DSP Control of Power Conditioner for Improving Power Quality

Changjiang Zhan * Manchung Wong ** Zhiyonn Wann * Yingduo Ha**

* D e u m e n t of Electrical Engineering ** Dcparhr;cntZElectri&Iand Electronk Engineering
TsinghuaUniversity, Beijing lOOO& FST, University of Macau,
P. R China Macau

Abstract: Based on the concept of customer power, the paper The concept difference between the Universal Custom
proposed a new device that is universal custom power conditioner Power Conditioner (UCPC) and the Distribution System
(UCPC). The UCPC has series and shunt power converters with a Conditioner (DS-UniCon) that proposed is the active power
battery energy storage system (BESS)for multi-function operation and reactive power control to damp the oscillation. As we
to compensate the voltage variation, flicker, reactive power,
harmonics, imbalance, unintermptiblc power supply, peak load
know that the voltage quality, current quality, reactive
power supply, active and reactive power control in transmission power, imbalance and power interruption are the main
system. The circuit and control topologies are addressed. A problems in the distribution system, however, in
control structure based on dual DSP TMS32OC32 and transmission system the active and reactive power control is
synchronousA/D sampling technology an discussed. also needed to take into account. However, the same
prototype of circuit structure is shown in Fig. 1. The UCPC
Keywords: Power Quality, Active Filters, UPS, Unified Power and DS-UniCon are the unified approach for power
Flow Controller, Unified Power Quality Conditioner, FACTS conditioning: one is in transmission system and the other is
in distribution system. It is because in the past years all the
I. INTRODUCTION above mentioned problems are investigated individually
and independently such as active filters, Static VAR
Further increasing the power reliability and improving the compensator etc. so that individual approach cannot provide
power quality are the main trend of the development of the the effective and economic means than the unified
advanced power system control. Notwithstanding the approach.
concepts relating to FACTS are gaining popularity Because the tri-level or neural point clamped (NPC)
internationally for enhancing stead-state power transfer PWM converter is the main circuit of the proposed UCPC:
limits as well as improving power system dynamic response. the paper focuses on the dual-DSPs control of the shunt unit
The problems in distribution system and transmission based on tri-level PWh4 converter as a shunt-connected
system are voltage sad or dip, voltage fluctuation and power quality conditioner. The paper presents a new control
flicker, active and reactive power control, power structure based on dual-DSP TMS320C31 and synchronous
interruption, harmonics and imbalance etc. AID sampling technology. The paper discusses the design
Based on the view point of the customer, the paper of the hardware and sofiware of dual-DSP control system of
proposed a new device that called the Universal Custom tri-level PWM converter in detail. Some experiment and
Power Conditioner (UCPC) that has series and shunt power simulation results are shown to verify that UCPC can
converters with a battery system (BESS) for multi- synthetically fulfill reactive power compensation, harmonic
operations in transmission system. The goal of UCPC cument compensation even for unbalanced load with the
utilizing the energy storage battery is to achieve synthetic multiple-DSP control based on modified dead-beat control
compensation functions, such as: short time uninterruptible algorithm.
power supply (UPS), reactive power compensation, active
power and reactive power control, harmonic damping or
isolating, unbalance control, user terminal voltage 11. UNIVERSAL CUSTOM POWER
fluctuation control, flicker elimination and active power CONDITIONER (UCPC)
storage control in one device, Because it has a unified
standard digitized controller based on multiple-DSP control
topology, it can fulfill different compensation functions
depended on the supply and load conditions. A. System Function and Topology of UCPC

Figure 1 shows the main circuit topology of UCPC. The

main structure of tri-level shunt PWM converter is also
shown in Figure 2. Since the main structure of tri-level
series PWM converter has the similar characteristicof shunt
one, it isn’t described here. The basic functions for
improvement of power reliability and power quality of
UCPC are summarized as following:
4 To compensate voltage harmonics, including negative
and zero sequence components at the fundamental

