 The term information and communication

technology (ICT) collectively refers to the

technologies, both hardware and software, that
enable humans to communicate with one another.

 It is a common misconception that ICT is the

internet or computer alone.

 Basically, it is any form of technology that enables

you to communicate.

 The device, technologies and processes that humans

enjoy today are products of centuries of
improvements and innovations built in foundations
prepared by the early humans.
 Evolution of ICT
 The beginning of ICT can be traced back when humans
started to use objects to communicate with one
another.
 It is ascertained that ICT bean along with the rise of
humans.
 There are four main periods in history that divide
the era of ICT, namely, the pre-mechanical,
mechanical, electromechanical, and electronic
periods.

 The periods that greatly affect our lives today involve

the electromechanical period and electrical period.
The Premechanical Period
The premechanical period can be traced back
thousands of years ago, around 3,000 BCE to 1,
450 CE. During this time, humans started
communicating with one another using words
and pictograms curved in rocks. Then they started
to write symbols as substitutes for pictures to depict
ideas, objects, and animals. These gave rise to our
modern-day alphabet. Time passed and early humans
soon realized that stone tablets are too heavy and
bulky. The information to be stored was growing and
was becoming enormous, and writing these pieces of
information in stone tablets was impractical. When
paper was finally produced from the papyrus
plants, storing of information was
revolutionized.
 Cuneiform is a system of writing first developed by the
ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia c. 3500-3000 BCE. It is
considered the most significant among the many cultural
contributions of the Sumerians and the greatest among those
of the Sumerian city of Uruk which advanced the writing of
cuneiform c. 3200 BCE.
 Papyrus ,It was made from
the pith of the papyrus plant

Samaritan Inscription containing

portion of the Bible in nine lines of
Hebrew text, currently housed in
the British Museum
 Human continued to write information
that can be organized in some manner and
kept as permanent record. They eventually
compiled these records written on pieces of paper
and bound them together, eventually giving birth
to books. As these books grew in number, they
needed to be compiled and stored in areas; hence,
libraries were created. Libraries were
considered the first data center in history.
 In the late stages of this period, humans ,
started using the numerical system. This
numerical system spread around the world gradually,
enabling a simplier, faster, and more orgarnized way
to count. Morevoer, humans started to optimize and
invent devices and techniques in counting.
The most popular device created in this period
is said to have come from China --- the abacus.
Abacus is a manually operated devices similar to
calculator. This was considered as the first device
to process information.
The Mechanical Period
This period started around 1450-1840 and
served as the bridge beween our current period
and the premechanical period. During this
time,the interest in automating and speeding up
numerical calculations grew. The machines driven by
mechanical means such as stream and gears
dominated information processing and calculation.
This period also concentrated primarily on
development of machines that will enhance
calculator called the Pascaline, which was invented
by Blaise Pascal along with Wilhelm Schickard. This
device inspired other inventors to automate
counting and calculations.
Pascaline
The Pascaline, or Arithmetic Machine, was a French
monetary (nondecimal) calculator designed by Blaise
Pascal about 1642. Numbers could be added by turning
the wheels (located along the bottom of the machine)
clockwise and subtracted by turning the wheels
counterclockwise. Each digit in the answer was displayed
in a separate window, visible at the top of the
photograph.
 One of these inventors was Charles Babbage, a
mathematician. He invented the Analytical Engine, which is
considered the first programmable mechanical computer.
This invention earned Babbage the title “Father of
Computers”.
The Electromechanical Period
The electromechanical period (1840-1940) ushered in a
new age in communication and information. In this period,
the use of electricity for information handling and
transfer bloomed. The need and the urgency to share
information with one another in a faster yet reliable manner
over a long distances aroused.
This period saw the use of the telegraph to transmit
information over long distances. The information is coded in
sounds of dots, spaces, and dashes over wired (and eventually
wireless) media. The Telephone was later invented, enabling
a voice transmission over long distances. Likewise, humans
started to control electricity using vacuum tubes in devices
that eventually led to the development of today’s electronic
gadgets.
 The Telegraph
 Considered the first
electrical communication
device

 First invented in 1837 by

William Cooke and Sir
Charles Wheatstone.

 The first working model

used five needles that
could be pointed around
sets of letters and
numbers by using electric
current.
 The Morse Code
 Samuel Morse, an American inventor, successfully
introduced the first-single circuit telegraph, which
gave rise to the Morse code in 1844.

