Egyptian Academy for Engineering and Advanced Technology

Electrical Engineering Department

Department of Electronics and Communications

Dr./ Shimaa Mahdy

[email protected]
Spring 2024
0.1 Course Description
0.2 Course Objectives
0.3 Course Administration
0.4 Course Outline
0.5 Grade Distribution
 The main purpose of the course is to understand how to
perform the model of communication system and
classification, representation of modulation, and
demodulation types.
 How to calculate two main communication system
parameters: power and bandwidth.
 Instructors: Dr. Shimaa Mahdy
 e-mail: [email protected]
 Office Hours: Saturday 10:30-12:30
13:20-15:20
 Office: The Main Building Room
 TAs: Eng. Esraa & Eng. Ahmed Khairy
 URL: http://edugate.eaeat.edu.eg/lms/
 Text: Lathi, B. P., Modern digital and analog
communication systems, 4th edition.
 Publisher: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Week Items/Topics Assignments

1 Lecture 1: Course Description and Outline

0.1 Course Description 0.2 Course Objectives
0.3 Course Administration 0.4 Course Outline
0.5 Grade Distribution
0.6 Introduction to Communication Systems
2 Lecture 2: Modulation Assignment #1

3 Lecture 3: Full AM (DSBLC/DSBFC) Assignment #2

4 Lecture 4: Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier
5 Lecture 5: QAM and SSB
6 Lecture 6: Angle Modulation
7 Lecture 7: Bandwidth of Angle-Modulated Waves
8 Midterm
9 Lecture 8: FM Generation & Recovery
10 Lecture 9: FM Filters Assignment #4
11 Lecture 10: Heterodyne Radio Receiver Assignment #5
12 Lecture 11: Pulse Modulation
13 Final Review
Evaluation Written Quizzes Assignments Attendance Lab Exam Total
&
Project

Midterm 20 10 5 5 - 40

Final 40 10 - 10 60

Total Score 100

What is communication?
It's the process in which information is transferred from one
point in space and time called the source to another point
destination.
What is a communication system?
It's the group of mechanisms that provides the information
link between source and destination.
What is the purpose of a communication system?
The purpose of a communication system is to transmit
information signals through a communication channel.
Examples of Electronic Communication are
1. Telephone
2. Radio Broadcasting
3. Television Broadcasting
4. Radar communication
5. satellite communication: Cover the whole globe carrying voice, text data, and images
6. Fax
7. Computer communication
8. Wireless communication
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Fundamentals of Communication system:
Frequencies
Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz), equivalent to cycles per second: thus 1 Hz is 1 c/s. The
electromagnetic spectrum consists of frequencies from just above 0 Hz to ∞ Hz. The
frequency spectrum is broken up into different segments which indicate the usage for a
particular frequency range as shown in the table below.
Common Frequency ranges

The frequency band of 20 Hz to 21 kHz is the total band that the human ear can hear.
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10
Types of Signals There are only two different types of signals that are processed,
transmitted, and received by telecommunication equipment. These are analog and digital.
Each type has individual characteristics.
Analog Signal
An analog signal is defined as a continuous waveform having a positive peak and a negative
peak and having an infinite range of levels. An analog signal has no discontinuous points,
i.e. it follows an unbroken curve for its full duration. Typical analog waveforms are e.g.
voice, temperature, etc. as shown in Fig. below.

Digital Signal
Representation variable takes on a finite & countable
number of values in a given interval, e.g. text, digitized
images, etc. as shown in Fig. below.

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The frequency f of the analog wave is determined by the following
formula: 𝟏
𝒇= Hz
𝒕

where t = time in seconds

The time t is the duration of one complete cycle, i.e. one wavelength.
The formula used to determine the wavelength 𝜆 in free space
(vacuum) is as follows:
𝑪
𝝀= m
𝒇
where c = velocity of light in a vacuum = 3 × 108 m/s
The wave forms shown in figure above are shown in the time domain,
which means that the amplitude is plotted against time. A sine wave
and a cosine wave consist of a single frequency. A complex wave is a
wave that consists of a number of different frequencies.
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 Note:

For the antenna to work effectively it has to be

designed in such a way that its length should be
in terms of the wavelength of the operating
frequency. 𝑪
𝝀=
𝒇
Antenna length (L) = λ/4

If f λ L

Therefore, higher frequencies are used for

reducing the antenna length.

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Measurement of Signal Level The gain or loss of a network can be expressed as a
ratio of output power over input power. If the output power is greater than the input
power then the network has a power ratio > 1, which means that the network has a
gain. If the output power is less than the input power then the network has a power
ratio < 1, which means that the network has a loss. If the power ratio equals 1 then
the network has a unity gain.
Instead of measuring the power a signal dissipates in watts, it is easier to measure
the signal level. The unit of measurement is the bel, but this is a rather large unit
for practical purposes, so the decibel is used instead.