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 fkquency. 4 To store or release the battery energy in order to
0 To improve the transmission system stability or prolong the battery life cycle.
damping oscillation.
4 To control the active and reactive power flow.
4 Sag and swell control, voltage variation, voltage B.Modified Deadbeat Control Algorithm of UCPC
flicker control and power factor control.
PwMConVerters: The diagram of control system of shunt convert is shown
0 To eliminate or absorb in current harmonics, including in Figure 3. The control algorithms consist of two parts:
negative and zero sequence components at the upstream and downstream algorithm. The upstream one
fundamental fiequency. provides the high accuracy detecting of the power supply
0 To compensate the reactive power of load. synchronous fiequency, the rapid detecting of positive and
4 To regulate and control the DC link voltage. negative sequence voltage and a-p axis voltage or current
4 To have active and reactive power control to damp the references calculation depended on the present supply and
oscillation. load conditions. The downstream one deals with regulating
4 To storage and control the energy of battery, UPS and the dc link or battery voltage and shaping current waveform
outage control. to track the references. It is realized by means of dead-beat
control technology based on voltage space vector PWM
4 To shift system loads from daily peaks to lows. method. Generally, deadbeat control is a digital feedback
4 To be a potential standby generator. strategy that is designed to control the pulse width so that

Rg.2 IhLmainarrnitofbi-lc\PIshuntPWMcomerta

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 the output of converter can track the reference at every
sampling instant. Any deviation fiom the reference due to a
load disturbance or nonlinear load is corrected with in one
sampling interval Ts.The state equation of converter is:
k=AX+BU (1)
where

-0- -c-

C. Tri-Level Converters and Snubber Circuits

Actually the proposed Unified Custom Power

Conditioner (UCPC) are combination of the Unified Power
Flow Controller (UPFC), the Unified Power Quality
.
,where reference voltage is vector o( k) = [vd(k),vC(k)] Conditioner (UPQC) and Uninterruptible Power Supply
The Deadbeat Control Algorithm is needed to modify as (UPS). UPFC requires a large amount of power rating for
the sudden change in the waveform will generate error as power flow control of transmission line. UPQC,which is
the assumption of using conventional Deadbeat Control is just a combined system of parallel and series active filters
setting &.= X(k+l). The pervious period of waveform was without a BESS system, is focused on the power quality
recorded and this stored data used as the predicted picture control applied for transmission system. Thus they need for
for next period of signal so that the advanced deadbeat both high voltage-power level and low voltage-power level
control was proposed such as (5), where n is the n*. period so that Tri-level converters are employed to the
of fimdamentalcomponent of waveform at P. sample. development of Unified Custom Power Conditioner (UCPC)
or Distribution System Unified Conditioner (DS-UniCon).
id* (n,k) = -& (n - I, k + 1)
(5)
i,' (n,k ) = -i,,, (n - 1, R + 1)

C. Modified Deadbeat Control and Vector Space PWM

Algorithm Error Improvement

According to the simulation results of the Space Vector

PWM, the compensated reactive current, 4, is not equal to
zero in Fig. 4 so that reactive power will be given to the
load ffom the source and it is not in optimal case. It is
considered that the combined vector in simulation should
not generate any error and the error should come fiom the
data sample in v" (k) .

Fig.6
Fig. 6 shows the space vectors distribution. There are 27
types of voltage space vectors distributing fiom sector I to
sector VI in tri-level system. The selection of voltage space
vector can be carried out by means of estimating
relationship between the actual space vector and the
equivalent control voltage vector. However, there is more
than one solution in the selection of actual voltage space
vector. This degree of freedom can be used to introduce
some additional requirements such as the minimization of
the switching number or average switching fiequency.
Therefore, the zero vectors can be injected regularly. Fig.
T h e erro>can.be improved Ad sho& in Fig.5 which i, is 7 shows the voltage space - vectors in sector I. If the
changed to 0.005 ffom 0.8. equivalent control vector VReqis located at square "2" in
the area of sector I, it can be decided which voltage space

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vector should be selected voltage 500v and peak current 1OA.

111. DSP CONTROLLER

The Tri-level or neural point clamped (NPC) PWM
converter is the main circuit of the proposed UCPC, this
section will focus on the dual-DSPs control of the shunt
unit based on tri-level PWM converter as a shunt-connected
power quality conditioner. A new control structure based on
dual-DSP TMS32OC32 and synchronous A/D sampling
technology are proposed. Fig. 10 shows the control block
diagram of the dual-DSP and synchronous A/D sampling
controller. The purpose of 1# DSP is to have the upstream
Fig.7 algorithm to get the reference voltage and current from the
sampling data to hlfill the closed-loop control target. On
the other hand, 2#DSP is to generate the pulses to drive
IGBTs and bases on the vector space PWM method to
calculate the triggered time fiom the reference vector which
is obtained f3om l#DSP. 1# DSP will base on the Modified
Phase Deadbeat Control and the sampling data to get the reference
vector which are already described in section I1 A and I1 B.
However, 2# DSP will base on the vector space PWM
described in section I1 C to generate the pulse pattem.
, c '

