PERFORMANCE TEST FOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

OBJECTIVE:
To study the
performance of centrifugal pump through plotting its
operating characteristics): following main characteristics (including
1)Hm vs. Qi.e.
Hnm=f(Q);
2) 1o VS. Q i.c. mo f();
All notations carry their usual meanings and the
quantities are in SI units unless otherwise
mentioned.
THEORY:
Overall efficicncy of thecentrifugal pump =
(output power)/(input power) i.e. lo
Output power of thepump, =PPa
Pt=Qm,
where Q discharge through the punmp -
(collecting tank area x height water
of
Hm manometric head {(tve pressure gauge collected)/collecting
reading )fy + vertical height of positive
time T,
from the centre-line of the pump} - pressure gauge
((-ve pressure gauge reading)/y t
negative pressure gauge from the centre-line of the vertical height of the
And power available to the pump, P pump};
power output of the motor
connected topump
= (clectric power
consumption t0 run the motor shown by energy-meter
x nmotor obtained from
supplied motor-efficiency curve)/(collecting time T)
APPARATUS &INSTRUMENTS:
Centrifugal pump on test bed with driving motor sct,
collecting tank for discharge measurement,
measuring electrical energy consumed by the motor, stop
watch to meASure time of water
energy-meter for
disc rotation), etc. collection (encrgy meter
Write the specifications of the following:
Centrifugal pump, riving motor, Energy-meter, Stop-watch.

OBSERVATION:
Collecting /dclivery tank arca =
20 revolutions of the energy meter disc =lkwhr
 Time
ofwater rotation, required
disc not
collcction/
(in
T
s)
obtaiet
curves
the is
ofrevolutions required
not devition
the disc
meter
cnergy between
ofNo.
in considerabBe
characteristics
Collecting required
not
final
tankreading
(in
cm) m)(in
Hm If
book.
main
the
the
initial
tank
Collecting required
not in
of shown
rending
(in
cm) nature
thOse
the
m³/s)
(in
Q set.
in and
-VC reading
prCSSure required
not discrepancy
observation
Suction one it.
least behind
gauge(in
at any experimental
reäsons
of
tvc reading
prCSSWrc calculation been
Delivery possible
TABLE:
OBSERVATION has
gauge(in SHEET*;
RESULT sample
there
the
Set
No. through
whether the
etc. be
Observation 2 REMARKS:
1. condition6Min,
off
shut upto the may
No. Show Checkplotted
what
2
 characteristics/constant load gauge
tangential as
points,
(v,2/(2g)}3/2),
-(final
pressure
the
of eperiment.)reading low
mentioned. height outlet
MODEL the positive set,
of vertical and [{h+V,(2g)}3/2-
gauge driving
arm rope. inlet
TH¡: of
TURBINE main
following otherwise moment
the heightreading/y+
the
between pointer puip-motor
in
=
torque of account
unless =P/Pa. R= radius vertical =
outlet}.in h
waterinto B and
FRANCIS its unit efficiency. load, + gauge (2/3)CaV(2g) centrifugal
respectively:
plotting =
units no spring
brake-wheel+
reading)yturbine flowingtaken discharge
TË SI i.e. (2aNT)Y60 pressure approach.
=Q/VHg; power) = been
overallin the wheel,
through are Wy gauge of of
FOR openings guantities the ((-ve of any, not = coeffcient
notch
power)/(input centre-iine have
discharge = load, of pressure f of brake
TEST model o P, radius -
irlet} energy, rectangularvelocity
points
and brake-wheel,
pan with
etc.
inlet the the notch
turbine = = turbine kinetic
head,={{tve
PERFORMANCE and W brake-wheel the Ca those the bed
100% unit P,/(VH, =(output from notch,being rectangular
= meanings (W1-W)R, through
between test following:
the
Francis
and Q1 =
the gaugein
change INSTRUMENTS:
&
APPARATUS
on
throngh =YQHgy ofcentre-line the
75% N/NH,;(output) turbine to measured V
working pressure heights ofwidth and
model
of (N{); f(N);
=f(N1); (N):
usual = purposes, b;)
with the
T laboratory
25%,50%,
performance = powertheir
= the measured
moment, Pa in discharge
(h- fittedofspecitcations
= speed power,available negative difference the
= of the being=initial) channel
TË
Q
i.e.
P
unit unit
i.e.
no
carry efficiency from practical
i.e. i.e. powerbraking available turbine
at NË
OBJECTVE: NË
the curves =
N
notations
NË THEORY: =
H, Q= B measuring
study vs. vs.
N
P1
Vs. Vs. Overall all the the
Cnneis Write
where P1 Output
where where for aswell
Q;head
TË o And
To 1) 2) 3) 4) All *
 Check
whatplottedREMARKS: "Show
Min.
upto 6 OBSERVATION
Observation TABLE:
Inlet Vertical Width Weight
Vertical Initial HeightCoefficient OBSERVATION:
RadiusRadius
No.Set
SHEET":
RESULT Francis
etc.
may 2
No. opening
throughwhether the pointer
be of of of of of
sample beight height the the turbine
the scale rope
brake-wheel
of
the in = rectangular
notch discharge
possible reading
gauge of ofgauge pan =
the pressuretve modcl,
calculation Ha % negativepositive
experimental nature (in =
reading crest
reasons = Driving
from notch of
of pressure
pressure the
the of when the
at rectangular
= motor,
behind
observation main NË reading
gauge
pressure-ve width
least floor
gauge gauge free
characieristics
it. one surface of of Centrifugal
) above above the the notch,
set.
and channel,
channel,
Q1 turbineturbine level
shown
those Cq=
load,
Pan pump,
kg)(in of
there WË water hË B=
outlet iniet = Tachometer.
in has centre-line,touched
the been centre-line,
book. Spring
load,
any kg)(in the
W
If
discrepancy H,crest
considerable P1 H,
=
= of
the
Tachoneter
reading, N
rpmn)
(in notch,
in
deviationbetween
Pa h;
=
is the Final
obtained eurves reading,
mm)(in h pointer
gauge
 EXPERIMENT ON FRICTION LOSS IN FLOW THROUGH PIPES
OBJECTIVE:
1) To delernine friction faclor f and to plot f vs. Re on a log-log graph
paper;
2) to find out absolute roughness of the pipe.
All notations carry their usual meanings and the quantities are in Sl units unless otherwise mentioned.

