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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
72 viewsBasic and Applied Electronics
Uploaded by
sundari rangarajCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 137
-01.23
Unit - 1
| Sem Conrpoetine, Dieves
| AnD
| TRANSISTORS
|
ps:
Cunssicvomon, Oc Sours 9 Exceny Ban
Eecreowies : $i
St is the fil wf aclence cand erginecting
which deals with clection divisors card Us applications.
Atom Aun Tis Sreveture :
An watem & 1a ppasitirscly charged nusclass
CMoundeh by orbiting lection
Te ouctuvaid push off wartfugal force on aach
Chehon & evactly Aaland by the inca gull of the
tescliar force ;
Flecton travel fy stable oe bi.
GSiltcem -14): Out of (4 alachem, 10 6? tran
tematning 42
teecles. *
Sn Hisfit asbil aver Ke nucles ee)
[eee Bo 2h eailte achte Bea) Poe) ses
|
Enerery levers .
: it sl | ee 4
0507.28 | Exerery Lever Dincenm: |
i
4
(ehkin Hon ca pumicsible one.
Elections cor trowel fn 1% aM, aI ohh But ChassiFicaTion Oe Soups +
* Motals
+ Semi Concuctors
+ Insulators.
Mernus
Enagy Lark ateuchi vey CB
(cvedlap Angithir, Stree, thaw ts no
fosbichdin enigy egerp. tn metal (oupstal)
| Mow 2 callome alectun ase
Bet 22 mose tough out he nlids
wand fe rouse fy a ee
| Free elections menes sexrtonly Enordiira solich.
(Sb can able te corctuck alecticeiliy ccontats movable
[efagee:
Siiierrrreeey t
Frclators Jane usrle focbecldar
Al normal Limpusator, te |
|tAnek, Me corchuctom bar 2 seorysbitls amet. (PE cadamce sdection umouts te KE .conaluction
Bank 40, Ke sconenertiaity & semiconetecet oh
recases with tanprucete.
toon 2s Pres Or Semcon cvere ;
>
@) Grkiroee tery Rae Semironclectoe
GO) Fettnsre cou) Sipe Semiconductor.
SFttensze Semicenctecertot,
Seg gee of Ge ih 0.72 eV
creny gap of Ro ntaeve
semicorductoe Bohaues Lrke a érsulatae
ot com Gap, Ke enkincy election % van
Jtetem Aecnts, 20 scquntnt! Aull niet imam
ca cacarcy B ceeatict ccalitat ca hole.
| | ch Srhengie semicenductne, 2 .cunent
2 celue Lo movement of EF canot hole par. 2 Ly te ps
| Te puccess off ackllig Empuattn aS
| sanatzertd Lckie 2s’ Keaton’ as Mcbogsie eed tee
|
Now, 2 extio contuctton Gard 2 ae
attained by tah parle, SEI
Example: (As, Sb, P..) (Pane St, Ge.)
| Farstawalert tom has Boe © br 26 calor wdbib.
Fach fosms ceobent bord) uslt6 urn, 2
AP tft cu. er exten LP fee ts moot Sn cmb
Band
| Pp type Semiconcducter:
Be AAG etn ate i, Ge ae
Che Cia: Tee walarty abiclion of a Eieatint atom
feem cerabart bork ith 4 « Gre ecbrn. On i)
|
Heo _clsctioke.
Deods to ex ecombinactaon of ture Lbeetercles (+>
low, He PAI punter take puoducel Y
Deele smears compart ot combination of
Ci ae ia ae |
gon, alloyed os dHfsel type techniques. —
PAN fe wticcle > Half Piype ¢ Hell
N-type mataial. Foren Bins:
(ve) tamiral of de socuce connectich te De
P-type matuial canck C-ve) Teminal te the si type
matatal, te furcter 2 satcl to be fouxuck biasect.
Holes ware repellec fiom the +12 taminal ae
de sounce feucils the Junction nk te Pate ee
fer Ke -ve tumfral of fe de sowce trouds Reverse Bins
(oe) finial af ide, goatee aes
be oe Ptype urataial anc Cie) tominal
Pe N-type matital. 4
Holes 2p the P-reqlon case attiacticl Lowasts
She bve) tarinal cand 2 fp Be N-type ane
vathawtl towards, te (we) tamfnal Neat We
function holes (eave more (+e) fons eO leave 0
ve) tons causes edepleteon ragion get il
potential Sassi, height. Wis conse sdifficste 2
move umdjoritiy chaige castle. weciots he Jurlir.