Fig8
Fig. 8 shows the snubber circuits used in this Tri-level STATIC CONVERTER
converter. Only one phase is shown as the other two phases
are connected the same snubber circuits. The parameters are:
SI;= l o a , C,l=C&a=30nF/1600V and Dsl-Ds3
in which are the fast recovery diodes with "RFP8120"
model.
I 1

.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
. . . . Fig.10
The 16 Channels Synchronous A/D Sample Board is:
1) There are 4 ADC "7874" to be triggered by synchronous
pulses from 1# DSP to get the synchronous data, and
Fig.9 2) When ADC 7874 finished their conversion, interrupted
Fig. 9 shows the turn-off voltage of IGBT with dc-linked signal will send to 1# DSP so that the data can be

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 transferred to data bus. Fig. 11 shows the whole control phases. They are 3.61%, 3.69% and 3.67% respectively. Fig.
block diagram. However, 1# DSP and 2# DSP are the 14 shows the load current in d and q axes. Fig. 15 shows the
upstream control blocks in Fig. 11. The others 3# DSP, 4# compensated current in d and q axes respectively.
DSP and 5# DSP are the final stages to generate the pulses The experimental results for the inverter mode
pattern by vector space PWM. operation of tri-level converter are given with dc-linked
voltage 500v and output 3.2kW. Fig. 16 is the dc-side
IV. PROTECTION SYSTEM current waveform of the tri-level converter. There are two
waveforms in Fig. 17: one is the line-to-line terminal
As we know that IGBT will be broken in a very short voltage of the tri-level converter ,
V and the other is the
time with over-current so that the protection system will be line-to-line terminal voltage VBe These waveforms did not
pointed on the characteristics of IGBT components. pass through any filter.
1) Upper-Arm and Lower-Arm of the Converter Protection:
For example, consider one arm of the tri-level converter
so
in Fig. 2. The IGBT components such as T,, T,, T,, and
8.
T,, in phase A cannot conduct at the same time, otherwise, m o
i
it will short circuit. In the control topology, the dead time 40
among those IBGTs are needed to induce in order to avoid SO
o 0.01
.
0.01
. . 0.01 0.04
,
0.05
. . . . o.on.
0.08 0.07 0.01 0.1

conduction of the upper-arm and lower-arm at the same

time.
2) DC-LinkProtection: .sol
0 0.01
'
0.02
.
0.0s
*
0.04
*
0.08
.
0.08
a
0.01
.
0.08
.
0.OD
I
0.t
The current of dc-side of converter is detected. When the 60
over-current lasts longer than 8 microsecond, all the
triggered pulses are off. p
3) AC-side Protection:
s
.sol --
' " * . * I
0 0.01 0.02 om 0.04 0.0s 0.0. 0.07 0.00 o.oa 0.1
The over-current of ac-side is detected and lasts longer
than 8 microsecond, all the triggered pulses are off.
Fig.13
V. RESULTS

Simulation and experimental results are given in this

section. Fig. 12 shows the harmonic compensation for the
rectifier load. The current i,, is the load current in phase a
and ,,i is the source current in phase a after compensation.
V, in Fig.12 is the waveform of the dc-link voltage of tri-
level converter and shows the system that can keep
acceptable stable voltage. On the other hand, V,,-V,
shows in Fig. 12 that the tri-level converter control
algorithm can control the voltage difference between the
upper capacitor and lower capacitor within a small region.
Fig.14

I
0 0.006 0.01 0.011 0.0) 0.028 0.01 0.038 0.04

-201 " ' * ' " ' 6 I

0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.05 0.W 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1

Fig. 12
Fig. 13 shows the compensation results when current in Fig15
phase A is larger than the current in phase B than 10 %. The
combination of Modified Deadbeat Control, Vector Space
PWM and Improved Error technique together can
compensate the rectified load to improve THD's in each