THEORY:
When iguid flows through a pipe, a pressure drop occur8 duc to viscous shoAr on pipe wall. This head loss is
quantitativcly
cxpressed by Darcy-Weisbach cquation as he=LV(2gD) where f is friction factor, L is length of thc pipe, Vis average
velocity of flow and D is the diameter of the pipe. Reynolds No. for low is given by R=VD/v, where v is kinematic

Viscosity of the flowing liquid. Knowing the values of hç and Q(i.e. discharge), the valucs of fand R, can be calculated.
For laminar low i.e. for low Reynolds No, f= 64/R: therefore aplot of fvs. Rg on log-log graph willshow a straight
line. But, in turbulent flowv f bocomes afunction of R and s/D i.e. f- (Re, c/D) where e/D is the relative roughnes and
is the avcrage heigh of pipc-1vall roughness protrusions.

APPARATUS & INSTRUMENTS:

Pipe line assembly with supply systen, volumetric tank, stop-watch etc.
PROCEDURE:

The delivery valve was fully opened. For the first set of observations, control valve in the pipeline was then opened to such
an extent that naximum level difference occurred in the manometer connected across the length of the pipe to be studied.
Manometer reading was noted. Water coming out of the pipe was stored in a collecting tank during some time interval t,
and the time t was noted through a siop-watch. Height of the collected water Hwas noted through apiezoumeter tube fited
to the tank. The volume of collected water vwas then obtained from the product of Hmultipliod by the area of the tank A
Discharge through pipe Q could then be calculated from Q = v/t. For the next set, flow in pipeline was decreased by
control-valve and all the corrosponding readings were noted. The procedure was repeated for obtaining, at least, six sets of

observations.