NMdrauty weantus wa geruated by te temal
wenecgey sate unafflectil the barier Ke some Ravee
ceuuant Lo timp. apt
Ruse cuvert cc ty te flow of }
emincsily chage wasslers with not T even The reverse
Bias voltage & 4.
| (9:07.23,
Zener Diane: [tise
2b Becaks 16. liplaction sagen Pee persed
velance Bart to 18 cconctucten Banol CTuorsling) (When ike sooae bine voltage 2 capplad
61 TG ediplcton segian becomes thick cord
cabso the mirauty charge cearies «je?
emigy fiom a applach potndal
Ta lh creigy centre collet?
iB ccupetal abirotins tin Se movas Hee |
(te echiplection egior
| Te wollision
(2M ge omgh oy OTS
Porat fosely So, 1 &® By collision . <2?
Secorclany padele abso accelactih @
feather eollbitn cqretatn mors election tole pra
‘oe 2, ealleal cearuice mebtipliccttion ae
| cavalange Beaaklocon,
|
|
|
2 seh volare
}
3
fhe Pxcsrich “buon 2
copplied’ xen dtede cots a> — a
Zemtn Drove Acrs Ae An Vounne Reewarer
Poner Sorrcy:
V~ Spat Voltage ,
Vz - Zener vabtage ,
Vo - Ocdtpet voltage,
Re Gartent passing stiough suintores &
| Ty - zene cliode rosent
DT, ~ Lead ccvrent
| Hants, ccloadl, 2s XelSette Bias Er areca
> te rogatua taminal of the x, Life.
ast ae * ae
Jp voblaga Vo ts constant.
(2 ue tamiral ef te Input cattage ne te be regulated —
O Gf Spat vattage incensed Me -cevrent | verter,
1 [verve |
Ternel Dioole : ,
5 f © Patetial BMH Charny Sruguy Del
gee bit sry Forum Bios * Tumel cdecole vexy Reavily edoepe
PN fancten cettocle .
VE cconcetiettion of Snpucity celeron the
lame etre: 2s toc0 Apes geats than tat of
vremal PN junction ctiods.
+e wlll of churfection Layst cark polntal
Bortiss hecoht 2, cxy are, i
% Bacwtim mechanics orcticales thet can Psat |
peneatt though 3 potitral ener: Barrier collet
Fiunelirg. 2s «aldo colle cee
‘Reveese Buns: i
& Gf fice 2 ro bias fermi hvals a
cgucalibiiium fy bat Pade carck Ni sed Now, €P fr calance Se Pia Ti othe,
Beard.
Meough te power te the et venctuation
| SO He Plino of coment 2 reversed
% wtgeln Fam Srcenasing the sevpioe, Bias
teltage mare sneember of Ltanret trcragp t2:- barrie
nto N- sec
Th revone ceorent 2 tnereosed ark ae
Meatibance of he cradle 2 hecwnsed,
Fouuatc Bas:
|
\
|
A veiy arabe frevoil Bran 2 cappliad
WK: polismal bassian deight (66) Is clectoad He
EGY Level tn the Nosecte shift ee vat
TK. RP. secle
Now, he Fs ths. ecombuction bard with So
Thansistee rath but aoe jar”
ped ee ela back ee Ea
7
Bipolas Tenetion Tiansistoe (BIT)
e/Bve
“ARE eae
Emit g wollecte ragians cae Ruavily cbonped
Kegion cond base pn ge
Ce
(Ros elect enitty. 0 Ave ers
pe ee PP iad aa
RPL Leaceratos Sanaa Ocha omattng
elustion fuer tHe hase te the ier:
PnP Transistor 2 iy Bt Ht — a aamanEneiee a
& c
ie Pp at Revise
fs i Ree
ile | shal
TR Slow ef setserci Because, of the only
po whuge warriors (Rese Beas).
| pet Flot Effect Transistor.
