Concentration

Concentration is the amount of solute in a

given amount of solvent or solution.

Concentrated solution - h i g h s o l u t e
concentration

Dilute solution - low s o l u t e

concentration
Percent (by mass, by volume, by mass per volume)
 Parts per million
Mole fraction
M o l a r i t y
M o l a l i t y
Percent by Mass

Percent by mass (%m/m) or percent by weight (%w/w)

is the mass of solute (in grams) for every 100 grams of a
solution.

g solute
% i n / r , _______________
" 100 g solution
g solute
X 100
g solution
Percent by Volume

Percent by volume (%v/v) is the volume of solute (in

milliliters) for every 100 milliliters of a solution.

% V/v ml, solute

100 mL solution
oho v/v mL solute
____________ lx 00
mL solution
Percent by Mass per Volume

Percent by mass per volume (%m/v) or percent by

weight per volume (%w/v) is the mass of solute (in grams)
for every 100 milliliters of a solution.

g solute
/v =
771

100 inL solution

g solute
%mil, =______________ lx 00
mL solution
Sample Problems
Example #1

A 500.0-mL
aqueous solution
consists of 12.5 g
KCI and 4.50 mL
ethanethiol,
C 2H 5SH.
a.Express the
concentration
of KCI in
%m/v;
b.Express the
concentration
of C 2H 5SH in
%v/v.
Sample Problems

Solution
A 500.0-mL aqueous solution g solute
0/0 111/v - x 100
consists of 12.5 g KCI and 4.50 mL solution
mL ethanethiol, C 2H,,SH.
12.5 8
a. Express the concentration x 100
of KCI as %m/v. 500.0 niL
= 2.50%
S a m p l e Problems

Solution
A 500.0-mL aqueous solution
consists of 12.5 g KCI and 4.50 mL solute
% ___________x 100
mL ethanethiol, C 2H 5SH. nil, solution
b. Express the concentration 4.50 inL
of C 2H 5SH in %v/v. __________x 100
500.0 nil,
— 0.900%
 A solution is composed of equal volumes of ethanol
(p = 0.789 g/mL) and water (p = 0.999 g/mL). If the
solution has p = 0.934 g/mL, express the
concentration of ethanol in:
a.%m/m
b.%m/v
c.%v/v
Sample Problems

For any solution:

Always true:
mass of solute + mass solvent = mass solution

Not always true:

volume solute + volume solvent = volume solution
Sample Problems

Basis:
Solution
I■1
.11■
• x 100

w'\
(0 999 g
+ (50 mL)
volume ethanol = 50 mL a t er)
g solute amass water—I
a.volume
%m/m water = 50 miin =___________ 1x 00 mass = (volume)(p)
mass Shanol g solution I - mass

1
ethanol I
(50 mL) 0.789
—

(50 mL) (C1789_______g\

f- 1 mL )
 1 mL
39.45 g
=____________x100
39.45 g + 49.95 g
39.45 g

89.40 g
x 100
= 44%
Sample Problems

Solution

b. %m/v
g solute
%mil
—' mL solution x 100 SO mL ethanol + SO mL water
# 100 mL solution
"."1gmL\x 100
volume = mass/p
g)
(89.4 9)
(0.934 ,
I—volume solution ---1
39.45 g
___________x 100
95.72 mL
Sample Problems

Solution

c. %v/v
mL solute
0/0v i, =______________x 100
' mL solution
50 mL
_________x 100
95.71 mL
= 52%
Sample Problems

How many grams of sodium carbonate (Na 2CO 3) is

needed to make a 250-mL aqueous solution?
Sample Problems
Solution

The mass of
solute (Na2CO3)
needed to make the
solution
must be determined.

% mil,_______________________
= g solute
mL solution x 100
g solute
4.20% =__________x 100
250 tnL
From the definition,
( 4.20 g ) 4.20 g Na2CO3
4.20% Na2CO3 = 100 niL sole
g solute = (250 mL)
100 ttiL
= 10.5 g Na2CO3
Preparing Solutions in the Laboratory
Preparation of a solution in a volumetric flask

To make 250 mL of 4.20% m/v aqueous

Na2CO3:
1. Place 10.5 g of Na 2 C0 in a 250-mL
volumetric flask.
2. Add a few milliliters of water. Dissolve
the
solids.
3. Add more water until the 250-mL mark This photo by H Padleckas is
is licensed under CC BY SA 25
-

reached. A 250-mL
4. Seal the flask with a stopper and invert volumetric flask
it
Sample Problems

An aqueous
Practicesolution of potassium sulfate (K 2SO 4) is
made by mixing 10.0 g K,SO L, and 90.0 g H 2O.
1. What is the concentration of the solution in
%m/v? The density of the solution is 1.08 g/mL.
(Answer: 10.8%)
2. How much (in grams) K 2SO 4 is needed to make
500 mL of a solution with the same concentration
as the solution prepared above? (Answer: 54.0 g)
Parts per Million

Parts per million (ppm) is the number of units of a

substance for every 1 million (10 6) units of a mixture.

mass substance
ppm substance =_______________x 10 6
mass sample
mg substance
1 kg =106
kg sample
mg solute
ppm solute
1 L solution for solutions)
Parts per Billion
Parts per billion (ppm) is the number of units of a
substance for every 1 billion (10 9) units of a mixture.

