UNIVERSITY CHEMISTRY

University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines

Cagayan de Oro City
1st Semester SY 2023 - 2024
TOPIC 3

Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions

2
Chemical Reactions: Equations

• Chemical formulas provide a concise way to represent chemical

compounds.

e.g. Nitroglycerin becomes C3H5N3O9.

• A chemical equation builds upon chemical formulas to concisely

represent a chemical reaction.

3
Writing Chemical Equations

• Chemical equations represent the transformation of one or more

chemical species into new substances.
• Reactants are the original materials and are written on the left
hand side of the equation.

• Products are the newly formed compounds and are written on

the right hand side of the equation.

REACTANTS → PRODUCTS
4
Writing Chemical Equations

• Chemical formulas represent reactants and products.

• Phase labels follow each formula.

• solid = (s)
• liquid = (Ɩ)
• gas = (g)
• aqueous (substance dissolved in water) = (aq)

• Some reactions require an additional symbol placed over the

reaction arrow to specify reaction conditions.
• Thermal reactions: heat (Δ)
• Photochemical reactions: light (hν)
5
Writing Chemical Equations

2NaNO3 2NaNO2 + O2

2NaNO3(s) 2NaNO2(s) + O2(g)

2NaNO3(s) Δ 2NaNO2(s) + O2(g)

6
Writing Chemical Equations

• Different representations for the reaction between hydrogen and

oxygen to produce water. 7
Balancing Chemical Equations

• The law of conservation of matter: matter is neither created nor

destroyed.

• Chemical reactions must obey the law of conservation of matter.

• The same number of atoms for each element must occur

on both sides of the chemical equation.

• A chemical reaction simply rearranges the atoms into new

compounds.

8
Balancing Chemical Equations

• Balanced chemical equation for the combustion of methane. 9

Balancing Chemical Equations

• Chemical equations may be balanced via inspection, which really

means by trial and error.

• Numbers used to balance chemical equations are called

stoichiometric coefficients.

• The stoichiometric coefficient multiplies the number of atoms of

each element in the formula unit of the compound that it
precedes.

• Stoichiometry refers to the various quantitative relationships

between reactants and products.
10
Balancing Chemical Equations

• Pay attention to the

following when balancing
chemical equations:
• Do not change species
• Do not use fractions
(cannot have half a
molecule)
• Make sure you have the
same number of atoms of
each element on both sides

11
Example Problem 1:

PROBLEM: Write a balanced chemical equation describing the

reaction between propane, C3H8, and oxygen, O2, to form carbon
dioxide and water.

12
Example Problem 1:

SOLUTION:

1)

2)

13
Example Problem 1:

SOLUTION:

3) 4)

5)
14
Mass and Moles of Substance

• Molecular mass (MM) of a substance is the sum of the atomic masses of

all the atoms in a molecule of the substance.
• Total mass of a molecule of that substance, expressed in atomic mass units.
• For example: C6H12O6 = 6(12.0 amu) + 12(1.0 amu) + 6(16.0 amu)

• Formula mass (FM) of a substance is the sum of the atomic masses of all
atoms in a formula unit of the compound, whether molecular or not.

NaCl = 1AW(Na) + AW(Cl)

= 1(22.99 amu) + (35.45 amu)
= 58.44 amu
15
Example Problem 2:

PROBLEM: Calculate the formula mass of each of the following to

three significant figures, using a table of atomic masses (AM):
a. chloroform, CHCl3; b. iron(III) sulfate, Fe2(SO4)3.

16
Example Problem 2:

SOLUTION:

a. chloroform, CHCl3

a. b. iron(III) sulfate, Fe2(SO4)3.

17
Mole and Molar Mass

• A mole (symbol mol) is defined as the quantity of a given substance

that contains as many molecules or formula units as the number of
atoms in exactly 12 g of 12C (carbon-12).

• e.g . One mole of ethanol contains the same number of ethanol

molecules as there are carbon atoms in 12 g of carbon-12.

• 1 mole contains Avogadro’s number (6.022 x 1023 particles/mole)

of particles.

• The mass of 6.022 x 1023 atoms of any element is the molar mass
of that element.
18
Mole and Molar Mass

• A mole (symbol mol) is defined as the quantity of a given substance that

contains as many molecules or formula units as the number of atoms in exactly
12 g of 12C (carbon-12).
• e.g . One mole of ethanol contains the same number of ethanol
molecules as there are carbon atoms in 12 g of carbon-12.

• 1 mole contains Avogadro’s number (6.022 x 1023 particles/mole) of particles.

