( Lindner et al., 2017 ).
Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD). Or you might decide that it’s good to see
your ex happy again, which could lead to feelings of happiness and relief. Emotion regulation is the
ability to manage the extremes of emotion. CP2 indicated experiencing symptoms of depression
approximately one year prior to the intake session, which typically lasted from a few days to a few
weeks. Simonson, N. R. (1976). The impact of therapist disclosure on patient disclosure. This person
is so down to earth, they don’t have money. That’s why. They’re so down to earth. Previous Article
in Journal Mediation of the Physical Activity and Healthy Nutrition Behaviors of Preschool Children
by Maternal Cognition in China. Emotions and emotional reactions are subsequently studied. It was
sort of like we had a couple of times during the wedding we were like “Well let’s just not prevent
and see what happens.” The therapist also asked questions about CP2’s vision as she embarked on
this new phase of life, as demonstrated below: T52: So thinking ahead how do you see yourself as a
mom. Consistent with the above findings, data from this current study suggests that Surprise as
experienced by the CPs had both positive and negative valences. Furthermore, the clinic’s lack of
biological measures to assess the client’s internal emotional state prevented the researchers from
being able to gather instances of emotion regulation and dysregulation that were not readily
observable. In order to do so, please use parentheses with numbers inside of them to indicate pauses
in a speaker’s response. The six core therapeutic process of ACT, Contacting the Present Moment,
Defusion, Acceptance, Self-As-Context, Values, and Committed Action, help to facilitate
psychological flexibility, openness to experience, and a greater quality of life (Harris, 2009). Third,
emotions serve specific functions, which can be adaptive or maladaptive, depending on context
(Gross, 2015a). The rationale for examining up to three sessions was to obtain a sense for how
emotion regulation or dysregulation is manifested during treatment by Middle Eastern clients across
time. This study found Negative Emotional Reactivity coded 19 times across all three client-
participants. However, little work has been done to systematically examine the relationships between
teachers’ emotion regulation and its antecedents and their effects on teaching effectiveness and
teacher well-being.
C2: Scared? T2:.scared and confused. Quotation Marks: 1. When a direct expression is spoken by
one person (I, he, she), set apart the expression with commas, use opening and closing quotation
marks, and capitalize the first letter of the first word quoted. CP3 reportedly experienced a
longstanding history of social anxiety and avoidance. But every time I’m there, I’m like, I, I, I love
it. This session represented approximately the mid-point of therapy for CP3. Spelling of specific
guggles: Agreement or affirmation: uh- huh, um-hm; Disagreement: unh-uh. During the intake, CP2
described feeling depressed, lonely, and withdrawn from others. The information is then projected to
the DLPFC where the actual regulation occurs. There are other constructs related to emotional
regulation that may be differentiated. Thus, they will review the following definitions: emotion,
emotion regulation, and emotion dysregulation. In the following section, the JD-R model and
relevant studies are reviewed to establish the hypotheses. 1.1. JD-R Model and Teacher Well-Being
In the JD-R model, the two core concepts, job demands and job resources, are broadly defined to
include physical, cognitive, and emotional demands and numerous resources located at
organizational, interpersonal, work, and task levels. Another aspect of emotion vulnerability is
emotional intensity, which simply refers to an intense reaction to emotion-provoking situations or
stimuli that disrupts cognition and the ability to self-regulate (Linehan, 1993). Fourth, when
considering the use of self-disclosure, the clinician should decide on the purpose and utility of self-
disclosing. Definitions and Models of Emotion The models chosen for review in this study represent
widely established models of emotion regulation, which have been reviewed to illustrate broad
perspectives on emotion and emotion regulation. After these contributions are reviewed, implications
of findings for psychotherapy are presented. Initially, the researcher sought to utilize four cases;
however, due to many charts containing damaged DVD recordings, only a total of three cases were
available for this study. So, um, I don’t want her to think she can move in and oh I don’t have
money this and that and put that burden on me. The researcher- participant should pay attention both
to similarities and dissimilarities among themes added to a cluster. Lastly, with respect to inter-rater
reliability, the researchers initially agreed to calculate inter-rater reliability for each coding domain;
however, ultimately, group consensus on codes was utilized as the researchers engaged in multiple
passes and discussion of the data to agree upon codes. After sessions were coded, the primary
researcher merged both researchers’ data sheets to observe agreements or disagreements in coding.
