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EEE 107 Lecture 1 - Communication Theory Fundamentals

The document provides an overview of communication systems and theory. It defines communication as the transmission of information from one point to another. A communication system facilitates this transfer of information and consists of an information source, transmitter, channel, and receiver. The transmitter encodes the message into a signal suitable for transmission over the channel. The channel introduces noise, attenuation, interference and distortion. The receiver decodes the signal to recover the original message. Key aspects of communication systems discussed include modulation, demodulation, transmission modes, effects of the channel, and limitations imposed by bandwidth and noise. Shannon's channel capacity theorem establishes the maximum data rate possible based on bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio.

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25 views

EEE 107 Lecture 1 - Communication Theory Fundamentals

The document provides an overview of communication systems and theory. It defines communication as the transmission of information from one point to another. A communication system facilitates this transfer of information and consists of an information source, transmitter, channel, and receiver. The transmitter encodes the message into a signal suitable for transmission over the channel. The channel introduces noise, attenuation, interference and distortion. The receiver decodes the signal to recover the original message. Key aspects of communication systems discussed include modulation, demodulation, transmission modes, effects of the channel, and limitations imposed by bandwidth and noise. Shannon's channel capacity theorem establishes the maximum data rate possible based on bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio.

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許耕立
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© © All Rights Reserved
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EEE 107 Lecture 1:

Fundamentals of
Communication Theory
ELEMENTS OF A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

EEE 107: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 1


What is Communication?
 “In the most fundamental sense, communication involves implicitly
the transmission of information from one point to another.” - Haykin
 Information is not easily defined
 Mathematical definition provided by Shannon does not relate to
our common concept of information
 We represent information as messages/signals
 Physical manifestation of information produced by a source
 Quantity that varies with time, space, or any independent
variable
 A communication system is a system that facilities the transfer of
information

EEE 107: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 2


The Communication Process
b1b2 ... bˆ1bˆ2 ...
x (t ) xˆ (t )
m (t ) mˆ (t )
Information Destination
Source Transmitter Channel Receiver

Noise, Attenuation, interference, distortion

• Information source generates message signals to be transferred


• Transmitter converts message signals or bits into format
appropriate for channel transmission (analog/digital signal).
• Channel introduces distortion, noise, and interference.
• Receiver decodes received signal back to message signal.

EEE 107: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 3


Classification of Signals

EEE 107: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 4


Transmit-Receive Operation
b1b2 ... bˆ1bˆ2 ...
x (t ) xˆ (t )
m (t ) mˆ (t )
Information Destination
Source Transmitter Channel Receiver

MODULATION DEMODULATION

• Modulation is the process of transforming a message signal into a


form suitable for a given channel
• Demodulation reverses the modulation operation
• Examples:
• Wired Digital communications: Line Coding (bit 0 mapped to 1V,
bit 1 mapped to -1V)
• Wireless Communications: Message signal is translated to higher
frequencies

EEE 107: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 5


Effects of Channel Response
• Attenuation
• Reduction in signal strength as it propagates through the channel

• Noise
• Random and unpredictable electrical signals due to natural processes
• Random motion of electrons (thermal noise)
• Present in all communication systems

• Distortion
• Alteration in the shape of waveforms due to imperfect response of the
system

• Interference
• Contamination by signals from other transmitters/signal jammers

EEE 107: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 6


How to Measure Transmission
Quality?
• GOAL: To reproduce an acceptable replica of the source message at
the destination
ˆ (t )  m(t ) )
• For analog signals, we measure their fidelity (we want m
• For digital signals, performance is measured in terms of the ff:
• Data rate (how fast are the message bits transmitted?)
• Bit error probability (how often are the received bits decoded
erroneously?)

EEE 107: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 7


Transmission Modes
• One-way Communication (Simplex):

• Two-way Communication (Duplex):

downlink

uplink
Half-duplex (cannot transmit
Full-duplex simultaneously both ways)

EEE 107: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 8


System Design Limitations
• Technological Problems
• Hardware ability, economic factors, and government regulation

• Physical Limitations
• Dictates what can and cannot be accomplished
• Bandwidth: determines amount of information the system can
transmit
• Noise: natural and unavoidable, mortal enemy of
communications engineers

EEE 107: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 9


Signal Bandwidth
Bc

BW BW

• Signals can be classified as wideband signals or narrowband signals


• Classification depends on the channel bandwidth where the signal will
propagate
• If signal bandwidth < channel coherence bandwidth, then narrowband
• If signal bandwidth > channel coherence bandwidth, then broadband

EEE 107: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 10


Noise
•Noise refers to unwanted random signals that tend to disturb the
quality of the received signal in a communication system
• Noise sources could be internal (within the system) or external
(outside the system)
• Internal: Thermal agitation in device’s circuitry
• External: Atmospheric Noise (e.g. lightning discharges from
thunderstorm)
• Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) quantifies the degradation in signal quality
caused by noise

Q: Can signal amplification at the receiver improve SNR?

EEE 107: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 11


SNR Example
Compute the SNR if the signal power is 10 Watts and noise power is 100
milliwatts

Solution: SNR = Psignal / Pnoise = 10Watts/(0.1 Watts) = 100

EEE 107: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 12


Limitation on Data Rate
• Data rate in digital transmission is limited by SNR and
bandwidth
• Shannon-Hartley Theorem:
C  BW log 2 (1  SNR)
Spectral Efficiency (in bits/s/Hz)
• C = channel capacity (in bps), theoretical upper bound for data rate
• BW = bandwidth of the system
• SNR = signal-to-noise ratio of the received signal

• Implication of the theorem:


• Theoretically, we can transmit at infinite data rate in a noiseless
system with zero bit error probability
• Gives upper bound but does not show how to achieve capacity

EEE 107: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 13


Channel Capacity Example 1
Q: If the signal and noise power in a certain communications
link are equal, what bandwidth would allow a channel
capacity of 56 kbps?

𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝑆𝑁𝑅 = =1
𝑃𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒

𝐶 = 𝐵 log 2 1 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅
56 kbps = 56 × 103
= 𝐵 log 2 1 + 1
𝐵 = 56 × 103 = 56 kHz

EEE 107: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 14


Channel Capacity Example 2
Q: If we only had a quarter of the bandwidth in (1), what SNR
is required to double the capacity of our channel?
Given: Bandwidth in (1) = 56 kHz
Channel capacity in (1) = 56 kbps

Seatwork! 

EEE 107: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 15


Solution

2 ∗ 𝐶 = 0.25 ∗ 𝐵 log 2 1 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅


8 ∗ 56 kbps = 56 kHz log 2 1 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅
256 = 1 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅
255=SNR

EEE 107: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 16

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