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AC Fundamentals

This document discusses electrical circuits and AC fundamentals. It explains that AC is predominant because AC generators are more economical for large power plants and AC voltage can be easily changed with transformers. It defines terms like cycle, period, frequency, and discusses how to calculate them. It also covers sine waves, peak vs RMS voltage, phase shifts, and some sample calculations related to AC circuits.

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Qiyana
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28 views

AC Fundamentals

This document discusses electrical circuits and AC fundamentals. It explains that AC is predominant because AC generators are more economical for large power plants and AC voltage can be easily changed with transformers. It defines terms like cycle, period, frequency, and discusses how to calculate them. It also covers sine waves, peak vs RMS voltage, phase shifts, and some sample calculations related to AC circuits.

Uploaded by

Qiyana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electrical Circuits 2

1. AC Fundamentals

Jayson Bryan E. Mutuc


Why is the AC System is Predominant?

• Because more than 90 percent of electric energy is


generate by ac machines.
• Because the Generation of AC is more economical with
larger power plants.
• Because ac voltage can easily be changed to almost
any desired value by means a transformer.
Generation of AC Voltage
An ac voltage is one that continually changes in magnitude and
periodically reverses in polarity. An ac voltage can be produced
by a generator called alternator.

It came from the theory of electromagnetic induction


“Whenever the flux linking a coil changes an emf is induced”
Cycle – the smallest non-repeatable portion of a
periodic waveform
Period – the time needed by an alternating quantity to
complete one cycle.
T = 1/f
where:
T = period (seconds)
f = frequency (Hertz or cycles per second)
Frequency – the number of cycles made by the
alternating wave in one second.

Note: The size of Electrical/ Electronics Equipment is


inversely proportional to the Frequency
Trivia No.1: Brownout and Blackout

Brownout - an intentional lowering of utility voltage


to reduce loading on the system.

Blackout - total loss of power to the entire power


system.

Defined by IEEE (Institute of Electrical and


Electronics Engineer)
Determine the periodic time for the frequency of 50 Hz.
Given: f = 50 Hz
Solution:
T = 1/f = 1/50
T = .02 s = 20ms

Determine the frequency for periodic time of 4ms.


Given: T = 4ms
Solution:
f = 1/4ms = 250 Hz
The voltage waveform is called a sine wave. The
instantaneous value of voltage at any point on the sine
wave is expressed by the equation.

v(t) = Vm sin(ωt + θ)
Where:
v(t) – instantaneous voltage (volts)
Vm – Maximum Voltage (volts)
ω – angular velocity (2πf)
t – time (seconds)
θ – angular rotation (degrees)
Converting Sine Wave To Cosine Wave and Cosine Wave
to Sine Wave

Sine Wave to Cosine Wave


Vmcos(ωt + θ) = Vm sin(ωt + θ + 90o)

Cosine Wave to Sine Wave


Vm sin(ωt + β) = Vmcos(ωt + β - 90o)
Characteristic Values of Voltage and Current

The Average, RMS, and Peak Values


Form factor of an ac waveform is the ratio of rms value to
its average value

Peak factor of an ac waveform is the ratio of maximum


value to its rms value

Phase shift is were two or more waveforms are out of step


with each other

A leading waveform is defined as one waveform that is


ahead of another in its evolution. A lagging wave form is
one that is behind another.
A wire carries a current i = 3 sin 314t amperes. What is the
average?
Ans. 0 amps

An alternating current of rectangular wave shape has


amplitude of 10 and a frequency of 1. What is the rms
current?
RMS = I max = 10 A

Find the average current of a sinusoidal current during the


half cycle given the instantaneous maximum current of 20
A?
Ave = 0.636Im = 0.636(20) = 12.72 A
Trivia No. 2:
The Design of the Insulation Resistance of the wire
depends on the amplitude value of voltage.

While the design of size of the wire depends on the


amperage of circuit.

Trivia No. 3:
Did you know that in terms of voltage class in residential
Philippines is more advanced than America? Why?
Voltage Class in RP: 240V
Voltage Class in USA: 120V

From a 1200 watts appliance


For 120 volt current supply:
Current drawn = 1200 watts /120 volt supply = 10A

For 240 volt current supply we have:


Current drawn = 1200 watts/240 volt supply = 5A

“The higher the circuit voltage, the more economical the


system will be”

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