These effects were transmitted via a decrease in negative emotions in both studies, as well as by an
increase in support for general democratic value. However, it is also possible that emotional job
demands may link more strongly to emotional exhaustion and teaching satisfaction if teachers
engage more in suppression strategies, while the use of reappraisal may weaken the relationship
between emotional job demands and emotional exhaustion and teaching satisfaction. The researchers
coded and categorized “irritate” as Anger, as defined in the Emotions Definitions Table (see
Appendix H). Emotion Regulation Coding, the third yet related approach to the Emotion Coding
process, allowed researchers to identify how clients engaged in a variety of strategies, such as
emotional suppression, avoidance, impression management, and emotional denial (Saldana, 2009).
CP2 reported experiencing stress related to planning her wedding. Continuing with the previous
example, perhaps the party is for work and you are required to attend. Client-therapist dynamics and
client diagnoses likely affect session content and trajectory; for example, CP3’s diagnosis of Social
Anxiety Disorder and Persistent Depressive Disorder with Anxious Distress likely factored into the
amount of times researchers coded Fear as expressed and inferred. Andy Lane, Paul Davis and
Tracey Devonport School of Sport, Performing Arts and Leisure. All three sessions were used for
transcription and analysis. Limitations. There were several limitations to the current study. Haboush
(2005) noted gender differences for emotional expression among men and women.
Anger can be adaptive in that it can propel individuals into inspiring change and creating social
justice. In a review of outcome research, Woidneck, Pratt, Gundy, Nelson, and Twhohig (2012)
concluded that preliminary data showed ACT to be effective in use with diverse populations. Pareto
Download Free PDF View PDF See Full PDF Download PDF Loading Preview Sorry, preview is
currently unavailable. It is advisable that school administrators put more effort into developing
trusting relationships among colleagues and cultivating a climate of authenticity in schools. However,
the goal of the study was not to generalize the findings; rather, it was to provide more information
regarding how emotion, emotion regulation, and emotion dysregulation were evidenced in
psychotherapy sessions by individuals of Middle Eastern descent. This example also revealed CP2’s
ability to explore her previous feelings of shame and confusion. You don’t think it’s fair that this is
your job right now.”) See if they have any ideas to make the task easier or more fun. We
hypothesized that the use of a well-established emotion regulation strategy, cognitive reappraisal,
would be associated with lower levels of group-based negative emotions toward one’s least-liked
group and lower levels of political intolerance toward that group. Unlimited Counselor Training
Emotional Regulation Emotional Regulation Clinton McCulloch Mindfulness Mindfulness Diptadhi
Mukherjee Counselling: Goals and Process Counselling: Goals and Process Dr. Neeta Gupta CBT-
depression CBT- depression Lyn Georgy Cognitive distortions Cognitive distortions Col
Mukteshwar Prasad More Related Content What's hot Distress Tolerance Skills and Activities
Distress Tolerance Skills and Activities Dr. DawnElise Snipes ?AllCEUs. However, teachers also
have to interact with people other than colleagues at school, such as students and parents. Data
Process and Analysis In order to understand patterns and themes of emotion regulation and
dysregulation among clients of Middle Eastern descent, a qualitative inductive content analysis
approach in a naturalistic setting was utilized. Limitations of the study are then discussed, followed
by a presentation of the contributions of this study and the implications for future research and
practice. Also, while CP3’s last transcribed session indicated no positive emotions, it also revealed
the least amount of negative emotions, including anger and fear. Sixty primary schools in Hong
Kong were invited to participate in the survey by means of an envelope enclosing an introduction
letter and 30 to 70 copies of the questionnaire (depending on the number of teaching staff in the
school). I mean in general. Everything is a big friggin’ joke right now. The review of within-
participant themes and emotional content captures the nature and nuances of each client-participant’s
unique interactions and therapeutic dynamics unfolding in the psychotherapy setting. Further,
according to DBT, individuals with emotion regulation deficits struggle with modulating their
emotions, as inhibition, escape, and avoidance have been learned and reinforced over time,
effectively increasing their emotional reactivity (Linehan, 1993). During the second stage, the
researcher-participant works to organize individual themes from all transcripts and videotaped
sessions categorically into clusters. See Full PDF Download PDF See Full PDF Download PDF
Related Papers Can emotion regulation change political attitudes in intractable conflicts. According
to the literature on Middle Eastern Americans, expressions of affection and endearment towards the
other are accepted and encouraged (Haboush, 2005). Coding was conducted by the primary
researcher and graduate research assistant who were supervised by the research supervisor, serving as
the auditor for the study. The primary researcher then submitted themes and abstracted codes to the
auditor, who also reviewed the researcher’s steps and notes in the audit trail. These correlations
followed the definitions of these variables, providing preliminary evidence for the construct validity
of the scales. 3.2. Measurement Model Before testing the structural model, the measurement model
was tested; confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to examine the construct validity of the six
scales. All these scales were administered in Chinese language. The Difficulty Labeling Current
Affect category was coded eight times across all nine sessions. Similarly, where the therapist
inserted judgmental commentary about his relationship with his partner (e.g., “playing games”), CP1
may have experienced negative reactions to her comment, including perhaps shame, embarrassment,
anger, or weakness. I don’t have any of those and I’m not working towards it, you know. During
each talk-turn, expressed and inferred emotion, verbal instances of emotion regulation, and unique
phrases, metaphors, repetitions were coded. That’s crazy. His number one priority is his young
girlfriends. Here, it is important to note that while CP1 was expressing feeling typically irritated
under the circumstances he described, he was not labeling affect in the present moment (e.g., “I feel
irritated), which constituted, per the Emotion Regulation definition (see Appendix I), a regulatory
tactic.