Note: 1nzass
ppmsubstance
=1000 ppb
ppb substance x
mass
sample
Sample Problems

A 1.050-g sample of ore is found to contain

14.62 pg copper. Express the concentration of
copper in the ore in
a.ppm; and
b. ppb
Sample Problems

Solution

a.
A 1.050-g sample of
mass Cu
ore is ppm Cu __________x10
found to contain 14.62 mass ore
pg
copper. Express the (14.62 pg) 1 6 g
( 1 0
itg x 10 6
concentration of 1.050
copper in
= 13.92 ppm
the ore in
a.ppm; and
b . ppb
Sample Problems

Solution

b.
A 1.050-g sample of ore is
mass Cu
found to contain 14.62 pg ppm Cu = x 106

copper. Express the m a (14.62

s s pg)(o r e
110()g
concentration of copper in
the ore in X
a.ppm; and 1.050 g
b . ppb = 1.392 x 104 ppb
Sample Problems
Example #2

A water sample
from a spring
contains 29.24
ppm calcium.
How much
calcium (in fig)
is
present in 50.00
mL of this
sample?
Sample Problems

Solution

ppm Ca = mg Ca
A water sample from a L solution
spring contains 29.24 ppm mg Ca
calcium. How much 29.24 nig
/ L -- ______________________
(50.00 niL) (__________
calcium (in mg) is present U001-01inzL)
in 50.00 mL of this sample?
/
mg Ca = (29.24' 7 1 9 L )(50.00 niL) ( 1L
1000 mL)
= 1.462 mg
Sample Problems

Practice

A river is found to be
contaminated with
mercury. A 50.00-mL
water sample from the
river contains 1.687
mg mercury.
1.Express the
concentration of
mercury
in the water sample
in ppm and ppb.
(Answer: 33.74
ppm; 3.374 x 10 4
ppb)
2.H o w m u c h
m e r c u r y (in m g )
can be
found in 750.0
mL of the water
sample?
(Answer: 25.37
mg)
Mole Fraction
Mole fraction (x) is number of moles of a
component of a solution divided by the total
number of moles of all components.

moles component
ni ____ total moles

In a solution, the sum of mole fractions of all components is

1.
ilA FIB 11C
XA XB XC ••- + - -
t
A, B, C, etc. are Ili E 11i lli
components of the
lti
solution 1
(solute/solvent) ni
Sample Problems: Mole Fraction

0
Example Wi

An aqueous solution was prepared by mixing

0.500 mol NaBr and 4.50 mol H 2O. Calculate the
mole fractions of NaBr and H 2O in the solution.
Sample Problems: Mole Fraction
Solution

Get the total amount mol NaBr = 0.500 mol

in moles. mol H 0 = 4.50 mol

total moles -= 5. 000 mo/

Divide the amount in

mol NaBr 0.500 mol
moles by the total XNaBr total moles 5.000 mo/ = O. 100
amount to get the
mol H2O 4.50 mol
mole fraction. X H - , 0 = = O . 9 0 0
- t o t a l moles 5.000 m o l
Sample Problems: Mole Fraction

I p xample #2

Component
Given the composition in
%m/m of dry air, calculate N-, 75.53
0 23.1
the mole fraction of each
component. Ar 1.28
CO2 0.05
Atk
ins
an
d
de
Pa
ula
(20
06)
,
Ph
ysi
cal
Ch
em
istr
y
(8t
h
ed.
)
 Sample Problems: Mole
Fraction
Solution

Basis: 1 MO1

mass of dry air = 100 g mol N2 = (75.53 g) (______ = 2.696 mol

28.02 g
Component Mass, g 1 mol

75.53 mol 0 2 = (23.14 g)

( 32.00 g = 0.7231 mol
N2 1 mol
02 23.14 mol Ar = (1.28 g)(39.95_____g) = 0.03204 mol
Ar 1.28 mol CO2 = (0.05 g)( 1 mol 44.01 g = 0.001136 mol

