Lesson 1: Historical Antecedents in Which Social of the equinoxes.

This representation of the heavens is

Considerations Changed the Course of Science usually called the heliocentric, or “Sun-centered,”
and Technology in The World system—derived from the Greek helios, meaning
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION “Sun.” Copernicus’s theory had important
The scientific revolution was the emergence of modern consequences for later thinkers of the Scientific
science during the early modern period, when Revolution, including such major figures as Galileo,
developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, Kepler, Descartes, and Newton. Copernicus probably
biology (including human anatomy), and chemistry hit upon his main idea sometime between 1508 and
transformed societal views about nature. The scientific 1514, and during those years he wrote a manuscript
revolution began in Europe toward the end of the usually called the Commentariolus (“Little
Renaissance period, and continued through the late Commentary”). However, the book that contains the
18th century, influencing the intellectual social final version of his theory, De revolutionibus orbium
movement known as the Enlightenment. While its coelestium libri vi (“Six Books Concerning the
dates are disputed, the publication in 1543 of Nicolaus Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs”), did not appear in
Copernicus ‘s De revolutionist orbium coelestium (On print until 1543, the year of his death.
the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) is often cited 2. Charles Darwin-in full Charles Robert Darwin, (born
as marking the beginning of the scientific revolution. February 12, 1809, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England
The change to the medieval idea of science occurred —died April 19, 1882, Downe, Kent), English naturalist
for four reasons: whose scientific theory of evolution by natural selection
1. Seventeenth century scientists and philosophers became the foundation of modern evolutionary studies.
were able to collaborate with members of the An affable country gentleman, Darwin at first shocked
mathematical and astronomical communities to effect religious Victorian society by suggesting that animals
advances in all fields. and humans shared a common ancestry. However, his
2. Scientists realized the inadequacy of medieval nonreligious biology appealed to the rising class of
experimental methods for their work and so felt the professional scientists, and by the time of his death
need to devise new methods (some of which we use evolutionary imagery had spread through all of
today). science, literature, and politics. Darwin, himself an
3. Academics had access to a legacy of European, agnostic, was accorded the ultimate British accolade of
Greek, and Middle Eastern scientific philosophy that burial in Westminster Abbey, London.
they could use as a starting point (either by disproving 3. Sigmund Freud-(born May 6, 1856, Freiberg,
or building on the theorems). Moravia, Austrian Empire [now Příbor, Czech Republic]
4. Institutions (for example, the British Royal Society) —died September 23, 1939, London, England),
helped validate science as a field by providing an Austrian neurologist and the founder of
outlet for the publication of scientists’ work. psychoanalysis. Freud’s article on psychoanalysis
Science is as old as the world itself. There is no appeared in the 13th edition of the Encyclopædia
individual that can exactly identify when and where Britannica.
science began. From the genesis of time, science has CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE
existed. It is always interwoven with the society. So, Development of Science in Mesoamerica
how can science be defined? Mesoamerica includes the entire area of Central
1. Science as an idea. America from Southern Mexico up to the border of
2. Science as an intellectual Activity South America. There is no doubt that the
3. Science as a body of knowledge Mesoamerica region is rich in culture and knowledge
4. Science as a personal and social activity. prior to the arrival of its European colonizers.
To understand further and deep what exactly The Inca civilization is also famous in Mesoamerica.
happened during the scientific revolution, it is important The Incas made advance scientific ideas considering
to examine the different individuals whose ideas have their limitations as an old civilization. The following
shaken and contested the dominant theories and ideas were scientific ideas and tools that they developed to
during this period----the truths of their time. Scientist in help them in everyday life:
all periods of time is driven by their curiosity, critical 1. Roads paved with stones.
thinking, and creativity to explore the physical and 2. Stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and
natural world. Their love for science is driven by their other disasters;
deep passion to know and to discover. 3. Irrigation system and technique for storing water for
1. Creativity ----------------- science ideas their crops to grow in all types of land;
2. Curiosity-------------------science discoveries 4. Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious
3. Critical Thinking---------technology festivals and prepare them for planting season;
Three (3) notable Scientist 5. The first suspension bridge;
1. Nicolaus Copernicus-Polish Mikołaj Kopernik, 6. Quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records
German Nikolaus Kopernikus, (born February 19, that only experts can interpret; and
1473, Toruń, Royal Prussia, Poland—died May 24, 7. Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specifically
1543, Freudenberg, East Prussia [now Frombork, prized artistic achievements.