Princtpls: }
FET 2 ca tape of teandister that cortiols Te 4
Poe cessnt & wa aemicorebuctor ustig van /
' | electice Piel wh Pp lage a pt
Now te Pants tough th, sourte ark
| eave fiom the gate . Taso PM jurctoons ene wesatch
bho tase P tps cnet 1) type bas Mow, te mafouty
ehawge caries ase move fuom source te chain
ough the channel sank Ke ceurert from
dace Le chat op See
| Nloxking >
O Phen no V 2B applic Betoaen b>, &r->S
He Bcckness of the
ss Ueaen sepion asosindl Pr junto
2s snifoum (Vos= © Kor So diglinn nope ali
@ PN jurction % seucrse Beas , te sclapleta
teghn Becomes anew whan he vablage fom Cmbe
te Souce ir Vpg 20 warcl ‘ i
A Seecased. So, Zt restricts 2
ee PS pen sa
@xu +
: r | Q@ Daal & Guy potsital sort Soues
Seapestly coboani steories flour fam § > D. Mee
| 2 wonertnenal cuokent Ty Gln tq He se AA
hie rac
Hensal The Dial cuvsrt , |
| Ty + Men Aver :
& PL |
Rs Ph
a
VPS Mapniticle of cappliicl vattage » p+ nee
he Le
Aryth of te shomel, A. Anan af iss dan of Aralarce nsboptcaion
couaal by Seratig op dmuatnd bond
| beliswer ta elepletion sain feom D> Or
| Apeuicamen :
fer Acts As Ans Amriceises
R Gate Resistance
Re > Source Resistance
PR, head. Resistance
Vp? Deakn Supply
Yot
CG. apenes
This edcageam shows ca commen aout
7 camplifin. hen thar bs ro Eoput segrak ,
hue 2 no gate currant uskech to fovotig fo Be
wiicult 40, Mee % ro wltage chop euss te
gate resistance Ry. no Rove” = dane width
ae 7% De OS Sonal)
He put seqnat 2
ce ee Deatog te (ve) hilly cayele of he aegrall
wwtlage he saxerse voltage on the gato inctenses
oat Kane the lenin cupnent Tp clectonses. Te
®9 vastatem tn cbeat, comnts peodsces tune AP
“THOS Coad ssistance R, carol His winch cule
“28 can amp Lifgerr.
ecm ieee
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:
}
|
|
|
MosFet
1% Fuel Effgek
etal Orxicle Samiconalectoe
OT flaw of gate cumsnt 2 vay amate bog of #6
Widatot: echethan the. gest: fs le) ov (ve)
Mostar,
pel
| Erhancement Depletion
The dhiain cusrent The whiain weurent say
be contol by exther
flaws onty shin ce ~
solar 2 ea een eer
2 2s Ye cain 4 dource 03.08-23
Constrverion:
A type fags gen om ow wot
carb Bin th Pype Layet % cdpossteds om 2b. Pf
He pwcas of cepliton,
Metal ceontact cae. made cat te oul
eclge of Hi Player. Mote sper suuface voce Uff
fee fie Ae ight to maps
fin making ecatlodle connection. 4
emda fla fs seoatcl at H. batter of ascufeee
Ha file te wala sufleck vad
cas much cat thy Might 04 possible te 20 auf |
siding I % Sersserduacter baw eopp
eye bY
zh 2
Fy (YA)
| St & emathd the foor & dagice sachtcttoen.
| 2 he Crmuelergith.)
Sn the ease of brahsP, bar gap Ey? 1.4
~a z
Dg 2 bab x1 x S410. gga.anm = 65334.