• Avogadro’s number can be used as a conversion factor:

6.022  1023 particles 1 mol
1 mol 6.022  1023 particles

19
Mole and Molar Mass

• One mole samples of various elements. All have the same number of
particles. 20
Mole and Molar Mass

• The molar mass of a compound is the sum of the molar masses of all
the atoms in a compound.
• Molar masses for elements are found on the periodic table.
• Formula weights are numerically equal to the molar mass.
• For example:

21
Determining Molar Mass

• Balanced chemical reactions also provide mole ratios between

reactants and products.

• 2 moles H2 : 1 mole O2 : 2 moles H2O

22
Example Problem 3:

PROBLEM: Determine the molar mass of each of the following compounds,

all of which have been used as explosives:

a) lead azide, PbN6

b) nitroglycerin, C3H5N3O9

c) Mercury fulminate, Hg(ONC)2

23
Example Problem 3:

SOLUTION:

a) lead azide, PbN6

a) nitroglycerin, C3H5N3O9

24
Example Problem 3:

SOLUTION:

c) Mercury fulminate, Hg(ONC)2

25
Percentage Composition from Formulas

• The Percentage by mass contributed by each element in the

substance.
• Percent composition is the atomic weight for each element
divided by the formula weight of the compound multiplied by
100:

Atoms of Element AW 

% Element   100
FW of Compound

26
Percentage Composition

Determine the percentage composition of sodium carbonate,

Na2CO3.

27
Percentage Composition

Determine the percentage of water in copper (II) sulfate

pentahydrate, CuSO4·5H2O

28
Calculations Using Moles and Molar Mass

• Molar mass allows conversion from mass to number of moles, much

like a unit conversion.
• 1 mol C7H5N3O6 = 227.133 g C7H5N3O6

29
Calculations Using Moles and Molar Mass

• Avogadro’s number functions much like a unit conversion between

moles to number of particles.
• 1 mol C7H5N3O6 = 6.022 × 1023 C7H5N3O6 molecules

• How many molecules are in 1.320 moles of nitroglycerin?

30
Example Problem 4:

PROBLEM: A sample of the explosive TNT (C7H5N3O6) has a mass of 650.5 g.

• How many moles of TNT are in this sample?

• How many molecules is this?

31
Example Problem 4:

SOLUTION:

32
Example Problem 5:

PROBLEM: A demolition engineer is planning to use the explosive

ethylenedinitramine (C2H6N4O4, also known as halite) to bring down an
abandoned building. Calculations show that 315 moles of the compound
will provide the necessary explosive force. How many pounds of C 2H6N4O4
should be used?

33
Example Problem 5:

SOLUTION:

34
Determining Chemical Formulas

Elemental Analysis: Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas

Empirical formulas is the lowest whole number ratio of atoms in a

compound.

• Can be determined from an elemental analysis.

• An elemental analysis measures the mass percentage of each element in a
compound.
• The formula describes the composition in terms of the number of atoms of
each element.
• The molar masses of the elements provide the connection between the
elemental analysis and the formula.

35
Elemental Analysis: Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas

• Assume a 100 gram sample size

• Percentage element × sample size = mass element in compound.

(e.g., 16% carbon = 16 g carbon)

• Convert mass of each element to moles using the molar mass.

• Divide by smallest number of moles to get mole to mole ratio for empirical
formula.

• When division by smallest number of moles results in small rational fractions,

multiply all ratios by an appropriate integer to give whole numbers.

• 2.5 × 2 = 5, 1.33 × 3 = 4, etc.

36
Example Problem 6:

PROBLEM: The explosive known as RDX contains 16.22% carbon, 2.72%

hydrogen, 37.84% nitrogen, and 43.22% oxygen by mass. Determine the
empirical formula of the compound.

37
Example Problem 6:

SOLUTION:

38
Example Problem 6:

SOLUTION:

Empirical formula: CH2N2O2

39
Example Problem 6:

PROBLEM: Caffeine has the following percent composition: carbon,

49.48%; hydrogen 5.19%; oxygen 16.48%; and nitrogen 28.85%. What is its
empirical formula?

40
Elemental Analysis: Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas

• A molecular formula is a whole number multiple of the empirical

formula.

• Molar mass for the molecular formula is a whole number

multiple of the molar mass for the empirical formula.

molecular formula mass

n= = number of empirical formula units
empirical formula mass

Example: If the empirical formula of a compound is CH2 and its

molar mass is 42 g/mol, what is its molecular formula?
41
Elemental Analysis: Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas

Determine the molecular formula for glyceraldehyde which has a

molar mass of 90.08 g/mol and an empirical formula of CH2O.

molecular formula mass

n=
empirical formula mass

90.09 g
n= = 3 (CH2O)3 = C3H6O3
30.03 g CH2O

42
Elemental Analysis: Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas

The molar mass of caffeine, C4H5ON2, is 194.19 g/mol. What is its

molecular formula?