Poland]), Polish astronomer who proposed that the Following the Inca, the Aztec civilization has also made
planets have the Sun as the fixed point to which their substantial contributions to science and technology
motions are to be referred; that Earth is a planet which, and to the society as a whole. Some of their
besides orbiting the Sun annually, also turns once daily contributions are the following:
on its own axis; and that very slow long-term changes 1. Mandatory education.
in the direction of this axis account for the precession 2. Chocolates
3. Antispasmodic medication  Improved research capacity in critical STI
4. Chinampa disciplines
5. Aztec calendar  Strengthened linkages between universities
6. Invention of the canoe. and industry in high growth economic sectors
Development of Science in Asia  Strengthened policy and management
Asia is the biggest continent in the world and the home capacity of higher education institutions in
of many ancient civilizations. It is a host to many improving the STI ecosystem.
cultural, economic, scientific, and political activities of Lesson 3: Intellectual Revolutions that Defined the
all ages. In the field of science, technology, and Society
mathematics, great civilizations have stood out: India, A. COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
China, and the Middle East civilizations. These During the early times, people were fascinated by the
civilizations were incomparable in terms of their heavenly bodies like the stars, moons, and planets.
contributions to the development of knowledge during They also used to wonder what created days and
their time. nights. The invention of the telescope allowed people
Lesson 2: Historical Antecedents Which to get a glimpse of outer space, but it also piqued their
Revolutionized Science and Technology in the interest in learning more about what was out there.
Philippines The following intellectuals contributed to the gradual
Ancient, Middle and Modern Ages Science and shift from geocentric to heliocentric thinking:
Technology in the Philippines Intellectual revolutions a. Tycho Brahe, Danish astronomer, observation of the
that defined society. star in the constellation Cassiopeia
A. Nicolaus Copernicus-Polish Mikołaj Kopernik, b. Johannes Kepler, German astronomer, stated that
German Nikolaus Kopernikus, (born February 19, the planets move in elliptical orbits and the sun at the
1473, Toruń, Royal Prussia, Poland—died May 24, center;
1543, Freudenberg, East Prussia [now Frombork, c. Galileo Galilei developed telescope and observed
Poland]), Polish astronomer who proposed that the Venus
planets have the Sun as the fixed point to d. Isaac Newton’s Law of gravitation
which their motions are to be referred; that Earth is a C. DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
planet which, besides orbiting the Sun annually, also The Darwinian Revolution began with Charles Darwin's
turns once daily on its own axis; and that very slow book "On the Origin of Species”. This book introduced
long-term changes in the direction of this axis account the “Theory of Evolution” which emphasizes that
for the precession of the equinoxes. organisms result from evolution or a change in the
B. Charles Darwin-in full Charles Robert Darwin, (born heritable characteristics of biological populations over
February 12, 1809, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England successive generations.
—died April 19, 1882, Downe, Kent), English naturalist D. FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
whose scientific theory of evolution by natural selection The field of psychology was considered more of an art
became the foundation of modern evolutionary studies. rather than science and was classified under
C. Sigmund Freud-(born May 6, 1856, Freiberg, philosophy (McNamara, Valverde, & Beleno III, 2018).
Moravia, Austrian Empire [now Příbor, Czech Republic] Lesson 4: Philippine Government Policies in
—died September 23, 1939, London, England), Science and Technology
Austrian neurologist and the founder of A SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICIES OF THE
psychoanalysis. Freud’s article on psychoanalysis PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT
appeared in the 13th edition of the Encyclopædia A. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Britannica. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,
Science Technology and Nation Building adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015,
1. The Philippine Government S&T Agenda provides a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity
The Science and Technology Agenda for National for people and the planet, now and into the future. At
Development (STAND) spells out the areas which will its heart are the 17 Sustainable Development Goals
be the focus of scientific and technological efforts in (SDGs), which are an urgent call for action by all
1993 to 1998. countries - developed and developing - in a global
2. Major development programs and personalities in partnership. They recognize that ending poverty and
S&T in the Philippines The Science, Technology, other deprivations must go hand-in-hand with
Research, and Innovation for Development (STRIDE) strategies that improve health and education, reduce
Project is a five-year $32 million initiative of the United inequality, and spur economic growth – all while
States Agency for International Development designed tackling climate change and working to preserve our
to spur inclusive economic growth in the Philippines by oceans and forests.