The Decibel
A decibel (dB) is one-tenth of a bel and can be defined as the loss or gain of a network in a
logarithmic form.
Power in (Pi ) N Power out (Pout)

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The loss or gain N ratio of the network shown above is given as follows:
𝑃
N ratio = 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑃𝑖𝑛
The above equation yields a ratio as both the output power and the input power are
in watts. To enable a unit of measurement to be attached to this ratio, the following
formula is used:
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
N = 10 log10 dB , A decibel is 1/10 of a bel (B)
𝑃𝑖𝑛
The advantage of using the decibel as a unit of measurement is that the individual
gains of the individual networks can be added together instead of being multiplied
together.

Example: Determine a formula for the overall gain of the three cascaded networks shown
below as a ratio and in dB. Pout
Pin P1 P2
𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 N N N
𝑁 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = × ×
𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑃1 𝑃2

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To convert this into dB the following results:
𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑁 = 10 log10 × ×
𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑃1 𝑃2

𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑁 = 10 log10 + 10 log10 + 10 log10 𝑑𝐵
𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑃1 𝑃2

Example: Calculate the gain or loss of each of the following networks in dB:
1. Input power is 4 µW and output power is 16 µW.
2. Input power is 4 mW and output power is 16 mW.
3. Input power is 4 W and output power is 16 W.
Solution
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 16 µ𝑊
1. N = 10 log10 = 10 logl0 = 6 dB
𝑃𝑖𝑛 4 µ𝑊
𝑃 16 𝑚𝑊
2. N = 10 log10 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 10 logl0 = 6 dB
𝑃𝑖𝑛 4 𝑚𝑊
𝑃 16 𝑊
3. N = 10 log10 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 10 logl0 = 6 dB
𝑃𝑖𝑛 4𝑊

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The dBm: This unit of measurement is used to measure the actual power at a point in a
system relative to 1 mW. This indicates whether the power at the point is greater than 1 mW
or less than 1 mW. The dBm is defined as the gain or loss of a network, where the reference
signal power is 1 mW, and the power ratio is expressed in a logarithmic form. This is shown
by
𝑃
𝑁 = 10 log10 𝑑𝐵𝑚
1 𝑚𝑊
Example: Determine the signal level for each of the following signal powers in dBm:
1. 4 l µW
2. 16µW
3. 4 mW
4. 1 6 mW
𝑃 41 µW
1. N = 10 log10 1 𝑚𝑊 = 10 log10 1 𝑚𝑊 dBm
N = 10 log10 0.004 = - 23.98 dBm

𝑃 16 µW
2. N = 10 log10 1 𝑚𝑊 = 10 log10 1 𝑚𝑊 dBm
N = 10 log10 0.016= - 17.96 dBm

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 𝑃 4 mW
3. N = 10 log10 1 𝑚𝑊 = 10 log10 1 𝑚𝑊 dBm
N = 10 log10 4= 6 d B m

𝑃 16 mW
4. N = 10 log10 1 𝑚𝑊 = 10 log10 dBm
1 𝑚𝑊
N = 10 log10 16= 12 dBm
As can be seen in the above example the level in dBm indicates the actual power in the
signal relative to 1 mW. Table below illustrates this relationship

Relationship between power and dBm

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Examples: TV station, radio station, Web Server
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 Types of Communication
Broadcast: A method of sending a
signal where multiple parties may hear
a single sender. Radio stations are a
good example of everyday life
"Broadcast Network".

Point-to-point: A method of c
ommunication where one "point" (person or entity) speaks to another entity.

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 Classification Based on Direction of Communication
Based on whether the system communicates only in one direction or otherwise, the
communication systems are classified as under:
1. Simplex System
2. Half duplex System
3. Full duplex System

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 Classification Based on Direction of Communication

1) Simplex System
In these systems, the information is communicated in only one direction. For example, the
radio or TV broadcasting system can only transmit, they cannot receive. Another example of
simplex communication is the information transmitted by the telemetry system of a satellite to
earth. The telemetry system transmits information about the physical status of the satellite
such as its position or temperature.

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 Classification Based on Direction of Communication

Half duplex System

These systems are bidirectional, i.e. they can transmit as well as receive but not
simultaneously. At a time, these systems can either transmit or receive, for example, a
transceiver or walky-talky set. The direction of communication alternates. The radio
communications such as those in the military, fire fighting, citizen band (CB), and amateur
radio are half-duplex systems.

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 Classification Based on Direction of Communication

Full duplex System

These are truly bidirectional systems as they allow the communication to take place in both
the directions simultaneously. These systems can transmit as well as receive
simultaneously. For example: the telephone systems. However, the bulk of electronic
communications is two-way. The best example of full duplex communication system is
telephone system.

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 Q&A
Thank You

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