 It worked by transmitting electrical signals over a

wire laid between stations.
 Bombe
 Invented in 1939 by Alan Turing and was improved
by Gordon Welchman a year later.

 This device was used to decipher code that was

generated by a similar German encryption machine,
the Enigma, during World War II.
 The Telephone
 In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was granted the
patent for the telephone.

 The telephone converts sounds into electricity and

enables the telephone network to transmit it over
copper wires.
The Electronic Period
The last period in ICT history is the electronic
period. It started in the 1040’s and continues to the
present. The highlight of this period is focused on
the advent of solid state devices or electronic
devices. The four main events of this period are the
late vacuum tubes period, the transistor period, that
integrated circuits (IC) period, and the computer
processor period.
 The latter period of vacuum tube machines is the
start of electronic period. The dawn of the
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
(ENIAC), the first electronic general purpose
computer, marked a revolutionary period of
computing. This ENIAC was a big machine that
occupied an area of 167 square meters. Aside from its
big size, its processing speed was slower than those of
machines we used today.
 In 1947, the transistor was invented. It is an
electronic device with the properties and
functions similar to vacuum tubes, but is
lightweight and faster. The transistor is the
foundation of every electronic device today.

 An American electrical engineer named Jack Kirby

was credited for introducing the integrated circuit
(IC) in 1958. The IC is a device that is composed of
s group of transistors and circuit elements
compressed in a single package.The IC
revolutionized the used of computers and electronic
devices because circuit are integrated in a chip or a
speed. Because of this, a number of smaller devices
intended for information processing and
communication were developed.
 The advent and development of integrated circuit
ushered in the period of powerful processors. IC are
used in processing devices, and processors are constructed
in IC forms. Personal computers then used these
processors to deliver user applications. From this today,
computers are evolving from basic textual interfaces to
graphical user interfaces or GUI.

Olivette Programma 101(left) became the first commercial computer sold in 1965. IBM 5150(right) the
very unit that set the standards for several PC platfoms today.
 The first household and office personal computers
were bundled with productivity tools tailored for
house and office use. Limited entertainment packages
like video games were part of the package. The
development of various form of hardware with
improved capabilities continues, but engineers
and scientists are more interested and focused
on developing applications that will ease human
productivity, entertainment, and
communication.

 For decades, scientist and engineers developed

methods of connectivity for sharing processed
information stored in computers and processing
devices. The result of this is the interconnection of
computer devices and equipment we enjoy today.
This network is commonly known as the internet
of the World Wide Web.
ICT Today
 The fusion of hardware equipment, precise software,
GUI, and effective communications network is the
present composition of the ICT network.
 Perhaps one of the widely used information system
today, the World Wide Web, is the product of this
fusion.
 Almost every day, people go to the World Wide
Web for directions, instructions, information, and
even entertainment.
 Furthermore, Internet applications and even Internet
browsers works as a tools for communications and
transmission of information from one point to another.
The World Wide Web
The World Wide Web (www) is the system
that enables you to access hypertext document
and other files over the internet. The technology
was proposed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989, in which a
database and interface will be implemented to
associate links in readable documents.
 The Web is primarily made up of
three major technologies:
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL) – a standard
naming convention used to identify resources on the
Web and elsewhere. A URL is made up of three
components: protocol, server and path.
 Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) – the
language used to embed hypertext into the document
and publish documents to the Web. It is also used to
define the structure and elements of a web page.
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) – the protocol
for transmitting web pages across the internet. HTTP
defines how messages are formatted and transmitted.
 In the previous system, documents are
numbered with address that should be inputted
to retrieve the file. This is called the Web 1.0 or the
read-only Web, wherein the were no facilities to
interact with it other than to read or view the content.
Web 1.0 underwent multiple innovations because of
some inherent disadvantages.
The Web 2.0 or the read-and-write Web started
with the need to interact with the Web pages. Users
wanted to e-mail Web sites and interact on social
networking sites. The Web 2.0 enabled users or
viewers to edit the content of the files they were
accessing. In this period, blogging sites started to
gain popularity.
 Today, the Web 3.0 or the semantic executing
Web is being developed. The 3.0 is envisioned to be
a smarter access of hypertext files and a version
that would enable a wider range of search in a fast
manner.
 The Social Media
 ICT produced another high impact user application --- the
social media.

 These applications started together with the Web 2.0 and are
used in communicating and socializing with other
application users in virtual communities and networks.

 The social media platform contains different format.