boosting science and technology research. STRIDE is The Philippine Development Plan of 2017-2022,
achieving these goals discussed various strategies that would accomplish the
through following goals:
 Improved higher education curriculum in a. to build a prosperous, predominantly middle-class
response to the industry and the job market society where no one is Science, Technology, and
needs Society 5 poor;
 Improved qualifications of faculty and staff in b. to promote a long and healthy life;
higher education institutions engaged in c. to become smarter and more innovative; and
relevant science, technology and innovation d. to build a high-trust society.
(STI)disciplines Philippine Development Plan (2017-2022) The
Philippine Development Plan of 2017-2022, discussed
various strategies that would accomplish the following The Concept of Science Education Science education
goals: focuses on teaching, learning, and understanding
a. to build a prosperous, predominantly middle-class science.
society where no one is poor;  Teaching science involves developing ways on
b. to promote a long and healthy life; how to effectively teach science. This means
c. to become smarter and more innovative; and exploring pedagogical theories and models in
d. to build a high-trust society. helping teachers teach scientific concepts and
Key Areas from Philippine Development Plan (2017- processes effectively.
2022): Learning science includes both pedagogy and the
a. Enhancing the social fabric (malasakit) most interesting aspect,
b. Inequality-reducing transformation (pagbabago) which is helping students understand and love science.
c. Increasing growth potential (patuloy na pag-unlad)  Understanding science implies developing and
d. Enabling and supportive economic environment applying science-process skills and using
e. Foundations for sustainable development science literacy in understanding the natural
B. THE DOST world and activities in everyday life.
The DOST, in consultation with government and SCIENCE SCHOOLS in the PHILIPPINES
private research and development institutions, the One outstanding program for science education
academe, industry and other concerned agencies, supported by the government is the establishment of
prepared the Harmonized National R&D Agenda science schools in various parts of the country. There
(HNRDA) 2017-2022 to ensure that results of are also several government programs implemented
S&T endeavors are geared towards and are utilized in by the Department of Education and few private
areas of maximum economic and social benefit for the schools for science education.
people. The formulation of the HNRDA is in line with • Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS)
the DOST’s mandate of providing central direction, • Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES) Project
leadership and coordination of the scientific and • Quezon City Regional Science High School
technological efforts in the country. • Manila Science High School
C. Major Development Programs in Science and • Central Visayan Institute Foundation
Technology in the Philippines PROMISING FILIPINO INNOVATORS AND
1. Doppler Radars INVENTORS
PAGASA installed its first Doppler weather radar 1. Reina Reyes an astrophysicist, data scientist, and
station in Baler, Aurora and another in Baguio. It was renowned for confirming Albert Einstein’s theory of
built to further improve weather forecasting capability relativity. One of her passion projects is Pinoy
and disaster risk reduction in the country, four Doppler Scientists, a blog that features mostly young Filipino
radars, which could measure the rain volume, and two scientists across different fields and from across the
flood forecasting and warning centers have been world.
completed last 2017.Science, Technology, and Society 2. Irene Crisologo is a radar meteorologist based in
72. RA 7687 Scholarship Program Science and Potsdam, Germany working on open-source methods
technology are essential for national development and for processing weather radar data.
progress. The State shall give priority to research and 3. Julius Sempio, scientist specializing in
development, invention, innovation and their utilization; geoinformatics and remote sensing. Specializes in
and to science and technology education, training and geoinformatics and remote sensing, is helping develop
services. an effective archive and database for images coming
3. SETUP from Diwata-1, a Philippine microsatellite launched into
SETUP is a nationwide strategy to encourage and orbit last year, and the future Diwata-2.
