Questions for second term- 11

Mechanics:
Projectile Motion:

1) Define projectile motion. A stone is projected with a velocity in a direction making an angle 
with horizontal. Show that path of a projectile is parabolic. Derive expressions for :(i)
Maximum height (ii)Time of flight (iii) Horizontal range. Also find the condition for
maximum horizontal range.
2) Short Questions:
a) At what condition the directions of velocity and acceleration are mutually perpendicular?
b) Why does the direction of motion of a projectile becomes horizontal at the highest point of
its trajectory?
c) One stone is just dropped from a height ‘h’ and another stone is thrown horizontally from
the same height simultaneously. Which one reaches the ground first? Give justification.
d) Find the angle of projection for which the maximum vertical height and the horizontal
range are same.
e) What would be the effect on maximum range in doubling the initial velocity of a
projectile?
f) Show that maximum height attained 'H' and maximum range 'R'max, of a projectile are
related as Rmax = 4H.
3) Numerical:
a) A motorcycle stunt rider rides off the edge of a cliff
(as shown in fig). Just at the edge his velocity is
horizontal, with magnitude 9.0 m/s. Find the
motorcycle’s position, distance from the edge of the
cliff, and velocity 0.50 s after it leaves the edge of the
cliff. Ignore air resistance.
b) A player kicks a football at an angle of 37°C with the
horizontal and with an initial speed of 16ms–1. A second player standing at a distance of
33m from the first in the direction of the kick starts running to
meet the ball at the instant it is kicked. How fast must he run in
order to catch the ball before it hits the ground? Ans: 44ms–1
c) An Airplane diving at an angle of 37° with the horizontal drops a
mail bag at an altitude of 730m. The projectile hits the ground 5
sec. after being released. What is the speed of the air craft? [Ans:
193.74ms-1]
d) A grasshopper leaps into the air from the edge of a vertical cliff, as
shown in Fig. Find (a) the initial speed of the grasshopper and (b)
the height of the cliff. Ans: (a) 1.50 m/s (b) 4.66 m
e) A projectile is fired from the ground level with a velocity of
600ms–1 at 30° to the horizon. Find its horizontal range. What is
the least speed with which it could be projected in order to achieve the same horizontal
range (g = 10ms–2) Ans: 31177m, 558.4ms–1
4) Relative Velocity:
 a) Raindrops hitting the side window of a car in motion often leave diagonal streaks even if
there is no wind. Why?
b) A swimmer wants to reach to a point just opposite on the other bank of the river. How
should he swim and why?
c) An airplane pilot wishes to fly due west. A wind of 80.0 km/h is blowing toward the
south. (a) If the airspeed of the plane (its speed in still air) is 320.0 km/h, in which
direction should the pilot head? (b) What is the speed of the plane over the ground? Draw
a vector diagram. Ans: (a) 14°, north of west (b) 310 km/h
d) A man, walking on a road with a speed of 5km/hr. encounters rain falling vertically with
a velocity 12km/hr. Calculate the velocity of rain relative to man. At what angle should he
hold his umbrella in order to protect himself from the rain? Draw a vector diagram. [Ans:
22.6° with vertical]
e) A river flows due south with a speed of 2.0 m/s. You steer a motorboat across the river;
your velocity relative to the water is 4.2 m/s due east. The river is 500 m wide. Draw a
vector diagram. (i) What is your velocity (magnitude and direction) relative to the earth?
(ii) How much time is required to cross the river? (iii) How far south of your starting point
will you reach the opposite bank? Ans (a) 4.9 m/s, 31° south of east (b) 210 s (c) 535 m
Laws of Motion:
5) Long Questions:
a) State Newton’s laws of motion. Show that Newton’s first law of motion defines force and
second law of motion defines the unit of force.
b) Define linear momentum? State and prove the principle of conservation of linear
momentum from (i) From Newton’s second law of motion (ii) Newton’s third law of
motion.
c) Justify that Newton’s second law is real law of motion.
6) Short Questions:
a) Explain why coin placed on a cardboard covering a glass falls into the glass when
cardboard is bulled suddenly to one side?
b) Why a man getting out of a moving bus must run in the same direction for a certain
distance?
c) Action and reaction are always equal and opposite. How is then motion possible?
d) Why is it less hurting to jump on sand rather than on a cemented floor?
e) Explain why a cricketer moves his hand backward while catching a ball?
f) A man drops his briefcase in an elevator but it does not fall to the floor. What can be
concluded about the situation?
g) When a bullet fired from a gun, it moves forward whereas the gun kicks backward. Why?
h) A glass dropped on the floor is more likely to break if the floor is concrete than if it is
wood. Why?
i) If a nucleus is rest disintegrate into two smaller nuclei, the products must be emitted in
opposite direction. Why?
7) Numerical:
a) A light rope is attached to a block with mass 4kg that rests on a frictionless, horizontal
surface. The horizontal rope passes over a frictionless pulley and a block with mass ‘m’ is
suspended from the other end. When the blocks are released, the tension in the rope is
 10N. Draw free body diagrams and calculate the acceleration of either block and the mass
‘m’ of the hanging block. Ans: 2.5ms–2, 1.33kg
b) A 4.50 kg experimental cart undergoes an acceleration in a
straight line (the x-axis). The graph in Fig. shows this
acceleration as a function of time. (i) Find the maximum net
force on this cart. When does this maximum force occur? (ii)
During what times is the net force on the cart a constant? (iii)
When is the net force equal to zero? Ans: (i) 45.0 N, between
2.0 s and 4.0 s (ii) between 2.0 s and 4.0 s (iii) 0 s, 6.0
c) A 3.89-kg cat moves in a straight line (the x-axis). Figure shows a
graph of the x-component of this cat’s velocity as a function of
time. (i) Find the maximum net force on this cat. When does this
force occur? (ii) When is the net force on the cat equal to zero?
(iii) What is the net force at time 8.5 s?
d) Find the acceleration and tension in the rope in each of the
following systems as Shown in fig (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv).
(i) (ii)