OBSERVATION:
Length of straight portion of pipe, L
Diameter of the pipe, D = | inch
breadtih) =
Area of the collecting tank, A= (length x
Roon1 temperalure, T = °C; kinematic viscosity of water, v =
OBSERVATION CHART:

Observation No. Manometer readingin ) tank reading(in ) Time of collection, t

LHS (a) RHS (b) initial(hy) final(hz)
At lcast uplo 0

RESULT SHEET;

Set No. hç=(n)-(tb) H-hg-b| Q= v/t V= 40/ (- 2gDhf Rg=VD/v E/D fron
-(AxH/ (nD2) Moody's
KLV2)
(in ) (n ) (in ) (10 ) chart
(in )
12 clc.
Show thc samplc calculation of at lcast onc sct. Calculalo tho avoragc rolativc rougunoss valuc of s/D aid from that thc
avcrage absolute rOughness 6 of pipe-wall surface.

CONTROL VALVE FOR

WATE R SUPPLY.

cON TROL VALVE

DIVERTOR

G.I PIPE OF O1/ PIEZOME TER

SCALE

DRAIN OUT
VALVE CoLLECTING
TANK

FLEXIBLE
CONNECTING TUBE

MANOMETER

LINE DIAGRAM I|

FOR
LINE DIAGRAM OFTHE EXPRIMENTAL SET UP PIPES
HEAD LOSS DUE TO FRICTION DURING FLOW IN
 CALIBRATION OF VENTURIMETER

0RECTIVE:
I) Todetciminc thc venturimeter-constants (K & N) from plottung ofQ, vs. H,m on log-log graph paper;
2) to detenine coeficicnt of discharge Ca of venturimetcr and to plot Ca vs. R, olt semi-log gaph paper.
Al notations carry their usual meanings and the quantiries are in Sl unis unless otherwise mentioned.

T7EORI:

Aventurineter is used lo measure the flow-rate in a pipclinc quitc accuratcly. Theoretical lischarge through a ventur inncter
is cxpresscoi as Q,-A1A(2gh)/ NAjZ-A,2) where A1 and Ag ore cross-scctional arcas of pipcline and venturimcter
throat respectively, and Ih is diflerential head across sections I & 2 (in figure) in lerms of flowing liquid. If head h is
measurcd by a diflerential manometer with a heavier liquid of sp. gr. S,, (than flowing liquid of sp. gr. S) hen
h=HSS -1). But, actual discharge Q, is snaller than theoretical discharge Q, and is given by Qn-CaxQ where
discharge-tocficicnt C¡ depends on rouglness ctc. and is always lesser than uuty. For all practical purposes cxpression
,-CahAgNt2: Hm(Sn/5-1)}NAj2:Ag3 is reduced to Qy-K(tHNnhere, K-CaAyAz2s(Sms-1)JPN(A|
Aj2)and n-/12. So, the venturimeter is to be calibrated means its constants, K&N,are to be dternined cxperimentally.
Nnr, the discharge cquation Q,=K(H,,)N, in its logarithm, takes the form of : logQ,=NlogH,+logK. Whcn plotted, Qa
fron it. Reynolds No. is given by
15. H, rcprescnts a sraiglht-lime on a log-log graph puper and K&N may be deteruined
R,=VyD,/r, subscript 2 represcnting tlroat-section.

APPARATUS & INSTRUMENTS:

lank, stop watch etc.
Pipe linc assenbly with venturinetcr fitted with mercury-nanoneter, volumetric

PROCED URE:
obscrvations, control valve was so regulated that maximmu1 flow was
, Deliverv valvc was fully opened. For the first set of
venturimeter-1nanometer reached nmaximun. Manometer reading was
allowed in the pinclinc and level diffcrencc H,, in the
through a
collecting tank during some tunc interval t wluch was noted
11otcd. Watcr comig out of the pipe vas stored in a
piczomelcr tubc fittcd to lhe tauk. Tho volune of collected
stop-uatch. Heiglht of the collccted waler H was notcd hrough a
the area of thc tank A. Actual discharge tlhrough thc orifice
1ater vxas then obtaincd from the product of H mliplied by
sct. flow in pipelue vas decrcased by control-valve und
0, cOuld thcn be calculatcd Irom Qa=v/t. For the ncxt
noted. 1he proccdure was rcpcated for obtainung. at Jenst
correspcnding rcadings at tank, stop watcli and manYnmeter wcrc
obscrvations.
sIN SCts of
 OBSERVATION:
Cross-sectional aren of flow in pipe, Aj =(nD)/4
Cross-seclional area of venturimeler throat, Ay =(rDy)/4
Specific gravity of nmanonotric liquid, S,n
Area of the collecting tank, A = (length x brendtl1) =
Roou temperalure, T = OC; Kinonatic viscosity of waler, v
Obscrvation No. Manoneler reading(in ank reading(in Tine of collection, I
LIHS (a) RHS (b) initial(h;) final(h) (in
At lcast upto 6

