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ICT Lecture 2

The document discusses the evolution and generations of computers from the 17th century to present day. It covers: 1) The key characteristics of early computers including speed, accuracy, efficiency, versatility, reliability, and automation. 2) The origins and development of early mechanical calculating machines and digital computers from the 1600s to 1940s, including inventions by Pascal, Leibniz, Babbage, and the first electronic general purpose computers like ENIAC. 3) The five generations of computers defined by their underlying technologies - from vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, microprocessors, and now artificial intelligence and nanotechnology. Each generation brought increases in speed, reliability and decreases in size.

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Muhammad Umar
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47 views20 pages

ICT Lecture 2

The document discusses the evolution and generations of computers from the 17th century to present day. It covers: 1) The key characteristics of early computers including speed, accuracy, efficiency, versatility, reliability, and automation. 2) The origins and development of early mechanical calculating machines and digital computers from the 1600s to 1940s, including inventions by Pascal, Leibniz, Babbage, and the first electronic general purpose computers like ENIAC. 3) The five generations of computers defined by their underlying technologies - from vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, microprocessors, and now artificial intelligence and nanotechnology. Each generation brought increases in speed, reliability and decreases in size.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Umar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Applications of Information and

Communication Technologies
Lecture 2
Presented by
Dr. Muhammad Umar Javed
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science 1
Characteristics of Computers
• Speed- Performs data processing jobs very fast, usually measured in microseconds,
nanoseconds and picoseconds.
• Accuracy- Computer accuracy is consistently high, and the accuracy depends upon
its design.
• Efficiency- Computer is free from monotony, tiredness, and lack of concentration.
It can continuously work for hours without creating any error.
• Versatility- Versatility refers to the capability of a computer to perform different
kinds of works with same accuracy and efficiency.
Characteristics of Computers
• Reliability- A computer is reliable as it gives consistent result for similar set of
data i.e., if we give same set of input any number of times, we will get the same
result.
• Automation- Computer performs all the tasks automatically i.e., it performs
tasks without manual intervention.
• Capacity-Computer can store and recall any amount of information because of
its secondary storage capability. It forgets or looses certain information only when
it is asked to do so
Evolution of Computers
• 1642: Blaise Pascal invented “Mechanical Adding Machine”

• 1671: Baron Gottfried invented “Calculator” for multiplication

• 1880: “Keyboard machines” designed in USA

• 1880: Herman Hollerith invented “punched cards” for input media & is used till
late 70s.
Evolution of Computers (Cont...)
• Charles Babbage is the father of modern digital computers
• He designed “Difference Engine” in 1822

• He designed a fully automatic analytical engine in 1842 for performing basic


arithmetic functions

• Established several principles that are fundamental to the design of any digital
computer
Some Well Known Early Computers

• MARK I computer (1937 - 1944)


• Electro-mechanical calculating device, 50 ft-long x 8 ft-high
• Add: 0.3 sec, mul:4.5 sec
• Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) (1939-1942)
• Electronic machine to solve some mathematical functions
Some Well Known Early Computers

• ENIAC (1943-1946)

• All electronic computer 20x40 sq. ft., addition: 200 microseconds, multiplication: 2000
microseconds

• EDVAC (1946-52)

• Used stored program concept, instructions & data stored in binary form

• UNIVAC I (1951)

• First digital computer


Computer Generations
 “Generation” in computer talk is a step-in technology. It provides a framework for
the growth of computer industry

 Originally it was used to distinguish between various hardware technologies, but


now it has been extended to include both hardware and software

 Till today, there are five computer generations


First Generation (1940-1956)
 In first generation vacuum tube technology is used
 A vacuum tube is a glass device
 It could control and amplify electronic signals
 First generation computers are : Mark-1, ENIAC, EDSAC, EDVAC,
UNIVAC-1 etc.
 The machine language was used in first generation language.
First Generation (1940-1956)
• Pros
• Fastest computers of their time, able to perform calculations in milliseconds
• They are programmed using machine language
• Due to vacuum tubes electronic digital computers were introduced
• Cons
• It had slow performance
• It occupied large size due to the use of vacuum tubes.
• It had a poor storage capacity.
• It consumed a lot of electricity.
• Generated a lot of heat and air-conditioning was required.
Second Generation (1956-1963)
• It uses transistors technology
• Transistors is an electronic component.
• It makes computers smaller, faster, more energy efficient and reliable than
vacuum tube.
• It was invented in 1948 at Bells Lab.
• And they advanced from binary to assembly languages
• Second generation computers are: IBM 7074 series, IBM 1400 series, CDC
164, etc.
Second Generation (1956-1963)
• Pros
• Batch operating system
• Faster and smaller in size
• Reliable and energy efficient than the previous generation
• Less costly than the previous generation
• Cons
• Air conditioning still required
• Use only for special purposes
• Constant maintenance required
Third Generation (1964-1971)
• Used Integrated Circuit (IC) technology
• Large capacity disks and magnetic tapes
• High level languages were commonly used.
• Third generation computers are: IBM System / 360 & IBM 370, DEC , PDP-8,
UNIVAC 1108, UNIVAC 9000 etc.
Third Generation (1964-1971)
• Pros
• Supports time-sharing OS
• Faster, smaller, more reliable and cheaper than the previous generations
• Easy to access, more storage capacity, upgraded easily
• Lower heat generated
• Many input/output devices were introduced such as mouse and keyboard
etc.
• Cons
• Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacturing of IC
chips.
Fourth Generation (1971-Present)
• ICs with Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) technology
• Microprocessors are used as CPU.
• The microprocessor is a computer processing circuitry on a single chip.
• Semiconductor memory is used because of increase in internal storage
• Object-oriented high-level programs supported
• Examples: Apple II, VAX 9000, CRAY 1 (super computers)
Fourth Generation (1971-Present)
• Pros
• Multiprocessing & distributed OS
• Small & easy to use; hand-held computers have evolved
• No external cooling required & affordable
• This generation saw the development of networks and the internet
• Cons
• Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacturing of
microprocessor.
Fifth Generation (Present and beyond)

• It is based on artificial intelligence and Nano technology


• Large capacity hard disk
• Some applications such as voice recognition are being used today.
• These computers have capabilities of parallel processing and super conductors
are used.
• Powerful servers, Internet, Cluster computing
Use of ICT in Industry

18
Use of ICT in Industry

19
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