14 xh6x15"
t Appuicemon :
; | | snaasert
| ie ot te e
“Penserree * Metitzolon Lex
We fght Acad oma Erte elactical
enegy (fo lotton: Pisce 2)
PM Ganctasr chtecle
Cpuating in revuse bias. Paty fall wp on Pranck N type mataial
i ee
TKenction. RL
Potype
Se yelallee Ceontock
KR AD Sola wall consst
) pw janatoon abcde oe upp of alea?
le PN cdicole 2 coe wih a
Solar
i glass suirclas on tap Ao That Legh
The top view of 2% supa hed 2s L* 40
Ke Leck De agin sma
40 that o® s Zi i A oe af a the Pando ype set
cconmectict extianally Reoug/ ee
a the Coad
Bape niet
Woe nse ip ee He cexccumebution of 2 earch hole en
Rete aiBhes of the Junction glues rine Te er Pe? |
ceticutt vallage (oc) whkeb> fo vx function
khieminastion,
Teper eaiuctt wattage podused fe
ee aitteon solar ell ts 0.6volt wand shark crete
[eeatent 402A/om Ly fuaght neon clay auerrlogh
| Gonent - Vottage Chasacksistics j
Vl ccharaclaishes of Solac cecth Cansprording 7
Bfeert Lvl og Ltlumination ace shown tn fegee
vrairem posses oye aeusae Uses Cn Sore Cou:
cS
rica
() Sail, ¢ Space vehicle
To chawe tha eludircal battaes.
(2) chanduayan Solas walls sae nsacl >
14 mobile phones , watches.
(9 Sobae seoths wokech 2 fos thes Or Soure Cen:
\) Satillt, ¢ Space vehecles
To cheuge the eledical batter
2) chanduayen Solon walls wee usa >
prom aaleulator, , mobite phones , sratches.
(3) Solhae vatls wkech 2% used fee ccommastcal
alecliicély.
Prorepiane :
Phote diade 2 esartially a taverse beasek
PON Geanetmen cba which 2 udecignecl Ta suspend
Bee pheteo sabhsorption,
Pemeipce
Rewowse Bias
Pn junction cleode
Sug) ahs Soe et pedi When a ght 25 Grcadent on Be
pptecramm sea eon op she PA function era shee
Monee ation, 2
26 micas
fe ie
| FR reverse ceurtant Bough Ke ducbe
CAMs calrat Crensby with He Inlimaity of Of
PS ees die takin. 4 junctaen , 2. Dasger
|
| Sates, setenent 25 Ze aoe is
A photo curds wecansists of co. PN fenehor fl
locke uskchs My
eet IE | lle REE Vie cei. opel
4 embedec inva clear plaster apse
print pot alloend Yo sceoss Ke junction eendin sax
bas Conclition,
Khan lag falls on ecleocte. seuface
caddtotion & hole pales vate fpemed.
Te worcenhation of rajosty charge
ccaniees 2 gall ten Ke conanticltin of minasity
cha ceasrias .
TR pacutage Pnctaase of majaiig
& b smalls Lan mine nity ceceies,
wwe must regal: Me tnceasing majadty vehosge
canes sclersity. consider He sadtation erilonely
+ . Let Pda
cas im minoeity echaige eaNies: NOT Ctprncterisnes t
(hon ccestnt Prceases oo treeease tn He buck
+ Mamivation foe a gixan vavcese vattage,
Only fae te icdack eutient iat 0 vethage
ke ccestsrt valso 0.
Theses [ii Sg Sta
Total Gasne 2» Tyezy "© . i
zor, toe fee ee “fais
Qe! fee Gusrantam cand > foe Selicen, $y
1.08.23)
E-V CHARACTERISTICS
(Gatage cxsnant HB Betieaed & section A.
| As th emilfix voltage Ve % Enceerses fuckus
(20 atlains amitle cvunt Ty, also get treceases
card it will atta he peaks salir vat a point A.
|
TE veuasent though ihe tionsistoe te Encerases ie |
WS Gottiolled Retifier C 8cr), [Vgpasidos
att (3 Tanctler) Ayh Tne
ae
Aude LP [a TP] Ee kode -
ede . \. dae
Rwewe ip
ATP \ See
| Fone dayee pn- pn jeretzon semicorducates deve
which 3 made up of stliean
The taminal comectech te p- region 2s he ancc.
Mant 2 tandnal conmatcl Te P-tegion Ae
$27 HR Limipal connate Te Pragion bs nemies
.
(Mi canals ccumant for ca giran foward voltage 4
(yl ‘on chat Ty 20.
OTe haggeiin oe buakeuse voltage by the proton
(FG ccucttant ard Kh Vay te car the gate
joan Ta, ro MLS ry
7 et
1
2TH propel 2 sctdeaech by soithiig on Ti Sk.