Ans: 1ms–2 and 18N

Ans: 0.91ms–2 and 10.9N
(iii) (iii)

Ans: 1.16ms–2 and 187.46N

Ans: 6.67ms–2 and 33.35N

e) A cricket ball of mass 145gm is moving with a velocity of 14ms–1 and is being hit by a bat,
so that the ball is turned back with a velocity of 22ms–1. The force of blow acts on the ball
for 0.015sec. Find the average force exerted by the bat on the ball. 348 N.
f) An elevator of mass 5kg is accelerating up at 1ms–2. What is the tension in the cable? What
will be the tension when the elevator is accelerating down at 1ms–1? Ans: 55N, 45N
g) Sand falls vertically at the rate of 100gm/sec on to a horizontal belt conveyor moving at a
steady velocity of 5cm/sec. What is the force required to keep the belt moving? Ans: 5×10–
3N

Circular Motion:
8) Long Questions:
a) Explain what is meant by angular velocity. Show that the acceleration of a body moving in
a circle path of radius r with uniform speed v is v2/r.
 b) What is conical pendulum? Show that the period of oscillation of this pendulum is given
by :
l cos 
T = 2 g
c) What do you mean by banking of curved path? Derive an expression for angle of banking.
9) Short Questions:
a) Why force is necessary to keep body moving with uniform speed in a circular motion?
b) The moon is attracted by the earth towards its center then why doesn’t it fall towards
earth?
c) Why does a cyclist incline himself while riding in a curved path? Why roads are banked
on a curved path?
d) When a bus takes a turn, passengers are thrown away from the centre of curved path.
Why?
10) Numerical:
a) A circular curved highway is to be designed for traffic moving at 25ms–1. If the radius of
the curve is 100m. (a) What is the correct angle of banking the road? (b) If the curve is not
banked, what is the minimum coefficient of friction between the tyres and the road so that
there is no skidding of the vehicles at this speed? Ans: (a) 32° (b) 0.62s
b) A stone of mass 0.25kg tied to the end of a string is whirled round the circle of radius 1.5m
with a speed of 40rev/min in a horizontal plane. What is the tension in the string? What is
the maximum speed with which the stone can be whirled around if the string can
withstand a maximum tension of 200N? Ans: 6.6N; 346ms–
c) A mass of 0.4kg is rotated by a string at a constant speed in a vertical circle of radius 1m. If
the minimum tension of the string is 3N. Calculate (a) Speed (b) the maximum tension (c)
tension when string is horizontal. (a) 4.2ms–1 (b) 11N (c) 7N
d) A conical pendulum consists of a bob of mass 0.20kg attached to a string of length 0.5m.
The bob rotates in a horizontal circle such that the string is inclined at 30° to the vertical.
Calculate (a) the period of rotation (b) the tension in the string. Ans: (a) 1.3S (b) 2.3N
g) A puck of mass m = 1.50 kg slides in a circle of radius r = 20.0 cm on a
frictionless table while attached to a hanging cylinder of mass M = 2.50
kg by means of a cord that extends through a hole in the table (Fig).
What speed keeps the cylinder at rest? Ans: 1.81 m/s
h) In Fig. , a car is driven at constant speed over a circular hill and then
into a circular valley with the same radius. At the top of the hill, the
normal force on the driver from the car seat is 0. The driver’s mass is
70.0 kg. What is the magnitude of the normal force on the driver from
the seat when the car passes through the bottom of the valley? Ans: 1.37
× 103 N
i) In Fig, a stuntman drives a car (without negative lift) over the top of a
hill, the cross section of which can be approximated by a circle of radius R = 250 m. What
is the greatest speed at which he can drive without the car leaving
the road at the top of the hill? Ans:

Q. 17
 j) A horizontal circular turntable rotates about its center at the uniform rate of 120revmin–1.
Find the greatest distance from the centre at which a small body will remain stationary
relative to turntable, if the coefficient of static friction between the turn table and body is
0.80. Ans: 5.06cm
Heat:
1) Long Questions:
a) State and explain Newton’s law of cooling and derive an expression for the specific heat of
a liquid.
b) Define latent heat of fusion of ice. Describe the method for the measurement of it in the
laboratory.
c) Define latent heat of vaporization. Describe the method for the measurement of it in the
laboratory.
d) Discuss a method (Dulog and Pettit’s) to determine coefficient of real expansion of liquid.
2) Short Questions:
a) Why is water used in the cooling of automobile engines?
b) A metal sphere and a hollow sphere of the same material and radius are given the same
amount of heat. Whose temperature would be higher?
c) What is meant by the water equivalent of a calorimeter? Water equivalent of a body is
10kg. What does it mean?
d) You can eat hot pudding on a large plate easily but you feel difficulty in a bowl. Why?
e) One can drink tea comparatively within the short time in winter than in summer even if
the temperature of the tea is same in both seasons. Why?
f) Why is a baby wrapped tightly with warm clothes than an adult man in winter?
g) Why do you think that the latent heat of vaporization is so much longer than the latent
heat of fusion?
h) During the change of phase of a substance, heat is absorbed but temperature remains
constant. Why?
i) Suppose water at 20°C is kept in an open vessel on the moon. What would you expect
there?
j) Why can you get a more sever burn from steam at 100°C than from water at 100°C?
k) What is regelation? Why do pieces of ice stick when compressed together?
3) Numerical:
a) A substance takes 3min in cooling from 50°C to 45°C and takes 5 min in cooling from 45°C
to 40°C. What is the temperature of the surroundings? How much time will it take to cool
this substance from 40°C to 35°C? Ans: 35°C, 15min
b) In an experiment on the specific heat capacity of metal, a 200gm block of metal at 150 is
dropped in a copper calorimeter of mass 270gm containing 150 cm 3 of water at 27 0C. The
final temperature is 40 0C. Calculate the S.H.C of metal. (S.H.C. of copper = 390J/kg.K.
Ans: 434.5J/kg.K).
c) 50gm of water and an equal volume of kerosene (density 0.8 g/c.c) are placed, one after
another in the same calorimeter of water equivalent 10gm. They are joined to cool from
55°c in 8 min and 4.5mins respectively. What is the specific heat of the kerosene? Ans:
[0.59 cal/gm ]
 d) What is the result of mixing 0.8Kg of ice at -10℃ with 0.8 Kg of water at 80℃? Ans:
0.047Kg of ice and 1.55Kg of water at 0°C
e) A blacksmith cools a 1.20 kg chunk of iron, initially at 650.0°C, by trickling 15.0°C water
over it. All of the water boils away, and the iron ends up at 120.0°C. How much water did
the blacksmith trickle over the iron?
f) How much heat is required to change 10kg of ice at –10°C to
steam at 100°C? [Lf = 80cals/g, Ls = 540cal/g, Sp. Heat of water =
1 cal/g.0C Ans: 7250Kcals
g) 10g of steam at 100°C is passed into a mixture 100g of water and
5g of ice at 0°C. Find the resulting temperature of the
mixture. Ans: 52.2°C
h) As a physicist, you put heat into a 500g solid sample at the rate of
10kj/min, while recording its temperature as a function of time.
You plot your data and obtain the graph shown in fig.
(I) what is the latent heat of fusion for this solid?
(II) What are the specific heats of the liquid and solid states of the material?
Electrostatics:

4) Long Questions:
a) State Gauss law? Apply it to obtain an expression for (i) the electric field of a linearly
charged body (ii) the electric field intensity due to a plane charged conductor and sheet
(iii) electric field intensity due to a charged sphere.
b) Define electric potential and potential energy and how they are related.
c) Define electric potential difference between two points due to a charge. Obtain an
expression for the potential deference between two points r1 and r2 from charge +q.
d) Define electric potential. Derive an expression for the potential due to a point charge at
any point in space.
e) Define electric field intensity and potential gradient. Establish a relation between them.
5) Short Questions:
a) If electric field intensity is zero at a given point, will the electric potential be necessarily
zero at that point?
b) Can electric potential at a point be zero, while electric field is not zero? What about vice-
versa
c) What will be the work done on a unit positive charge when it is moved from one point to
another on an equipotential surface?
d) Electric potential of earth is taken to be zero. Why?
e) A hollow sphere and a solid sphere, both have equal radius. Which will store more
charge?
f) Prove 1Vm–1 = 1NC–1
g) Electric field at a point inside a charged conductor is zero. Why?
h) A positive charge +Q is located at a point. What is the work done, if a unit positive charge
is carried once around this charge along a circle of radius ‘r’ about this point?
 i) Draw a graph to represent the variation of electric field with distance from the center of a
hollow charged sphere.
6) Numerical:
a) ABC is an equilateral triangle of side 5cm. Charges of 100μC and 50μC are placed at A and
B. Calculate the electric potential and electric field intensity at C. Ans: 2.7×107V,
4.76×108N/C making an angle of 40.89° with electric field intensity due to 50μC.
b) Four charges +2μC, +4μC, +6μC and –6μC are placed at the corners of a square of
diagonal of length 2m. Find (a) potential at the centre of the square (b) the electric field at
the centre of the square. Ans: (a) 54×103V (b) 9.7×104NC–1 at an angle of 68° with OA.
c) Two positive point charges of 12μC and 8μC are 10cm apart. Find the work done in
bringing those 4cm closer. Ans: 5.8J
d) Two plane parallel conducting plates 15mm apart are held horizontal, one above other, in
air. The upper plate is maintained at positive potential of 1500V while the lower is
earthed. Calculate the number of electrons which must be attached to a small oil drop of
mass 4.9×10–15kg if it remains stationary in the air between the plate. (Assume that the
density of air is negligible in comparison with that of oil) Ans: 3
e) A stationary electron of charge 1.6×10–19C is subjected into a uniform electric field of
intensity 1000 Vm–1. Find the time taken and gain in kinetic energy of electron to travel
10cm starting from rest. Ans: 3.4×10–8s, 1.6×10–17J
f) An electron is liberated from a hot filament, and attracted by an anode of potential 1200
volts positive with respect to the filament. What is the speed of the electron when it strikes
the anode? Ans: 2.1×107ms–1
g) A particle of mass 20 mg and carrying 1.0 × 10−9 𝐶 charge is moving directly towards a
fixed charge of magnitude10−6 𝐶. When it is at a distance of 1 m from the fixed charge, it
has a velocity of 20 m/s. At what distance from the fixed charge will the particle come
momentarily to rest? Ans: 0.96 m
h) An isolated conducting spherical shell of radius 0.10m in vacuum, carries a positive
