Unit

15 I have done (present perfect 1)

j cleaned my sh oee^

His shoes are dirty. He has cleaned his shoes.

(= his shoes are clean now)

They are at home. They are going out. They have gone out.
(= they are not at home now)

has cleaned / have gone etc. is the present perfect (have + past participle):
I cleaned I cleaned?
we have ('ve) finished have we
we finished?
finished? [ regular verbs
have
you have not (haven't) started you started?
they lost they lost?
he done he
he done? I irregular
has ('s) been hac been? verbs
she has she \
has not (hasn't) gone gone?
it it

past participle

Regular verbs The past participle is -ed (the same as the past simple):

clean —> I have cleaned finish —» we have finished start —>she has started

Irregular verbs The past participle is not -ed.

Sometimes the past simple and past participle are the same:

buy —> I bought / 1have bought have —> he had / he has had

Sometimes the past simple and past participle are different:

break —> I broke / 1have broken see -» you saw / you have seen
fall —> it fell / it has fallen go —> they went / they have gone

We use the present perfect for an action in the past with a result now:
O I've lost my passport. (= I can't find my passport now)
O 'Where's Rebecca?' 'She's gone to bed.' (= she is in bed now)
O We've bought a new car. (= we have a new car now)
O It's Rachel's birthday tom orrow and I haven't bought her a present. (= I don't have a present
for her now)
O 'Bob is away on holiday.' 'Oh, where has he gone?' (= where is he now?)
O Can I take this newspaper? Have you finished with it? (= do you need it now?)

present perfect Units 16-19 present perfect and past simple Unit 20
irregular verbs Unit 24, Appendix 2-3______________________________________
Exercises
f O Look at the pictures. What has happened? Choose from the box.

go to bed c lean his shoes stop raining

close the door fall down have a shower

—> M They.

Hi 1 M M He.

—> The.

H g | Complete the sentences with a verb from the box.

break buy decide finish forget go go

invite lose see not/see take tell not/tell

1 I y e jo s t my keys. I don't know where they are.

2 I ........................................................................some new shoes. Do you want to see them?
3 'Where is Helen?' 'She's not here. Sh e ...................................................................... out.'
4 I'm looking for Paula...................................y o u ................................................. her?
5 Look! Som ebody........................................................................that window.
6 'Does Lisa know that you're going away?' 'Yes, I ........................................................................ her.'
7 I can't find my umbrella. Som ebod y........................................................................it.
8 'Where are my glasses?' 'I don't know. I ...................................................................... them.'
9 I'm looking for Sarah. W h e re...............................sh e ..................................................?
10 I know that woman, but I ........................................................................her name.
11 Sue is having a party tonight. S h e a lot of people.
12 W hat are you going to do? ............................... y o u ..................................................?
13 a : Does Ben know about the meeting tomorrow?
B: I don't think so. I ........................................................................ him.
14 I with this magazine. Do you want it?
 I've ju s t... I’ve already...
16 I haven't... yet (present perfect 2)
I've j u s t ...

ju s t = a short time ago

O a: Are Laura and Paul here?
b: Yes, they've j u s t arrived.

O a : Are you hungry?

b: No, I've j u s t had din ner.

O a : Is Tom here?
b: No, I'm afraid he's j u s t gone. % mk
(= he h a s just gone)
They have just arrived.

I've a lre a d y ...

already = before you expected / before I expected Yes, I know. We’ve

already met.
O a: W hat time are Laura and Paul coming?
b: They've already arrived.
(= before you expected)

O It's only 9 o'clock and Anna has already

gone to bed. (= before I expected)

O a : Jon, this is Emma.

b: Yes, I know. We've already met.

I h aven't... yet / Have you ... yet?

yet = until now

We use yet in negative sentences and questions. Yet is usually at the end.

yet in negative sentences (I haven't... yet)

O a: Are Laura and Paul here?
b. No, they haven't arrived yet.
(but B expects Laura and Paul to arrive soon)

O a: Does James know that you're going away?

b: No, I haven't told him yet.
(but B is going to tell him soon)
The film hasn't started yet.
O Silvia has bought a new dress, but she hasn't worn it yet.

yet in questions (Have you ... yet?)

O a: Have Laura and Paul arrived yet?
b: No, not yet. We're still waiting for them.

O a: Has Nicola started her new job yet?

b: No, she starts next week.

O a : This is my new dress.

b: Oh, it's nice. Have you worn it yet?

42 ( present perfect Units 15,17-20 word order 4 Unit 94 still, yet and already 4 Unit 95 )
Exercises
Write a sentence with ju st for each picture.