assist SMEs (small and medium enterprises) to adopt 4. Andreia Carrillo is an astrophysicist from Bulacan,
technological innovations to improve their operations now based in Austin in the United States, where she is
and thus boost their productivity and competitiveness. finishing a doctorate degree at the University of
4. Balik Scientist Act Texas. Her previously published paper characterized a
On June 15, 2018, Republic Act No. 11035 was signed dwarf galaxy 15 million light years away, including the
by President Rodrigo Duterte. This Act was also known kinds of stars it had and their implications on the
as the Balik Scientist Act. According to the law itself, it environment.
aims to “strengthen the scientific and technological 5. Kamela Ng is a molecular epidemiologist who splits
human resources of the academe, public and private her time between the Institute of Tropical Medicine at
institutions, including locally registered enterprises in Antwerp, Belgium, and the University of Science,
order to promote knowledge sharing and accelerate Technology, and Society 9 Amsterdam in the
the flow of new technologies into the country.” Netherlands. Her current research is focused on the
5. Philippine Space Agency early detection of drug resistant-tuberculosis
Republic Act No. 11363, the Philippine Space Agency, transmission.
or PhilSA, will be the central government agency 6. Migs Canilao is an anthropologist and archaeologist
addressing all national issues and activities related to specializing in environmental and urban geography. He
space science and technology applications. The is completing his studies at the University of Illinois in
PhilSA is tasked to assist the country in the creation, Chicago, where his research involves using high
development, and implementation of national and resolution satellite imagery to track ancient gold trading
international space policies, among other directives. trails and settlements in Northwestern Luzon.
SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES 7. Sarah Oliva is a geophysicist based in Tulane
University in New Orleans, United States. Hailing from
Naga, Oliva had a background in physics and material Science is the study of phenomena and events around
science but returned to a childhood love, geology — us through systematic observation and
one that was partially nurtured by having a geologist experimentation. Science education cultivates
for a dad. students' curiosity about the world and enhances
Lesson 5: Human Flourishing in Terms of Science scientific thinking.
and Technology
Eudaimonia also spelled eudaemonia, in Aristotelian
ethics, the condition of human flourishing or of living
well. The conventional English translation of the
ancient Greek term, “happiness,” is unfortunate
because eudaimonia, as Aristotle and most other
ancient philosophers understood it, does not consist of
a state of mind or a feeling of pleasure or contentment,
as “happiness” (as it is commonly used) implies. For
Aristotle, eudaimonia is the highest human good, the
only human good that is desirable for its own sake (as
an end in itself) rather than for the sake of something
else (as a means toward some other end).
Science, Technology, and Human Flourishing
Human flourishing involves the rational use of one’s
individual human potentialities, including talents,
abilities, and virtues in the pursuit of his freely and
rationally chosen values and goals. Science and
Technology must be treated as part of human life that
needs reflective and meditative thinking.
Science As Method and Results
When conducting research, scientists use the scientific
method to collect measurable, empirical evidence in an
experiment related to a hypothesis (often in the
form of an if/then statement), the results aiming to
support or contradict a theory. The steps of the
scientific method go something like this:
1. Make an observation or observations.
2. Ask questions about the observations and gather
information.
3. Form a hypothesis — a tentative description of
what's been observed, and make predictions based on
that hypothesis.
4. Test the hypothesis and predictions in an experiment
that can be reproduced.
5. Analyze the data and draw conclusions; accept or
reject the hypothesis or modify the hypothesis if
necessary.
6. Reproduce the experiment until there are no
discrepancies between observations
and theory.
Verification Theory
The verification theory of meaning aims to characterize
what it is for a sentence to be meaningful and also
what kind of abstract object the meaning of a sentence
is.
Falsification Theory
In field known as science studies (comprising the
history, philosophy and sociology of science) has
shown that falsification cannot work even in principle.
This is because an experimental result is not a simple
fact obtained directly from nature.
Science And Results
When a scientist announces his study’s results, he’s
telling the world the most important findings in his
study. When he mentions these results, he often
glosses over insignificant or unimportant results of his
study in favor of data underlying the
conclusions that are most important.
Science as Education