However, it can be hypothesized that because it is widely known in the literature that Middle Eastern
individuals typically conceal and inhibit emotion, that difficulties may naturally arise when
attempting to distinguish their emotions. Use the thesaurus in seeking out meanings of these three
words and you will find that feeling and emotion are often used interchangeably. Current literature
on Middle Eastern individuals does not indicate that this population exhibits difficulty identifying,
labeling, and distinguishing emotions. Using these methods, we broadly focus on three research
domains (described below). Client-Participant (CP) Demographic Information. 56 Table 2. Client-
Participants and Session Numbers Included for Analysis. 63 Table P1. Client Participant
Demographic Information. 250 Table Q1. Client-Participants and Session Numbers Included for
Analysis. 252 ix LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. It made it hard for me to respect my dad. (2
second silence) It was kind of confusing you know. (3 second silence) It made it hard for us to
accept our family. One such example is provided below: T16: Um like when you were a kid you felt
like she kind of just left you and wasn’t really there as much as you wanted. Article types Author
guidelines Editor guidelines Publishing fees Submission checklist Contact editorial office. The
coding process is described below in the Data Analysis section of this chapter. The Negative
Emotional Reactivity category was coded 19 times across client-participants, and revealed a variety
of ways in which client- participants negatively responded to internal or external stimuli, past or
present. New York, NY: Guilford. Gross, J. J. (2010). The future’s so bright, I gotta wear shades.
Following a review of the literature, this author found no other studies that contradicted Boghosian’s
review. You can see an example here from Dr. Richard Lopez, a former post-doc in the T-SCAN lab
and currently an Assistant Professor at Bard College, who examined the emotion regulation
strategies associated with better immune functioning among bereaved older adults. Please be aware
that the clinic is not equipped to provide emergency psychiatric services. Due to the surge of research
on emotion regulation in the field of clinical psychology, confusion surrounds its definition; thus,
clarification of the terms emotion and emotion regulation is indicated (Buck, 1990; Gross, 2015a).
Overview Of the nine psychotherapy sessions (representing three sessions across a course of
individual treatment for three client-participants) that were reviewed and coded in the present study,
all nine sessions were coded as containing content relevant to positive and negative emotions,
emotion regulation and emotion dysregulation. One of the goals of treatment is to teach coping skills
while also connecting families to clinicians who can provide the appropriate medications (if
necessary). Preliminary results showed that participants’ performance levels were highly correlated
with DERS scores, suggesting this game as a possible VR tool to assess ER. Like a big smile. While
the therapist was likely engaged in well-meaning dialogue, she did not appear to use interventions
directed at exploring affect during this session. In this direction, different technologies have already
been applied to the mental health realm. New York: Guilford Press. Hays, P. A. (1995). Multicultural
applications of Cognitive-Behavior Therapy. Therefore, as the qualitative process is non-linear and
non-standardized, potential researcher biases may arise. Contributions. As previously noted, despite
the growing need for mental health services, Middle Eastern Americans are widely underrepresented
in the psychotherapy literature. Evaluate one theory of how emotion may affect one cognitive
process. Thus, determining factors that influence marijuana use and marijuana use-related problems is
critical for understanding how to effectively implement prevention, intervention, and treatment
efforts. Additionally, the appraisal model of emotion also influenced and informed researchers
during the study, as it holds the view that appraisal of emotions may be influenced by cultural
factors, and that similar events can hold different emotions for different individuals (Ellsworth,
2013). As this study seeks to examine how Middle Eastern Americans in psychotherapy regulate
emotions, the InVivo Coding approach allows the researchers to code the participants’ actual words
in order to preserve the participants’ voices, as well as to understand his or her world views and
cultures (Saldana, 2009). Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI
journals. But it’s like why aren’t you honest before the problem comes up. If both therapist and client
did not consent to the same items, it was not included 64 in the research database.
