ES106A:

COMPUTER
FUNDAMENTALS AND
PROGRAMMING
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

PREPARED BY: Engr. Sprinztsie Maye Garrucha

INTRODUCTION
The computer organization is concerned with the structure and
behavior of digital computers. The major goal of this course is to learn
about the evolution of computer system and to comprehend the overall
basic computer hardware structure, as well as its purpose and
significance.

The aim of the subject is to provide a thorough discussion of the

fundamentals of computer organization and the hardware specification
in such a way that knowing what components and functions need to be
considered in building a computer system upon the current state of
technology and the price and performance.
OBJECTIVES/
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

• Students should be able to know the history and generations of

computer systems.
• Students should be able to identify the components of computer
systems and classify the different classifications of computer according
to its size and capacity, purpose, and hardware design and data.
• Students should be able to build a computer system using the
knowledge of the hardware specification and functionalities of the
components.
 WHAT IS COMPUTER?

A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data.

It is a programmable machine that has the ability to store, retrieve, and process
data.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

ABACUS
• a mechanical device used to aid an individual in
performing mathematical calculations.

• Invented in Babylonia in 500 B.C.

• It used to perform basic arithmetic operations.

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

PASCALINE
• Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.

• It was its limitation to addition and subtraction.

• It is too expensive.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

STEPPED RECKONER
• Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.

• The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and

divide automatically.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

JACQUARD LOOM
• The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented
by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1801.

• It an automatic loom controlled by punched cards.

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

DIFFERENCE ENGINE
• It an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to
tabulate polynomial functions.

• Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834

• It is the first mechanical computer.

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

ANALYTICAL ENGINE
• In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron (Ada Augusta the
Countess of Love Lace/Ada Lovelace) suggests to
Babbage that he use the binary system.

• She writes programs for the Analytical Engine

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

SCHEUTZIAN CALCULATION ENGINE

• Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843.

• Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine.

• The first printing calculator.

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

TABULATING MACHINE
• Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890.

• To assist in summarizing information and

accounting.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

HARVARD MARK 1
• Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence
Controlled Calculator (ASCC).

• Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943

• The first electro-mechanical computer.

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

Z1
• The first programmable computer.

• Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to

1937.

• To program the Z1 required that the user insert

punch tape into a punch tape reader and all output
was also generated through punch tape.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

COLOSSUS
• Alan Turing developed the first electronic
computer in 1943.

• Computer system was a fixed-program computer

and it was not programmable.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

ENIAC
• Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.

• It was the first electronic general purpose

computer.

• Completed in 1946 by John Presper Eckert and

John W. Mauchly.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

UNIVAC 1
• UNIVAC 1 stands for UNIVersal Automatic
Computer 1 was the first commercial computer.

• Designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

EDVAC
• Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

• The First Stored Program Computer

• Designed by Von Neumann in 1952.

• It has a memory to hold both a stored program as

well as data.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

IBM 650
• In 1954 the first electronic computer for business
was installed.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

IBM 704
• Appeared in 1957-1959, where Fortran language was developed.
• The state of the art in computers allowed 1 component per chip,
that is individual transistors
• From 1958-1962 many programming languages were developed.
o FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator)
o COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language)
o LISP (LISt Processor)
o ALGOL (ALGOrithmic Language)
o BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

APPLE I AND APPLE II

• Designed and built by Steve Wozniak in 1976-1977

• Made home computing practicable

• With Steve Jobs, they started Apple Computer in

Woz’s garage.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

MS-DOS COMPUTER
• In 1981, IBM introduced its first MS-DOS
Computer.

• The first Portable Computer.

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

MACINTOSH 128
• In 1984 the Macintosh was introduced.

• This was the first mass-produced, commercially-

available computer with a Graphical User
Interface.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

WINDOWS 1.0
• In 1989 Windows 1.0 was introduced for the PC.

• It was sort of Mac-like but greatly inferior.

Macintosh owners were known to refer to it
sarcastically as AGAM-84 "Almost as Good As
Macintosh 84.
 GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS

FIRST GENERATION
1946-1959
Vacuum tube based
– used vacuum tubes as the basic components for
memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing
Unit)
 GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS

SECOND GENERATION
1959-1965
Transistor based
– it was invented at Bell Labs in 1948 general-purpose
computers using transistors that were faster, smaller in
size, weighed less, needed less power, and were more
reliable
 GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS

THIRD GENERATION
1965-1971
Integrated Circuit based
– an IC has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors
along with the associated circuitry.
 GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS

FOURTH GENERATION
1971-1980
Microprocessor based
– VLSI (Very Large-Scale Integration)
– VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other
circuit elements with their associated circuits on a single chip
made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation
becoming more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable.
 GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS

FIFTH GENERATION
1980-onwards
Microprocessor based
– ULSI (Ultra Large-Scale Integration)
– it is based on parallel processing hardware and AI
(Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging branch in
computer science, which interprets the means and method of
making computers think like human beings.
COMPUTER COMPONENTS

HARDWARE SOFTWARE
the physical parts or a set of instructions,
components of a computer programs that are used to
⮚ Input execute any particular task.
⮚ Output ⮚ System Software
⮚ Processing ⮚ Application Software
⮚ Memory ⮚ Programming Languages
 COMPUTER COMPONENTS