WOE Ke clwice ty on the gate potntoal has no
\Conteol eee the concluction peocess.
9 Fel that the see magnet tan ofp 2
ead 16 meninbaln ‘oh. Wanerse elctere ee
a
> Te fan off te Lute Ke node | Arricion Or Ust - Smroon Purse Gresiernoe
he beara
i at
The negatart resistance sagien 2 Sn any of ata. fotlouiirg PHAM
D Trpederse parameter — =
orie Can Le
2) Admittance ponameter—¥
3) Uy bid — Parameter HA
RO coupled Amplifier
CRecSitanee = Copedtenes,) v,
cet 1 gl
' Rg
a io p_,
| PY Lok He]
kt
Rr + wl. |
| |
: GND i,
Com brut ber
RO coupled amplifier proves
pxcllent aucelio feebty pen a
sarge. of fregquencg.
4a 7 capauttey Co & ued Bs
creel ott if yt tape te
she bare of . the second Stage (Taput ).
fo the coupling fer tha one. stage
Us next B achieved “y a. coup ty
hunt erBbtor
adtor by a
a ef Re sauplad
such amplification”
anelt ie eB, Re CRe Va the
oan & he pebig ali?
pet fo He sFgrak:
Aare bret he voltage
rare fe AG" x"
They puvert De oo fej ee
er ee 7 of low iea9
bihen AC rignal BR applied tothe
b dreerudeler sahil
lax, of athe
otha amplipeec
| othe collector
°.
Bw
f han aot
apes
‘he amplifeed stynal developeck cer,
ee & gee Yo bare a next atage
: ° o ¢
through the eney aa, capacitor C.
The aceonol stage poten amplified
accadad
| Sp algnal. In xthés wy the
atage Ba | an signal and Ue
isso
ever alt ga 8 wonrider
2% lors than the
low, the total ¢” B
protut of the in 2 Sp Hhe Sndividual
| atege. Because a “necond stage 2 mad
to follow tha fit stage the offectine
b etage a
| Load norbrtances of whe
Srowarr due Ao shunting ect of
Shput — sm-Stane nf second tage.
i yuduces the gak,
Be rte
eee of ate,
(
2
°
&
$
>
tn and 7 Potack t p
Luhiee and é poeypery Response
Jhere are MAhrec, ai oes lame
peperes *
D Low poyeory (450 fe)
ii) Alte fopoonsy (50 He + 20kHe)
tid Big Pomeny (+20 kHz)
aupling eapocttor CoB qyetle Kigk.
cand. hence. voy malt pot of the
(bral pes fr one stoge Lo Ae
next .
Ce uannet Shuit he emte, rertitance
Re i fecoue of thee; AM
alee at Sow frpeg.
At mid poquercy, The voltage gar
of The amplipin, QZ sombanrt the
Yet of coupling oe te
Pypeney Aange wb, 2 Leniponmn V0be ge. 9,
kn
Now whe — seenctance C, Mecrwanes,
“which Srotearc, the votbage, (joe ond
abe the epee
Ne elit peved ,
of Co wey gral vari ik behaves
an a hort Uaret which 7 the
and, owes Ys
be slack,
nen,
loading off rere stage
seduce, the vottage qn!
And Abghe PUrr4 capacitive
Jwactans of bare enmtten {rH
A Loco which En croarcr the
wuvvent, Th reduces the ~rvvert
amplification i tor Pa ;
Advantages : ' ‘
TE han onceblent pregerey respon
the 9” 4 uoratant over The acl
pepeon AE sarge, B
Tt thas sen cert affecting Hecaton
Jarirtar ancl. Pre
Bs) Sie
the pPrevdh 2 sirmple ee
te LGlt AG” materials Lhe
nortrtoyr , Kapasiter are Col, >,
ppaduantpe
pe taLpleh -ampliyier Aave Sov)
woliage and pouson grin 2
tho Law xeristonce prrked
the oa of cach stage te Hho.
aie J the ofpctive
foad saxstance (RO ord Aenea He gor.