1 Theyyeju s t arrived 3 T h e y ......

2 H e ............................................ 4 The race

Complete the sentences. Use already + present perfect.

| g g } Write a sentence with ju st (They've j u s t ... / She's j u s t ... etc.) or a negative sentence with yet
(They haven't... yet / She h a sn 't... yet etc.).

CD a fe w minutes now {2} a fe w minutes now o/ew minutes

go uM< ago
(OUT
« . r

• * H lV -
(she / go / out) (the bus / go) (the train / leave)
Sha hasn’t.gpne out yet... The b u s............

© o/ew minutes now | GD o/ew minutes now © o/ew minutes

ago ago ago

(they / finish / their dinner) (it / stop / raining) u

Write questions with yet.

1 Your friend has a new job. Perhaps she has started it. You ask her:
Have you s.ta.rtad.your naw .......... .....................................................................
2 Your friend has some new neighbours. Perhaps he has met them. You ask him:
....................... y o u ..................................................................................................................................................
3 Your friend has to pay her electricity bill. Perhaps she has paid it. You ask her:

4 Tom was trying to sell his car. Perhaps he has sold it. You ask a friend about Tom:
Unit
17 Have you ever... ? (present perfect 3)
Have you been
to Rome? Yes, I have.
Many times.

Have you ever

been to Japan? No, I've never
been to Japan.

We use the present perfect (have been / have had / have played etc.) when we talk about a time from
the past until now - for example, a persons life:

Have you ever been to Japan?

— time from the past until now -

past now

O 'Have you been to France?' 'No, I haven't.'

O I've been to Canada, but I haven't been to the United States.
O M ary is an interesting person. She has had many different jobs and has lived in many places.
O I've seen that woman before, but I can't remember where.
O How many times has Brazil won the W orld Cup?
O 'Have you read this book?' 'Yes, I've read it twice.' (twice = two times)

present perfect + ever (in questions) and never:

O 'Has Ann ever been to Australia?' 'Yes, once.' (once = one time)
O 'Have you ever played golf?' 'Yes, I play a lot.'
O M y sister has never travelled by plane.
O I've never ridden a horse.
O 'W ho is that man?' 'I don't know. I've never seen him before.'

gone and been

two weeks later

, Ben. ^

Hi. I've been

on holiday. I've
been to Spain.
BEN

Ben has gone to Spain. Ben has been to Spain.

(= he is in Spain now) (= he went to Spain, but now he is back)

Compare:
O I can't find Susan. Where has she gone? (= where is she now?)
O Oh, hello Susan! I was looking for you. Where have you been?

44 ( present perfect 4 Units 15-16,18 present perfect and past simple 4 Unit 20
Exercises
You are asking Helen questions beginning Have you e v e r ... ? Write the questions.

Helen

1 (be / London?) Have you ever ^ No, never.

2 (play/g olf?) Have you.ever played j o l f ? ........... Yes, many times.
3 (be / Australia?) H ave.................................................................. Yes, once.
4 (lose / your passport?) No, never.
5 (fly / in a helicopter?) Yes, a few times.
6 (win / a race?) No, never.
7 (be / New York?) Yes, twice.
8 (drive / a bus?) No, never.
9 (break / your leg?) Yes, once.

Write sentences about Helen. (Look at her answers in Exercise 17.1.)

1 (be / New York) S t e 's bean, to Naw York tw ice ........................................
2 (be / Australia) Sh e ...........................................................................................................
3 (win / a race) ........................................................................................................................
4 (fly / in a helicopter) ........................................................................................................

Now write about yourself. How often have you done these things?
5 (be / New York) I ...........................................................................................................
6 (play / tennis) ...................................................................................................................
7 (drive / a lorry) ................................................................................................................
8 (be / late for work or school) .................................................................................

Mary is 65 years old. She has had an interesting life. What has she done?
Jvum
11aVv be all over the world a lot of interesting things
do write many different jobs a lot of interesting people
travel meet ten books married three times
Mary

1 Sh e has. had. m anydifferentj'pbs..

2 She...................................................................
3 ..................................................................................
4 ...........................................................................
5 .....................................................................
6 ........................................................................

| Write gone or been.

1 Ben is on holiday at the moment. He's gone to Spain.
2 'Have you ev e r..................................... to Mexico?' 'No, never.'
3 M y parents aren't at home at the moment. Th ey've ..................................... out.
4 There's a new restaurant in town. Have y o u ........................................ to it?
5 Rebecca loves Paris. She's........................................ there many times.
6 Helen was here earlier, but I think she's.........................................now.
7 'Where's Jessica?' 'She's not in the office. I think she's.........................................home.'
8 Hello, Sue. I was looking for you. Where have y o u .......................................?