43
Stoichiometry

• Stoichiometry is a term used to describe quantitative relationships

in chemistry.

• “How much?” of a product is produced or reactant is consumed.

• A balanced chemical equation is needed.

• Conversion between mass or volume to number of moles frequently

needed.

44
Ratios from a Balanced Chemical Equation

• Mole ratios are obtained from the coefficients in the balanced chemical reaction.

• 1 mol CH4 : 2 mol O2 : 1 mol CO2 : 2 mol H2O

• These ratios can be used in solving problems:

45
Example Problem 7:

PROBLEM: In the combustion of methane, how many moles of O2 are

required if 6.75 mol of CH4 is to be completely consumed?

46
Example Problem 7:

SOLUTION:

47
Ratios from a Balanced Chemical Equation

• This flow diagram illustrates the various steps involved in solving a typical
reaction stoichiometry problem.

• No different than unit conversion

• Usually more than one conversion is necessary

• Write all quantities with their complete units

48
Example Problem 8:

PROBLEM: How many grams of water can be produced if sufficient

hydrogen reacts with 26.0 g of oxygen?

49
Example Problem 8:

SOLUTION:

50
Ratios from a Balanced Chemical Equation

• Solution to Problem 20 using the stoichiometry problem flow diagram.

51
Example Problem 9:

PROBLEM: If we have 153 g of S8 and an excess of phosphorus, what mass

of P4S3 can be produced in the reaction shown?

52
Example Problem 9:

PROBLEM: If we have 153 g of S8 and an excess of phosphorus, what mass

of P4S3 can be produced in the reaction shown?

SOLUTION: Molar mass of S8 is 256.6 g/mol

Molar mass of P4S3 is 220.1 g/mol

53
Mole-Mole Calculations:

How many moles of HCl are needed to make 0.0935 mol of H2?

2Al(s) + 6HCl (aq)  2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2(g)

Plan 0.0935 mol H2  mol HCl

6 mol HCl
Set-Up mole ratio =
3 mol H2
Calculate 0.0935 mol H2  6 mol HCl 
  = 0.187 mol HCl
 3 mol H2 

54
Mole-Mass Calculations

What mass of H2 (2.02 g/mol) is made by the reaction of 3.0 mol HCl with
excess aluminum?

2Al(s) + 6HCl (aq)  2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2(g)

Plan 3.0 mol HCl mol H2  g H2

Calculate 3.0 mol HCl  3 mol H 2   1.5 mol H 2

 6 mol HCl 
 
1.5 mol H 2  2.02 g H 2   3.0 g H 2
 1 mol H 2 
55
Mass-Mass Calculations

What mass of Br2 (159.80 g/mol) is needed to completely consume 7.00 g Al

(26.98 g/mol)?
2Al(s) + 3Br2(l)  2AlBr3(s)

Plan 7.00 g Al mol Al  mol Br2  g Br2

 
Calculate 7.00 g Al  1 mol Al   0.259 mol Al
 26.98g Al 
 3 mol Br2   0.389 mol Br
0.259 mol Al   2
 2 mol Al 
 159.80g Br2 
0.389 mol Br2    62.2 g Br2
 1 mol Br2 
9-56 56
Limiting Reactants

• In many chemical reactions, one reactant is often exhausted before the

other reactants. This reactant is the limiting reactant.

• Limiting reactant is determined using stoichiometry.

• The limiting reactant limits the quantity of product produced.

• The excess reactant is the reactant that remains when the reaction
stops. There is always left over excess reactant.

57
Limiting Reactants

• Reaction between 6 H2 and

6 O2 will produce 6 H2O.

• 6 H2 can produce 6 H2O.

• 6 O2 can produce 12 H2O.

• H2 is limiting reactant.

• 3 O2 left over.

58
Limiting Reactants

• In many cases, we manipulate the amounts of reactants to ensure that

one specific compound is the limiting reactant.

• For example, a more expensive or scarce reagent is usually chosen to

be the limiting reagent.

• Other times, it is best to have a stoichiometric mixture (equal ratio of

moles) to prevent waste.

• For example, rocket fuel is designed so that no mass is left over, which
would add unnecessary weight to the rocket.

59
Limiting Reactant Calculations

Technique for solving limiting reactant problems:

1. Convert reactant 1 to moles or mass of product

2. Convert reactant 2 to moles or mass of product
3. Compare answers. The smaller answer is the
maximum theoretical yield.

60
Limiting Reactant Calculations

Calculate the mass of copper that can be made from the combination of 15.0 g
aluminum with 25.0 g copper(II) sulfate.