CO2 0.05
Total total moles = 3.452276 mol
100.00
Sample Problems: Mole Fraction

Solution

mol N2 2.696 mol

XN 2 = total moles ____________=
To get the mole fraction of 3.452276 mol O. 7809
each gas, divide the mol 02 0.7231mo/
amount in moles of each X19 2 — total moles ____________=
3.452276 mol O. 2095
gas by the total amount in XAr = mol Ar
total moles 0.03204 mol
moles. mol CO2 ______________= 0.0093
Xco 2 3.452276 mol
= total moles 0.001136 mol
_____________= 0.0003
3.452276 mo/

sum = 1.0000
Molarity

Molarity is the number of moles present in 1

liter of a solution. The unit for molarity is
molar (M).

mol substance
M L solution
Sample Problems: Molarity

What is the molarity of a NaOH solution if 250.0

mL of this solution contains 0.1254 mol NaOH?
Sample Problems: Molarity

mot NaOH
Solution
MNaOH
L solution
0.1254 mo/ (1000 ml,)
250.0 inL 1L
= 0.5016 7 "i! L or 0.5016 M
Sample Problems: Molarity

Calculate the mass of Na 2HPO 4 needed to

make 500.0 mL of 0.1407 M Na 2HPO 4 solution.
Sample Problems: Molarity

Solution

MO1 Na211PO4
MNa2HPO4
L solution
mol Na2HPO4 (MNa2HPO4)(L solution)
1 mL)
(1000___
= (0.1407 mol / 0(500.0 mL)
= 0.07035 mo/
Sample Problems: Molarity

Solution

g Na2HPO 4
mol Na2HPO 4 ___________________I T " r t z l

= MMna2nr-u 4

g Na2HPO4 = (mol Na2HPO4)(MM Na2HPO4)

MM Na2HPO4
(141.958 g\
= [2(22.99) + 1.008 + 30.97
= (0.07035 mol) + 4(16.00)] g/mol
1 mo/
= 141.958 g/mol
= 9. 987 g
Molality

Molality is the number of moles present in 1

kilogram of a solvent. The unit for molality is
molal (m).

mol substance
m kg solvent
Sample Problems: Molality

Example #5

What is the molality of the

HCI solution formed
by mixing 0.854 moles HCI
and 750 mL H 20?
The density of water is 1.0
g/mL.
Sample Problems: Molality

Solution
mol HCl
M HC1
kg H20
0.854 mol
g \ ( 1 kg
(750 niL) 16 0
( mak1000 g ) )
- 1.14 nuil
i kg or 1. 14 m
Sample Problems

A solution is prepared by mixing 20.0 g

NaCI and 80.0 g H 2O. The resulting solution
has a density of 1.145 g/mL. Express the
concentration of NaCI in:
a.mole fraction;
b. molal; and
c. molar
Sample Problems: Molarity

Solution
a. mole fraction
mol NaC1
XNaCI
mol NaC1 + mol H2O

g NaC1 g H 2O mol NaC1 + mol H 2 O

mol NaCI mol H,0 =_________
MM NaC1 MM H20 = 0.3422 mo/ + 4.4405
mol
20.0 g 80.0 g
— 58.44 g/inol — 18.016 g /mol

= 0.3422 mol = 4.4405 mol

Sample Problems: Molarity

a. moleSolution
fraction
mol NaC1
XNaCI
mol NaC1 mol H2O
0.3422 mol
4.7827 mol
= 0.0715
Sample Problems: Molarity

Solution

b. molality
kg H20
mol NaC1
0.3422 mo/

(80.0 9) 1 kgU0o0 g
= 4.28m
Sample Problems: Molarity
Solution

c. molarity
mol NaC1
MNaCI = L solution

1 1L
L solution = NaC1 + g H 2 csol tion)(1000mL)

( 1 ML ( 1L
= (20.0 g 80.0 g 1.145 g )1000 tn1)
= 0.08734 L
Sample Problems: Molarity

Solution

c. molarity

111
mol NaC1
Naa
L solution
0.3422 mol
0.08734 L
= 3.92 M
Sample Problems

0 Practice

Express the concentration of 15% m/m

aqueous nitric acid (HNO 3), whose density is
1.08 g/m LI in:
1.mole fraction of H NO3 (Answer: 0.048);
2.m o l a l (Answer: 2.8 m); a n d
3.m o l a r (Answer: 2.6 M).
Units of Concentration
Conclusion/ Summary

Percent by mass is the mass in grams of a solute in 100 g of

solution.

Percent by volume is the volume in milliliters of a solute in

100 mL of solution.

Percent by mass per volume is the mass in grams of solute in

100 mL of solution.
Units of Concentration
Conclusion/ Summary

Parts per million is the number of units of a substance

in 10 6 units of a mixture.

Parts per billion is the number of units of a substance in

10 9 units of a mixture.
Units of Concentration

Conclusion/ Summary

The mole fraction of a component of a mixture is the

number of moles of the component divided by the total
number of moles.

Molarity is the number of moles of a solute per liter of

solution.

.Molality is the number of moles of a solute for every

kilogram of solvent.