HARDWARE Input Devices

– any hardware device that sends data to a computer, allowing you to interact with and control it.
⮚ Mouse, Keyboard, Scanner, Web cam
 COMPUTER COMPONENTS

HARDWARE Output Devices

– any piece of computer hardware equipment which converts information into human-readable
form.
⮚ Monitor, Headphones, Printer, Speaker, Projector
 COMPUTER COMPONENTS

HARDWARE Processing Devices

– the components responsible for the processing of information within the computer system.
⮚ CPU, GPU, Motherboard, Network card, video card, Soundcard
 COMPUTER COMPONENTS

HARDWARE Memory/Storage Devices

– devices that stores all data temporary and permanent nature and BYTE is the unit of memory
⮚ PRIMARY ⮚ SECONDARY
• RAM (Random Access Memory) • Hard disk drive
• ROM (Read-Only Memory) • Flash drive
• Optical drive
• External drive
 COMPUTER COMPONENTS

SOFTWARE System Software

– a computer software that is designed for running the computer hardware parts and the
application programs.
⮚ Windows 10, Linux, MacOS
 COMPUTER COMPONENTS

SOFTWARE Application Software

– application software that is designed for the users to perform some specific tasks like writing a
letter, listening to music or seeing any video.
⮚ MS Office, Anti-Virus, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Filmora
 COMPUTER COMPONENTS

SOFTWARE Programming Languages

– programming language is the third category of computer software which is used by the
programmers to write their programs, scripts, and instructions which can be executed by a
computer.
⮚ Java, Python, C/C++, C#, PHP, JavaScript
 FUNCTIONALITIES OF A COMPUTER

Input–Process–Output (IPO)
model is a widely used approach in
systems analysis and software
engineering for describing the
structure of an information
processing program or another
process.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

Based on Size and Capacity

Super Computer
• the very fastest and powerful, and expensive type of
computer for processing data.
• made to perform multi-specific tasks.
• composed of many CPUs that work in parallel order
IBM Blue Gene
called Multiprocessing or Parallel Processing.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

Based on Size and Capacity

Mainframe Computer
• multi-programming, high-performance, and multi-user
computer.
• can handle the workload of more than 100 users at a time
on the computer.
IBM Z Systems Z13
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

Based on Size and Capacity

Mini Computer
• a digital and multi-user system with the connection of
more than one CPU.
• currently used to store large databases, multi-user
applications, and the automation industry.
PDP 11
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

Based on Size and Capacity

Micro Computer
• commonly the Personal Computer widely used today.
• typically used for personal use.
• widely used in many fields like home, office, data
collection, business, education, entertainment, publishing,
Desktop Computer
etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

Based on Purpose
General Purpose Computer
• do various everyday tasks such as writing a word
processing letter, document preparation, recording,
financial analysis, printing documents.
• has versatility and useful for serving people’s basic needs
Laptop/PC
at home or in the workplace in the environment.
• the size, storage capacity, and cost of such computers are
mainly less.
 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

Based on Purpose
Special Purpose Computer
• designed to perform a particular or specialized task.
• needs specific processors, inputs, and devices to conduct
work efficiently.
• the size, storage capacity, and cost of such computers
Auto Teller Machine (ATM)
mainly depend on the nature and size of the work.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

Based on Hardware Design & Data Handling

Analog Computer
• used only to process analog data.
• measures continuous changes in a physical quantity.
• used primarily to measure physical units like voltage,
pressure, electric current, temperature, and convert them
Voltmeter
into digits.
• used in the fields of technology, science, research,
engineering
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

Based on Hardware Design & Data Handling

Digital Computer
• represents the digital computer’s letters, numerical values,
or any other special symbols.

• can perform arithmetic operations such as addition,

Desktop Computer
occurrence, subtraction, multiplication, or division and all
types of logical (mathematical) operations calculates the
number for processing the data
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

Based on Hardware Design & Data Handling

Hybrid Computer
• combined complex computer unit built using both analog
and digital properties and united by a single control
system.
• designed to provide functions and features that can be
Auto Gasoline Pump
found on both analog and digital devices.
• it solves too complex calculations or problems, resolves
more difficult equations immediately.
 HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS

A specification often refers to a set of documented requirements to be

satisfied by a material, design, product, or service.

A specification is often a type of technical standard.

 HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS

WHAT TO LOOK FOR IN A COMPUTER?

Think about what you’re going to use it for and ow you’re going to use it.

WHY DO YOU NEED A COMPUTER?