-> Additional exercises 16,18 (pages 258-60)

Unit
19 for since ago
for and since

We use for and since to say how long:

for three days,

Helen is in Ireland. She has been there
since Monday.

We use for + a period of time We use since + the start of the period
(three days / two years etc.): (Monday / 9 o'clock etc.):

start of the
period

for three days

Monday since Monday

past now past now

for since

three days ten minutes Monday Wednesday

an hour two hours 9 o'clock 12.30
a week four weeks 24 July Christmas
a month six months January I was ten years old
five years a long time 1985 we arrived

O Richard has been in Canada for six O Richard has been in Canada since
months. (not since six months) January. (= from January to now)

We've been waiting for two hours. O We've been waiting since 9 o'clock.
(not since two hours) (= from 9 o'clock to now)

O I've lived in London for a long time. O I've lived in London since I was ten
years old.

ago

ago = before now:

O Susan started her new job three weeks ago.(= three weeks before now)
O 'When did Tom go out?' Ten minutes ago.' (=ten minutes before now)
O I had dinner an hour ago.
O Life was very different a hundred years ago.
We use ago with the past (started/did/had/was etc.).

Compare ago and for:

O When did Helen arrive in Ireland?
She arrived in Ireland three days ago.

O How long has she been in Ireland?

She has been in Ireland for three days.

SitlllSfl

48 ( present perfect + for/since -> Unit 18 from/until/since/for ^ Unit 104 for and during^ Unit 105 )
Exercises
| Write for or since.
1 Helen has been in Ireland sin ce Monday.
2 Helen has been in Ireland fo r three days.
3 M y aunt has lived in A ustralia................................ 15 years.
4 Tina is in her office. She has been th ere............................... 7 o'clock.
5 India has been an independent co u n try ...............................1947.
6 The bus is late. We've been w aiting............................... 20 minutes.
7 Nobody lives in those houses. They have been em p ty.................................many years.
8 Michael has been ill................................ a long time. He has been in hospital.................................October.

Answer these questions. Use ago.

1 When was your last meal? Th rcc.h cu rs ago...............................................................
2 When was the last time you were ill?........................... ..........................................................................................................
3 W hen did you last go to the cinema?....................................................................................................................................
4 When was the last time you were in a car? ..........................................................................................................
5 W hen was the last time you went on holiday? ..........................................................................................................

Com plete the sentences. Use for or ago with these words.
i ^
1 Helen arrived in Ireland Thraa d a y s ago............................................................................................ (three days)
2 Helen has been in Ireland f o r th re e d a ys ......................................................................................... (three days)
3 Lynn and Mark have been m arried........................................................................................................... (20 years)
4 Lynn and M ark got m arried ........................................................................................................................... (20 years)
5 Dan arrived .............................................................................................................................................................. (anhour)
6 I bought these sho es.......................................................................................................................................... (a few days)
7 Silvia has been learning English.................................................................................................................... (six months)
8 Have you known L isa........................................................................................................................................ ? (a long time)

Com plete the sentences w ith for or since.

1 (Helen is in Ireland - she arrived there three days ago)
Hejen h as boon j.n.lrcland.fo^ ........................................... ............................ L ............
2 (Jack is here - he arrived on Tuesday)
Jack h as............................................................................................................................................................................................................
3 (It's raining - it started an hour ago)
It's b e en...........................................................................................................................................................................................................
4 (I know Sue - I first met her in 2008)
I've............................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................
5 (Claire and M att are married - they got married six months ago)
Claire and M att have..............................................................................................................................................................................
6 (Laura is studying medicine at university - she started three years ago)
Laura h a s.................................................................................................................................................’......................................................
7 (David plays the piano - he started when he was sevenyears old)
David h a s........................................................................................................................................................................................................

c m W rite sentences about yourself. Begin your sentences with:

I've lived ... I've been ... I've been learning ... I've known ... I've had ...

1 IVeJivcdjn t h is town .fp .rth re e^ aa rs. ...............................

2 ...................
3 ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4 ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

-*• Additional exercises 16-18 (pages 258-60)

Unit
20 I have done (present perfect) and I did (past)
W ith a finished time (yesterday / last week etc.), we use the past (arrived/saw/was etc.):

past + finished time

yesterday.
yesterday
last week.
last week
We arrived at 3 o'clock.
six months ago
in 2002.
finished time
six months ago.

past now

Do not use the present perfect (have arrived / have done / have been etc.) with a finished time:
O I saw Paula yesterday.
(not I have seen)
O Where were you on Sunday afternoon?
(not Where have you been)
O We didn't have a holiday last year
(not We haven't had)
O 'W hat did you do last night?' 'I stayed at home.'
O William Shakespeare lived from 1564 to 1616. He was a writer. He wrote many plays
and poems.