Much of the current literature on Middle Eastern Americans in psychotherapy highlights authors’
views, anecdotes, and opinions on how mental health clinicians should approach individuals of this
population in light of acculturative and generational difficulties, war trauma and intergenerational
trauma, and other salient cultural factors. This presented as an opportune moment to explore and
understand CP3’s interpersonal difficulties that were relevant to treatment given his diagnosis of
Social Anxiety Disorder. Coding was conducted by the primary researcher and graduate research
assistant who were supervised by the research supervisor, serving as the auditor for the study.
Therefore, regulating emotions in order to change attitudes and behaviour towards promoting peace
is vital. Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD). Lastly, this section reviews the
current status of research among the more specific group of individuals of Middle Eastern descent in
psychotherapy. ACT also aims to increase psychological flexibility in order to live a fulfilled life
guided by the individual’s values. This is concerning since growing research suggests that marijuana
use is associated with adverse health and life outcomes, such as addiction, abnormal brain
development, diminished life achievement, mental health issues, and cognitive impairments. I’m not
quite sure, like when I’m in a good space, generally during the day when it’s a workday and I’m
focused. Oh I do want to mention what you talked about last week. The subscale that measures
reappraisal includes sample items such as “I control my emotions by changing the way I think about
the situation I’m in” and “When I want to feel less negative emotion (such as sadness or anger), I
change what I’m thinking about”). Like if you were to tell her I kinda wanna just spend time with
my guy friends. Honest. Doesn’t expect it. The example above highlights how the therapist, rather
than engaging in exploration of affect, provided judgmental commentary about how client interacted
with his partner. Metaphors and Analogies C1: My heart felt heavy This can be the client's use
(expression of fear). Total positive and negative emotion codes across client-participants
Interestingly, when viewed across the three transcribed sessions, negative emotions typically peaked
in the second coded session or decreased in the third session. C1: I actually might need to cut this
session a little short because of parking. After reading this manual and discussing questions during
training, RAs will be asked to practice transcribing an excerpt from a Motivational Interviewing tape
by William Miller. Sometimes you can figure out a word by the context of what the speaker is saying.
After further review codes were finalized by the auditor. T95: Mm-hmm C96: His number one
priority and more power to the guy. Article types Author guidelines Editor guidelines Publishing fees
Submission checklist Contact editorial office Frontiers in Psychology. Additionally, while CP2’s
positive emotions appeared to increase substantially in the third session, this likely was attributed to
her discussion of the news of her pregnancy and reportedly improved relationship with her partner.
In some instances, CP1 appeared to shut down, possibly due to therapist’s challenges and over-
interpretations. There were a couple times we were going to break up because I got frustrated. The
self-report instruments used to measure emotional expression reviewed here are the Emotional
Expressivity Scale, Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire, and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20.
With respect to her sister, CP2 reported struggling with growing apart from her sister following her
sister’s recent engagement. While in this example shame is not used by her mother as a tool to shape
behavior and obediency, it nonetheless presents an example of some of the negative stereotypes
Middle Eastern individuals face. After providing a brief overview of the currently available
technological developments, we will discuss the benefits of incorporating new technologies in ER
field, including ecological validity, intervention personalization, and the integration of understudied
facets of ER, such as the implicit and interpersonal dimension. She described her mother as self-
centered and the overall relationship as rocky. The first IBT in this line was called Smiling is Fun.
When determining utility and pleasure, this model notes how beliefs and attitudes about emotion are
influenced by cultural variances in emotion regulation (Ma et al., 2018). Thus, individuals choose
either immediate or long-term benefits depending on the 17 ultimate goal pursued, and the utility of
behaviors is dependent upon the goals pursued by the individual (Tamir, 2009).