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 Monitor System Based on GPS". Journal of Tsinghua University
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Present Situation", Joumal of Tsinghua University (Science and
Technology). Vol. 37.No. 37, No.7. 1997.
[fl Fang Zheng Pen& George W. 09 Jr. p d Donalg J. Adams,
"Harmonic and Reactive Power Compensation Based on the
Generalized Instantaneous Rcactive Power Theory for Ttme-Phase
Four-Wire Systems",IEEE Transactions on P o w Electronics, Vol.
13. No. 6, Nwember.1998.
[8] H. Ah@, Y. Kanazawe, and A. Nabae, "Instantaneous Reactive
Power Compensators Comprising Switching Devices without Energy
Storage Components," IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat, v01.20, May/June
1984.
[9] L. Cheng, R Cheung, R Sotudeh, " New Transformation for Efficient
Fig. 16 DSP Control". IEEE Transactionson PE, 1996,1317-1322.
[lo] Jun Yang,Zhaoan Wan& " Control Strategies for Shunt Active P o w
Filters in Distortion Source Voltage Situation", F"eediigs of
International Conference on Power Electronics 1998, Seoul,
Korea ,P.876-881.
[lI]Hidtaki Fujita, Hirofiuni Akagi,"The Unified Power Quality
Conditions: The Intergation of Series and Shunt Active Filters",
IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 13. No. 2, March 1998,
p. 315-p.322.

VIII. BIOGRAPIES
Ying-Duo Han, Professor of the Dept. of
Electrical Engineering of Tsinghua University,
Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
and Senior Research Center of Tsinghua
Fig.17 University.
He was born in 1938 in Liaoning province of
China. He received the electrical Engineering
VI. CONCLUSION degree and Master degree from Tsinghua
University in 1962 and in 1965 respeceively, Doctor-degree from
A unified approach conditioner for transmission system Erlangen-Nuernberg University, Germany in 1986. From 1986 to 1995 he
is proposed and called Universal Custom Power was vice-chairman and chairman of the E.E. Dept.. From 1989 to 1999, he
was the Head of Power Electronic Research Center of Tsinghua University.
Conditioner (UCPC). The basic circuit scheme and concept He has been engaged for more than 35 years in education and research
of proposed device are addressed. Two shunt and one series work on electric power system and automation field. He has published 2
converters are proposed to form this new device so that books and more than 100 papers. Recent years he is engaged in FACTS,
harmonics, imbalance, reactive current, voltage variation, Intelligent Control, Regional Stability Control, Dynamic Security
Estimation and Control based on GPS.Now he is working in University of
voltage flicker, power interruption, peak load power supply, ng full professor and executive Director of Computer and
active and reactive power control can be compensated by System Engineering Institute of Macau.
one device at the same time. The control strategies are
investigated with the modified deadbeat control algorithm Man-Chung Wong was born in Hong Kong in
1969 and obtained his B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees
and space vector PWM. The hardware of the DSP controller in Electrical and Electronics Engineering at
for UCPC is addressed in detail. Some experiments and 1993 and 1997 respectively in University of
simulation results are shown to verify that UCPC can Macau. He was a teaching assistant in
synthetically llfill the unified compensation with multiple- University of Macau from 1993 to 1997. From
1998 up to now, he is a lecturer in University of
DSP control. Macau for Department of the Electrical and
Electronics Engineering. Currently, he is a Ph.D.
VII. REFERENCE Student in Tsinghua University. His research interests arc the power
system, power electronics, power quality and instrumentation.

[I] Hingorani N G , " Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) - Zhan Changjiang was born in Hubei province,
Overview" Panel Session on FACTS. IEEE Winter Mceting ,Atlanta, China in 1970. He received BSc, MSc and PhD
1990. from Huazhong University of Science and
121 Moran L, Ziogas P D,Joas G. " Design Aspects of Synchronous Technology, Wuhan China in 1991, 1994 and 1997
PWM Rectifier Inverter Systcm Under Unbalanced Input Voltage respectively. From 1997 to 1999, he worked in
Conditions", IEEE Trans. 1992, IA-28:1286-1293. Tsinghua University on a subject of Distribution
[3] Rioual P, Pouliguen H, Louis J P, " Regulation of a PWM R d f i e r in System Unified Conditioner (DS-Unicon) as a post-
the Unbdanced Network State Using Using a G e n e t a l i Model". doctor. His research interests include Power
IEEE Trans., 1996, P E 1 1:495-502. Electronics, FACTS and Power quality.
[4] k Muke~jee.Ch. Nietsch, D. Povh, D. Remann, M. Weingold, *
Advanced Technologies for Power Transmission and Distribution in
South Asis. Present State and Fuhrre Trends" , South Asia Power Wang Zhiyong was born in Zhejiang province, China in 1975. He received
Conference & Exhibition, Nov. 20-22,1996, Calcutta, India. BSc from Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University,
151 Han y D ,Wang Z H, Three New Front Subjects in Power System- Beijing China in 1998, now he IS reading for MSc in the same university.
FACTS, Intelligent Conml and Dynamic &mrity Analysis and His research interests include FACTS and Power quality.

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