Some of these forms of social media are blogs,
enterprise social networks, forums, photo-sharing sites,
product selling, social network, social games, review
sites, and video sharing.
The Social Media
 The effectiveness of a social media application
can be measured by its virality, which defined as
the rate of reposting or sharing photos, pieces of
information, or ideas published in one’s social media
profile or page.

 The main benefactors of virality are businesses,

non-profit organizations, and special interest groups
that use online marketing and campaigns through
the social media sites.

 The more viral their ads become, the better or

more effectiveness their publication campaign
will be.
Research and Information Seeking
 Web search engines – These are programs designed to
search or mine the World Wide Web based on keywords
provided by the user. They return search results such as
Web sites, files, photos, or other media files. Examples of
these are Bing, Duckduckgo, Google, and Yahoo.

 Research indexing sites – These are Web sites dedicated to

compile and index researches done by academic
researchers, engineers, social scientist, and so on. Example
are IEEE, X plore, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate.
 Massive Online Open Course (MOOC) sites or tutorial
sites – These are Web site dedicated to teach and inform
users focused on different areas. The delivery of
information is similar to a classroom lecture setup, wherein
lectures and assignment are delivered and submitted,
respectively, online. Examples are Coursera, edX, and
Udemy.

 Employment Web sites – These are Web sites that enable

companies to post job vacancies and also accommodate job
seeker by providing a resume-submission facility. One
important feature of these Websites is the ability to match
the qualification of the applicant and the required
qualification in a certain job vacancy. Examples are
JobStreet, JobsDB, and Bestjobs.
 Electronic commerse (e-commerse) – This is a
technology that uses electronic means to trade
products and currencies. It is also includes any
technology that introduces ease in business
management and customer convenience. Examples
are
Authenticity Verification of Information
from the Web
The inherited property of Web 2.0 and its later version
give viewers the privilege to influence content of give
anyone the freedom to publish his or her own Web sites
regardless of its content. There is no standard governing
content publishing on the World Wide Web to ensure
the correctness of information, but there are ways on
how to verify if the information is trustworthy of
legitimate.
Authenticity Verification of Information
from the Web
 Published author’s name – Publishing the name of the
one who wrote the article or information is one sign that
the information is valid, credible, and legitimate. Most of
the authors who are internationally writing hoaxes or false
will likely omit writing their names to avoid responsibility.
This will also enable the users to further research and
verify the author.
 Credible Web sites – Error-free articles are more likely
published by credible Web sites. These are Web sites of
big international or local companies involved in the field
you are searching for. Another example of credible Web
sites are government-connected and government
maintained Web sites. New agencies are another good
sources of credible information.
Authenticity Verification of Information
from the Web
 Rating, number of viewer, and number of shares – A
creadible article is more likely to receive a high rating or
normally high number of stars from reviewer. This is the
collective rating of past viewers of the site. Another way
is to visit the comment section of the article.

 Reference and related articles – Most of the articles

include a list of references or articles related to the
published one. To verify the authenticity of an article, visit
the articles listed as references and confirm if the
information written on the Web site conforms to the
information in the references.
Online Ethics and Etiqutte
 The Term “Netizen” refers to the person who is a
member or part of the online community.

 The Term “netiquette” is a coined or portmanteau term

of network and etiquette.

 Hence, a netiquette is a set of ideal rules and

conduct that a netizen should observe in
communicating and/or publishing information
and materials over the World Wide Web and in
ICT in general.
Online Ethics and Etiqutte
 Recognize your cyber avatar, or your online
representation, is not another world but an
extension of your personality and an extention of the
existing society that you are part of.

 You should apply the values and conduct learned

since childhood in the online extension of our
society.
The values of conduct imparted to us, such as
respect, kindness, and courtesy to others should
be observed as we expect to receive them form
.
 Online Ethics and Etiqutte
 Keep in mind that there are laws existing in our
society and on the Web. Remember that there are
punishment laid by government, not for the sake of
punishing, but for peace and order among the citizens.

 The World Wide Web enables participation of people

from different countries with different cultures and
religions. Be sensitive with their beliefs, cultures,
and religions. Futhermore, the differences will result in
different behaviors and social norms.
Online Ethics and Etiquette
 Everything published on the World Wide Web
should be considered as copyright or owned by
another individual. However, this does not mean that
you cannot use these materials for your personal use.

 In sending correspondence in either e-mail or chat, be

careful in selecting words to communicate. As much as
possible, use the appropriate manner of
communication and avoid threatening and
disrespecting words.