She mobt imate Gk heeornes eae
5 \ _ sratching poses berate
He. oulpul Lrpeolerre -2f ho RC
pera amyelipiiss Be reweral 120 -
The. TP Le fea aca Spee
ay fer. Coes :
RC aa
| acslie fey woven ya, tela, 7279
t pyerg - Ape above, 20,000 YE
Mag cae ORY eseol 5 reltege
DAA alee ek Sr ram former
ne Pew?
Be ie tive 7 ro for . —————— EE Voltage 2eocnay
\
Parameters “any vip ye Ber ermphifin,
Gorrent qa? ; ‘lim: Aigh
Se =
| Unttage qo high Don
Heal disripation is high
or | :
ooking me chan Bim not Aegteteecl agp ~
Thamtler Sye | Amal ian
- Sete sf ds tpate heat
Bak Wiats snniet yoni] WILE lo tant
| higher Covent
Leta edsercetls ims al
npn cans ke of pomsin)
fagh! > leo” wes teally 220
dm small signal amplepioes ,. tha main
fo ano Aertially “qmplifrcatur, Area
endl. magnitude of gah
Hangs. ~signat er pouser amp, ton the Otken
hank 5 rec poewviele Seip pierent wis
power + an coe Leth tm dalre aw
Speateor or cotter’ Cpowen dawea + Ayprealty
a fee some to Aen of woatts
|
the mafn \ fer les 4 ox Aasge ‘asignal
| amplifier UC the Breaths poween eppieeng
athe aay Martmum ameunt of : ‘oe Meth Yrble
part vg + nS tho e
Wmpelernan, — prertey
/ Mnertchsz,
0 the Pelput AMouvten 7
/\mp et fen clanie,
poe Ahab the
Mprenent the
count he 00 pat
Bin ‘ pe Sigel Yuta, oven
ite eye S hates for a pe"
pe Of nope Yo res
eye | Pre ayrot
(Power arplifien Sanres, +
1) Llan A:
the. ouhput atgnoh veut, ™ a
faa 360” of the Bpudt shgnal
Bias ot sho fal A pe soppy
a) dam B!
Prouides an oulput
Sqnal vaspong. over one-s
Pals tha Dpur Sigrah a
cycle , or fer 1 Bo” of
signal .
Blas af She ww Souel
3) dame BB
An amplifies tmayq de
Afared pt a de Jovel Ve :
above the yen bare ~ vent Jered f
dies, 13 on) Cla Ce ~ hay. the supply
voltage Aawel ‘fF dar A.
4), arn & B ' |.
The put puk f Ya ane i
Wared for -opetation at Jen than (Bo
of the cycle and wi operate only othe ered © or sepmerant (dy
{ Peque,
5) clas D
RE .cpetating tlar 3B” & ftom,
| ampalfetr operaten uwrcng, oe %
| caigital) ° Bfgnab, which are 8n fora
| Shont Epotewal and off fora Longe,
| ntervall.
| Gamer eppfeterey
mi power’ cng of 0 arpa,
|depinec! o> the nate of power -vutpup
xp power Aopub, Improver (gels Hoke)
[gobs from clo & fo clams 2,
Comparison of Amplifien CL
Clases Operating, cycle: 4. Power a fey
A 360°: - 5} 25% to Soy.
AB to fe s60° | B/w,257% 4 185)
‘Ye.5% AMPUEIER
Vee
cut
ofp vollag Suira | Paws Considerations
power abrawn from the scpny,
P (de) = Nec Ie
Eprcrence
Sppieroncey
Py Cac)
y= A= x1007%.
Pe (ded
§
Oictpote
Output power
PCac) =V., Coms) Te Gms)
Po acd = To Coma) Re
| Bla) = Ve Gms)
Re
Maxi nun Sfifstanes
mactnuan Ver Cp-P) Veg
macctnnten lag oe eece
<-Cp-P) R
marcimem P, Cae) = we Ce 1)
20) —
eo
\e K
A we = ven
Dole 8 Re
e »,
Fe wh MB Pde) © Vex CmascimumTe)
noe
i o Ae Weel Re
Ree cena
a
{
| - Wee pimern % D2 MAU P, fae)
ma’ . 4100 4
Imearctineen Ps Ce)
= Vic (BRe
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Veo [20
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