Use the past to ask When ... ? or W hat time ... ?:

O When did you buy your computer? (not When have you bought)
O W hat tim e did Andy go out? (not W hat time has Andy gone out)

Compare:

present perfect past

O I have lost my key. O I lost my key last week.
(= I can't find it now)

O Ben has gone home. O Ben went home ten minutes ago.
(= he isn't here now)

O Have you seen Kate? O Did you see Kate on Saturday?

(= where is she now?)

time until now finished time ....................

past now past now

O Have you ever been to Spain? O Did you go to Spain last year?
(= in your life, until now)

O M y friend is a writer. He has written O Shakespeare wrote many plays and

many books. poems.

O Sam hasn't phoned me yet. O Sam didn't phone me yesterday.

O We've lived in Singapore for six years. O We lived in Glasgow for six years, but
(= we live there now) now we live in Singapore.

( past simple ^ Units 11-12 present perfect ^ Units 15-18

Exercises
Q ) Complete the answers to the questions.

Are these sentences OK? Correct the verbs that are wrong. (The verbs are underlined.)
1 JVeJost my key. I can't find it. OK................
2 Have you seen Kate yesterday? ..Qidyousee..
3 I've finished my work at 2 o'clock.
4 I'm ready now. I've finished my work.
5 W hat time have you finished your work?
6 Sue isn't here. She's gone out.
7 Steve's grandmother has died two years ago.
8 Where have you been last night?

£ £ } Put the verb in the present perfect or past.

1 My friend is a writer. H e has w ritten (write) many books.
2 We didn’t have (not/have) a holiday last year.
3 I .............................................................. (play) tennis yesterday afternoon.
4 W hat tim e .............................................................. (you/go) to bed last night?
5 ................................................................ (you ever meet) a famous person?
6 The w eather.............................................................. (not/be) very good yesterday.
7 Kathy travels a lot. S h e (visit) many countries.
8 I .............................................................. (switch) off the light before going out this morning.
9 I live in New York now, but I (live) in M exico for many years.
10 'What's Canada like? Is it beautiful?' 'I don't know. I ................................................................ (not/be) there.'

^ut t^ie verk *n t^ie Present perfect or past.

1 a : tta y e y m .e y e r been, (you/ever/be) to Florida?

b: Yes, w e w e nt (go) there on holiday two years ago.
a : (you/have) a good time?
b: Yes, i t (be) great.

2 a : Where's Alan? .............................................................. (you/see) him?

b: Yes, h e ................................................................(go) out a few minutes ago.
a : And Rachel?
b: I don't know. I .............................................................. (not/see) her.

3 Rose works in a factory. S h e................................................................ (work) there for six months.

Before that s h e (be) a waitress in a restaurant. She
(work) there for two years, but sh e ...................................................
(not/enjoy) it very much.

4 a: D o you know Mark's sister?

b: I ...........................................................(see) her a few times, but.I ...........................................................
(never/speak) to her. ........................................................................................ (you/ever/speak) to her?
a : Yes. I (m eet) her at a party last week. She's very nice.

Additional exercises 19-23, 29-31 (pages 260-62, 265-67)

Appendix 3
Irregular verbs in groups
The past simple and past participle are the same: The past simple and past participle are different:

cost -> cost let —> let break broke broken

cut —> cut put —> put choose chose chosen
hit hit shut —» shut speak —> spoke spoken
hurt -> hurt steal stole stolen
wake -> woke woken

lend —> lent lose lost

send -> sent shoot —> shot drive —> drove driven
spend -> spent get -> got ride -» rode ridden
build —> built light -> lit rise -> rose risen
sit —» sat write wrote written
burn -> burnt
learn —> learnt keep kept beat —> beat beaten
smell —> smelt sleep slept bite —> bit bitten
hide —> hid hidden
feel —> felt
leave —> left
meet met eat —> ate eaten
dream —> dreamt (dremt)* fall fell fallen
mean meant (m ent)* forget forgot forgotten
give -> gave given
see saw seen
bring —> brought (brort)* take took taken
buy - » bought (bort)*
fight —> fought (fort)*
think —> thought (thort)* blow —> blew blown
grow -> grew grown
catch —» caught (kort)*
know -> knew known
teach taught (tort)*
throw -> threw thrown
fly —> flew flown
draw drew drawn
sell —> sold
show -> showed shown
tell —> told

find found
begin —> began begun
have -> had
drink —> drank drunk
hear -> heard
swim —> swam swum
hold -> held
read -> read (red)* ring -> rang rung
say -> said (sed)* sing -> sang sung

run -> ran run

pay —> paid
make —> made

stand —> stood come came come

understand —> understood become —> became become

* pronunciation