charge of 10–7C. Calculate (a) electric field intensity (b) the potential at a point on the
surface of the conductor. Ans: 9×104N/C, 9×103V
i) Two point charges q1 = +2.00 nC and q2 = -6.10 nC are 0.100 m apart. Point A is midway
between them; point B is 0.080 m from q1 and 0.060 m from q2 B is
0.08 m from q1 and 0.06 m from q2 (fig.). Take the electric potential
to be zero at infinity. Take the electric potential to be zero at
infinity. Find (i) the potential at point A; (ii) the potential at point
B; (iii) the work done by the electric field on a charge of 3.00 nC
that travels from point B to point A Ans: (i) -737 V (ii) -689 V (iii)
1.4 x 10-7 J
j) An electric dipole consists of point charges q1 = +12 nC and q2 = -
12 nC placed 10.0 cm apart (Fig.). (a) Compute the electric
potentials at points a, b, and c. (b) Compute the potential energy
associated with a +4.0 nC point charge if it is placed at points a, b,
and c. Ans: (a) -900 V; 1930V; 0V (b) -3.6 x 10-6 J; 7.7 x 10-6 J; 0J.
 k) Two-point charges of +5nC and +3nC are kept 6cm apart in air. Calculate the work done
when +3nC is moved by 1 cm towards +5nc. Ans: 4.5×10–7J
l) In Fig. a dust particle with mass m = 5.0 x 10-9 kg = 5.0
mg and charge q0 = 2.0 nC starts from rest and moves
in a straight line from point a to point b. What is its
speed v at point b?
m) A small sphere with mass 1.50 g hangs by a thread
between two very large parallel vertical plates 5.00 cm apart (Fig.).
The plates are insulating and have uniform surface charge densities
+σ and - σ. The charge on the sphere is q = 8.90 x 10-6 C. What
potential difference between the plates will cause the thread to
assume an angle of 30.0° with the vertical? Ans: 7.8 V
n) Consider a particle with charge q = 1.0 μC, point A at distance d1 =
2.0 m from q, and point B at distance d2 = 1.0 m. (a) If A and B are
diametrically opposite each other, as in Fig. a, what is the electric
potential difference VA – VB? (b) What is that electric
potential difference if A and B are located as in
Fig.b?
o) Two charges 10μC and 15μC are separated by 10cm
in vacuum. Where should a unit charge be placed on
the line joining the charges such that it experiences
zero force? Also calculate potential due to charges at
that point? Ans: 0.045m from 10μC, 4.45×106V
7) Modern Physics:
a) What are energy bands? Name and explain the significant energy bands in semiconductor.
b) Distinguish between conductor, insulator and semiconductor using band theory of solid.
c) How does the conductivity of semiconductor change with the rise in temperature? Explain
the negative temperature coefficient of semiconductor.
d) What are intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors? Which one has higher conductivity,
why?
e) Distinguish between P-type and N- type semiconductors. Explain from diagram how the
p-type gives majority charge carrier as holes and n-type semiconductor gives majority
charge carrier as electrons.
f) N-type semiconductors have larger number of free electrons than holes, but still they are
electrically neutral. Comment on this statement.
g) Why does the addition of suitable impurities to an intrinsic semiconductor result in a
considerable decrease in its resistivity?
h) Why does a pure semiconductor behave like an insulator at absolute zero temperature?
i) In semiconductor the total current is due to flow of free electrons and holes. Although free
electrons and holes are equal in number, the contribution of free electrons to total current
is more. Why?
j) What is the mechanism by which conduction takes place inside the semiconductor?