2Al(s) + 3CuSO4(aq)  Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3Cu(s)

Plan 15 g Al  mol Al  mol Cu  g Cu

25 g CuSO4  mol CuSO4  mol Cu  g Cu
Compare answers. The smaller number is
the right answer.
61
Limiting Reactant Calculations

2Al (s) + 3CuSO4(aq)  Al 2(SO4)3(aq) + 3Cu(s)

1. Assume Al is limiting and CuSO4 is in excess.

 1 mol Al   3 mol Cu   63.55 g Cu 
15.0 g Al x    2 mol Al   1 mol Cu  = 53.0 g Cu
 26.98 g Al    
2. Assume CuSO4 is limiting and Al is in excess.
 1 mol CuSO 4   3 mol Cu  63.55 g Cu 
25.0 g CuSO 4    3 mol CuSO  1 mol Cu  = 9.96 g Cu
 159.58 g CuSO 4   4  

3. Compare answers.
CuSO4 is the limiting reagent. The theoretical yield of Cu is 9.96 g.
Example Problem 10:

PROBLEM: A solution of hydrochloric acid contains 5.22 g of HCl.

When it is allowed to react with 3.25 g of solid K 2CO3, the products
are KCl, CO2, and H2O. Which reactant is in excess?

63
Example Problem 10:

PROBLEM: A solution of hydrochloric acid contains 5.22 g of HCl.

When it is allowed to react with 3.25 g of solid K2CO3, the products
are KCl, CO2, and H2O. Which reactant is in excess?

SOLUTION:

So the given quantity of HCl (5.22 g) requires 9.89 g K2CO3, but we have only 3.25 g of K2CO3
available. The reaction will stop once all of the K2CO3 is consumed. K2CO3 is the limiting reactant,
and HCl is in excess.
64
Example Problem 11:

PROBLEM: If 28.2 g of P4 is allowed to react with 18.3 g of S8, which is

the limiting reactant?

65
Example Problem 11:

PROBLEM: If 28.2 g of P4 is allowed to react with 18.3 g of S8, which is

the limiting reactant?

SOLUTION:

So, 28.2 g of P4 requires 21.9 g of S8 to react completely. We have only 18.3 g of S8, so
there is not enough S8 to react with all of the P4. Therefore, S8 is the limiting reactant.

66
Example Problem 12:

PROBLEM: If 45.0 kg of methanol is allowed to react with 70.0 kg of

isobutene, what is the maximum mass (theoretical yield) of MTBE that
can be obtained?

67
Example Problem 12:

SOLUTION:

68
Theoretical Yield

• The maximum mass of a product that can be obtained in a reaction is

determined by the limiting reactant.

• Determine which reactant is the limiting reactant.

• Calculate the mass of product that can be made from the limiting
reactant. This mass is the theoretical yield.

• In stoichiometric mixtures, however, both reactants are consumed

completely, so either could be considered the limiting reactant.

69
Theoretical and Percent Yields

• Many factors determine the amount of desired product actually

produced in a reaction.

• Temperature of the reaction

• The possibility of side reactions

• Further reaction of the product

• Time

70
Solution Stoichiometry

• Reaction efficiency is measured with percentage yield.

• The mass of product obtained is the actual yield.

• The ideal mass of product obtained from calculation is the

theoretical yield.

71
Example Problem 13:

PROBLEM: In a laboratory experiment, a student heats 42.0 g of

NaHCO3 and determines that 22.3 g of Na 2CO3 is formed. What is the
percentage yield of this reaction?

72
Example Problem 13:

SOLUTION:

73
Solution Stoichiometry

• For reactions occurring in solution, the concentration and volume of

reactants and products are often used instead of mass to solve solution
stoichiometry problems.

• n = number of moles; M = mol/L; V = L

74
Example Problem 14:

PROBLEM: If 750.0 mL of 0.806 M NaClO is mixed with excess

ammonia, how many moles of hydrazine can be formed?

If the final volume of the resulting solution is 1.25 L, what will be the
molarity of hydrazine?

75
Example Problem 14:

SOLUTION:

76
REFERENCES
PRIMARY REFERENCE
L. S. Brown & T. A. Holme. Chemistry for Engineering Students.

OTHER REFERENCES

D.D. Ebing & S.D. Gammon. General Chemistry.

W.L. Masterton & C. N. Hurley. Chemistry :Principles and Reactions.

M.S. Silberberg. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change.

T.L. Brown, et. al. Chemistry: T h e C e n t r a l S c i e n c e.

M. S. Silberberg. Principles of General Chemistry.

R. Chang. Chemistry.

OpenStax College. (2015). Chemistry.

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