Using it for web surfing and email, using it for online classes, school, or work,
using it to do work like graphic design, coding, or image editing, or using it for
gaming.
DEFINING COMPUTER SPECS

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

• CPU contributes to speed and performance.
• Think of it like the brain of the computer.
• Intel and AMD are the two main manufacturers of
processors.
• Right now, Intel currently has these processors: i3,
i5, i7, i9, and x-series.
DEFINING COMPUTER SPECS

Processor GHz Speed

• This is the “clock speed” of the processor and
basically the faster (higher the number) your GHz
speed, the faster the computer can do what you ask
it to do.
• Behind the CPU Type you’ll see a set of numbers
that the processor speed.
• The higher the number the better.
DEFINING COMPUTER SPECS

Solid State Drive – SSD

• The solid-state drive helps take care of your data,
can replace a hard drive, and uses less of the CPU.
• It is more stable long term in terms of not breaking
down.
• They also tend to be smaller in size and capacity,
and are perfect for slim-line computers.
DEFINING COMPUTER SPECS

GPU (Graphics Processing Unit)

• Most computers come with a GPU, or graphics
card, already installed. These are known as
integrated graphics cards.

• This may be important if you’re going to be doing

photo or image editing, graphic design, or gaming.
DEFINING COMPUTER SPECS

Battery Life
• Laptop computer specs will include the
approximate battery life of the computer.

• If you’re normally using your computer at home,

then battery life probably doesn’t matter a ton. But
if it’s for a student who will be sitting in a
classroom not necessarily near a plug, or if you
plan to work at a coffee shop where sometimes all
the plugs are taken, battery life might be important.
DEFINING COMPUTER SPECS

RAM (Random Access Memory)

• The memory enables to easily open lots of browser
tabs and allows easily have lots of programs or
applications open at once.

• RAM is measured in gigabytes (GB). A casual,

normal user wants at least 4 GB. If you are a
gamer, you want at least 8 GB. If you are a graphic
developer or image editor, you want at least 16 GB.
DEFINING COMPUTER SPECS

Weight
• This may not seem that important, but if you’re
going to be carrying your laptop around, it’s
something to think about!

Peripherals
DEFINING COMPUTER SPECS

Peripherals
• The keyboard and mouse usually come as part of a
bundle, but you may be able to select wireless
devices that make desktops neater.
DEFINING COMPUTER SPECS

Screen Size
• If you’re just using it for web surfing, school, or
work, you will probably want at least 15” for an
adult, but smaller would be fine if it’s for a younger
child.

• If you’re using it for visually-heavy things like

graphics or photo editing, then you might want
one of the biggest size screens available.
 SOME EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER SPECS

For Web Surfing &

Email
CPU Processor: Intel Celeron or i3 or AMD 8 or 12 or Ryzen 3

Memory: 2GB or greater

Hard drive: 128 GB +

Screen Size: your choice

Example: HP NOTEBOOK COMPUTER

Intel i3, 3.4 GHz, 8GB Memory, 128 SSD Hard Drive, 15.6″ Screen
 SOME EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER SPECS

For Virtual School or Work

CPU Processor: Intel i5 or AMD Ryzen 5

Memory: 4GB to 8GB

Hard Drive: 256 GB +

Screen Size: 14 inch +

Example: HP LAPTOP

Intel i5, 3.6 GHz, 8 GB Memory, 1 TB Hard Drive, 17.3″ Screen

 SOME EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER SPECS

For Graphics & Gaming

CPU Processor: Intel i7 or Ryzen 7

Memory: 8GB to 32GB

Hard Drive: 500 GB + or adding on external hard drives just to have enough

Screen Size: 17 inch + (also make sure it can handle second monitors)
 SOME EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER SPECS

Laptop Computers - Recommended Configurations

Processor (CPU): Intel Core i5 (sixth generation or newer) or equivalent
Operating System: Microsoft Windows 10 Professional x64
Memory: 16 GB RAM
Storage: 500 GB internal storage drive
Monitor/Display: 14" LCD monitor, resolution of 1600 x 900 or better.
Network Adapter: 802.11ac 2.4/5 GHz wireless adapter
Other: Internal or external Webcam, lock, carrying case, external hard drive for
backups
 SOME EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER SPECS

Desktop Computers - Recommended Configurations

Processor (CPU): Intel Core i5 (sixth generation or newer) or equivalent
Operating System: Microsoft Windows 10 Professional x64
Memory: 16 GB RAM
Storage: 512 GB internal Solid-State Drive (SSD) or 1 TB internal HDD
Sustainability: EPEAT Silver rating (preferably EPEAT Gold)
Monitor/Display: 24" LCD monitor
Network Adaptor: 802.11ac 2.4/5 GHz wireless adapter
Other: Webcam, lock, external drive for backups
 THANKS!
Do you have any questions?
Message me thru:
[email protected]
0905 695 8478
fb.com/sprinztsie07
 REFERENCES
• https://sites.google.com/site/uopcog/
• http://www.cs.uah.edu/~rcoleman/Common/History/History.html
• https://www.worldsciencefestival.com/infographics/a_history_of_computer_science/
• http://people.bu.edu/baws/brief%20computer%20history.html
• https://www.javatpoint.com/history-of-computer
• https://btob.co.nz/business-news/five-generations-computers/
• https://digitalworld839.com/classification-of-computers/
• https://digitalworld839.com/hybrid-computer-uses-examples/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
• https://www.nibusinessinfo.co.uk/content/computer-hardware-components-and-specifications
• https://www.southernsavers.com/what-to-look-for-in-a-computer-specs-terms-examples/
If at first you don't succeed;
call it version 1.0.
— Anonymous