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Lec - 2 Micro Must

The document discusses various types of registers used in microprocessors, including parallel and serial registers. It describes 4-bit parallel registers constructed with D-type flip-flops that can store data. Shift registers are discussed as registers that can shift binary data in one or both directions. Serial and parallel data transfer is compared. Ripple counters and binary counters using D-type flip-flops are also summarized, along with an example 3-bit binary counter circuit.

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10 views

Lec - 2 Micro Must

The document discusses various types of registers used in microprocessors, including parallel and serial registers. It describes 4-bit parallel registers constructed with D-type flip-flops that can store data. Shift registers are discussed as registers that can shift binary data in one or both directions. Serial and parallel data transfer is compared. Ripple counters and binary counters using D-type flip-flops are also summarized, along with an example 3-bit binary counter circuit.

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ajf3215
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MICROPROCESSORS

8086

MICROPROCESSORS
Lec.2
Dr. Abdallah Ramadan Fawzy
E-Mail: [email protected]

The figures and text included in slides are borrowed from various books, websites, and
other sources for academic purposes only. The author do not claim any originality.
MICROPROCESSORS
8086

• Registers
• Transfer registers
• Shift registers
• Counters
Registers
•A register is a group of n flip-flops each of them
capable of storing one bit of information
•There are two types of registers: parallel and
serial registers.
•They differ in the manner in which the binary
data is loaded and retrieved from them
4-Bit Register
❖ 4-bit register constructed with four positive edge-triggered D-
type flip-flops with parallel load.
❖ Positive-edge-triggered D flip flop responses (i.e., value of D
transfers to Q) only to the transition from 0 to 1 and nothing
else
❖ The positive-edge-triggered D flip flop that is used in a 4-bit
register has also additional direct reset input named CLEAR or
RESET.
❖ When CLEAR is 0 the flip flop is resetting independent of clock
and D values.
❖ It is useful because in digital systems when the power is turned
on the state of flip-flops is unknown. Direct input CLEAR can
bring all flip-flops to the known starting state prior to the clock
operation.
Register with Parallel load

❖ If all bits of the register are loaded simultaneously with


a common clock pulse, we say that the loading is done in
parallel.
❖ When we want some registers remain unchanged (even
with clock changes) we can use a load control input (see
the next slide)
❖ The load input determines whether the next pulse will
accept new information or leave the information in the
register intact.
4-bit Parallel Register

❖ 4-bit parallel register can be implemented with


negative-edge-triggered-DFF as well. Here is the
review of the graphic symbols for positive and
negative edge-triggered DFF
Shift Register

❖ A register capable of shifting its binary information in one


or both directions is called a shift register
❖ For example by connecting the output of each D flip-flop
to the input of another D flip flop in its right, each clock
pulse shifts the content of the register one bit position to
the right.
❖ The serial input determines what goes into the leftmost
flip flop during the shift. The serial output is taken from
the output of the rightmost flip flop.
Serial Transfer

❖ The difference between serial transfer and


parallel transfer is:
- In the parallel mode information is available from
all bits of register and all bits can be transferred
simultaneously during one clock pulse.
- In the serial mode, the registers have a single serial
input and a single serial output. The information is
transferred one bit at a time while registers are
shifted in the same direction
Serial Transfer
❖ For example next slide shows the serial transfer from
register A to register B by using shift register
❖ To prevent the loss of information stored in the source
register the serial output of A is connected to its serial
input
❖ The shift control input determines when and how
many times the register are shift. Here each register
has four bits and each rising edge of the pulse cause a
one bit shift in each register.
❖ For a fixed time of four clock pulses the content of A
is transferred into B, while the contents of A remains
unchanged.
Ripple Counters
❖Counter is basically used to count the number of clock
pulses applied to a flip-flop. It can also be used for
Frequency divider, time measurement, frequency
measurement, distance measurement, and also for
generating square waveforms.
❖A register goes through a prescribed sequence of states
upon the application of input pulses is called counter
❖An n bit binary counter consists of n flip-flops and can
count 2n – 1
Ripple Counters

❖ When using DFF for binary counter the complement output


connected to D input to make sure D input is always the
complement of the present state, therefore the next pulse will
cause the FF to complement
❖ BCD ripple counter follows same sequence but returns to 0 after
counting to 9. See next two slides
Counts from 0 to 999
3-Bit Binary Counter

❖ In the synchronous counters clock pulses are applied to


the input of all flip-flops
❖ For designing a 3-bit counter we can simply follow the
design procedure for sequential circuits
❖ First we design state diagram and then by finding state
table and flip-flop equations we design the circuit (see
next three slides)

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