RESULT
SHEET:
Sct No. Manoeter H-(hç- h;) Ca-Qn/4 R-VYDy/
deflcction, =(AxH/t xV(2ph)/N -(Qa/Ay)
H,-(a)-(b) x(Dl)
(Aj2-A,2)
(in (in (in
(in

J,2 ctc.
Show lhc sanple calculation of at lcast one sct. Calculatc average valuc of Cd 20°- 2 THROAT DIFFUSER
NATER SUPPLY

CONTRoL UALVE FOR

WATE R SDPPLy
-VEN TURIAETER CoNVERGING CONE/ N022 LE
VENTURIMETER
G..L.PPE
oF P 2"

DIFFERENTIEL CoNTROL VALVE

MANoME: TER -- DivERTOR/DEFLEC ToR
PIE ZOME TER

DRAlN OUT VALV E

VARLATION
VoLuHETRIC/ HEASURING TAN iK

LINE DIAGRAM OF THE EXPRIMENTAL SET UP FOR

THE CALIBRATION OF VENTURIMETER
 PERFORMANCETEST FORPELTON WHEEL MODEL
OBJECTVE:
"Tostudy the perlormance of Pelton
whecl turbincmode through plotting its following mnin
constant head curves at 25%, 50"%, 75% and
100% nozzle openings characteristics/
)Q1 vs. Nq i.c. Q1 f(N): respectivcly:
2) 'T vs. NË i.c. TË = ((N);
3) P vs. N i.c. Pu -f(N0;
4) no Vs. NË i.c. no (N);
where Nunit spccd = N/NIL,; Q1 =unit
discharge = Q/Vl,: T unit torque -"I/,;
Pu unit power (output)- P/(VH,j and n,
overall cfficiency.
All notations carry their usual meanings and the
quantities dre in SIunits unless otherwise mentioned.
THEORY:
Overall efficiency of the turbine (output power)/(input
power) i.e. 1o =P/Pn:.
Output power meAsured through the brake-whccl, P, (2NT)/60,
where 'T= braking moment = (W1-W)R, W1 = pan load,
W-spring load, R= moment arm of the tangential
load to brake-wheel radius of the brake-wheel + radius of the
ropc.
And available power, P, = YQH
wherc H, = available working hcad (pressure gauge rcading p)/ly t vertical height of pressurc gauge
from
nozzle-axis,Q = dischnrge neasurcd through V-notch - (8/15)CaV(2p) tan |fh + V,2/(2g)}5/2 -
{V,2(2g)}5/24, 0 beiny the semi-apex angle, C the coefficient of discharge and h pointer gauge
reading (final -initial) =(hp- h;) and V, being tlhe velocity of approach.

APPARATUS & INSTRUMENTS

Peltonwhel laboratory model ontest bed with brake wheel, centrifugal pump-motor driving set, low measurinp
channel fitted with V-notch ctc.

Write the specifications of the follbwing:

Pelton whecl model, Driving motoy, Centrifugal pump, Tachotieter.

OBSERVATION:

Radiusof brake-whecl =
Radius of rope =
Weight of scalc pan =
Coefficicnt of discharge of the V-notch, C= 0.62
Apex angle of V-notch, 20 = 900
Height of the V-notch apex from the foor of the
channel, h =
Initial pointer gauge reading when free surface level of
water touched the apex of the notch, h;
Width of the channel, B=
Vertical height of the pressuregauge above nozzle, H =

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Nozzle opening =
Observation No. Pressure gauge Pan load,W1 Spriag load, W2 Tachonmeter Final pointer
reading, p (in kg) reading, N
(in ke) gauge reading,
(in (in rpm) he (in mm)

At least upto 6

RESULT SHEET:
Set No. NË P1 P

ete.

"Show the sample calculation of at least one set.

REMARKS:
Check whether in the nature of the main characteristics there has been any discrepancy in between the curyes
plotted through the experimental observation and those shown in the b0ok. 1f considerable deviation is obtained
what may be the possible reasons behind it.