electronics

Editorial
Big Data Analytics Using Artificial Intelligence
Amir H. Gandomi 1,2, * , Fang Chen 3 and Laith Abualigah 4,5,6,7,8,9, *

1 Faculty of Engineering & Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway,

Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
2 University Research and Innovation Center (EKIK), Óbuda University, 1034 Budapest, Hungary
3 Data Science Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
4 Computer Science Department, Prince Hussein Bin Abdullah Faculty for Information Technology,
Al Al-Bayt University, Mafraq 25113, Jordan
5 Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
6 Center for Engineering Application & Technology Solutions, Ho Chi Minh City Open University,
Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam
7 Faculty of Information Technology, Middle East University, Amman 11831, Jordan
8 Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan
9 School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia
* Correspondence: [email protected] (A.H.G.); [email protected] (L.A.)

1. Introduction
Data analytics using artificial intelligence is the process of leveraging advanced AI
techniques to extract insights and knowledge from large and complex datasets [1]. This
involves utilizing machine learning algorithms, deep learning models, and natural lan-
guage processing techniques to uncover patterns and relationships within big data that
can inform decision making and drive innovation. The goal of big data analytics using
AI is to automate data analysis and make the process faster, more accurate, and more
scalable, enabling organizations to harness the full potential of their data and gain a
competitive advantage.

2. The Present Issue

This Special Issue consists of fourteen articles covering different aspects of machine
learning and artificial intelligence.
This study focuses on creating a machine learning model that can predict the likelihood
of chronic kidney disease using publicly available data [2]. The data underwent several
Citation: Gandomi, A.H.; Chen, F.;
preprocessing steps, including the imputation of missing values, balancing through the
Abualigah, L. Big Data Analytics
Using Artificial Intelligence.
SMOTE algorithm, and scaling of features. The chi-squared test was utilized to select the
Electronics 2023, 12, 957. https://
most relevant and highly correlated features. The machine learning model was built using
doi.org/10.3390/electronics12040957 a combination of supervised learning techniques, with support vector machine (SVM) and
random forest (RF) achieving the lowest false-negative rate and highest test accuracy of
Received: 6 February 2023
99.33% and 98.67%, respectively. SVM was found to perform better than RF upon validation
Accepted: 10 February 2023
through 10-fold cross-validation.
Published: 15 February 2023
This study represents the first attempt to examine selected design research publications
using a sophisticated method called “text mining” [3]. This method generates results
based on the presence of specific research terms (i.e., keywords), which provides a more
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.
reliable outcome compared to other approaches that rely on contextual information or
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. authors’ perspectives. The primary objective of this research is to increase awareness and
This article is an open access article understanding of design research, and to identify potential future research directions by
distributed under the terms and addressing gaps in the literature. Based on the literature review, it can be concluded that
conditions of the Creative Commons the field of design research still lacks a unifying theory. Text mining, with its features,
Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// enhances the validity and generalizability of the results compared to other methods in the
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ literature. The text mining technique was applied to collect data from 3553 articles from
4.0/). 10 journals, utilizing 17,487 keywords. This research explores new topics in the field of

Electronics 2023, 12, 957. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12040957 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/electronics

Electronics 2023, 12, 957 2 of 5

design concepts, drawing the attention of researchers, practitioners, and journal editorial
boards. The key categories analyzed and presented in this paper provide insights into the
growth and decline in various fields in the domain of design.
This paper presents a novel deep learning approach for detecting student emotions [4].
The main objective of the study is to explore the relationship between teaching practices and
student learning, based on emotional impact. The system uses facial recognition algorithms
to gather information from online platforms and image classification techniques to identify
the emotions of students and teachers. Two deep learning models are compared for their
performance, and the results show promising outcomes, as discussed in the Experimental
Results section. The proposed system is validated using an online course with students,
and the results indicate that the technique operates effectively. Various deep learning
techniques are applied for emotional analysis, including transfer learning for a pre-trained
deep neural network, which increases the accuracy of the emotion classification stage. The
results of the experiment demonstrate that the proposed method is promising, as discussed
in the Experimental Results section.
This paper proposes a deep learning solution for detecting masks worn in public
to prevent the spread of coronavirus [5]. The system, designed for real-time use with a
webcam, utilizes an ensemble method for high accuracy and improved detection speed.
Transfer learning on pre-trained models and rigorous testing on objective data resulted
in a dependable and cost-effective solution. The findings indicate the effectiveness of the
solution in real-world settings, contributing to pandemic control. Compared to existing
methods, the proposed solution achieves improved accuracy and performance metrics,
such as specificity, precision, recall, and F measure, in three-class outputs. A careful balance
is maintained between the number of parameters and processing time.
This study proposes a deep learning method for the classification and analysis of
scientific literature using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) [6]. The research is
divided into three dimensions, publication features, author features, and content features,
with explicit and implicit features forming a set of scientometric terms. The CNN model
uses weighted scientometric term vectors to achieve dual-label classification of literature
based on its content and methods. The study showcases the effectiveness of the proposed
model through an application example from data science and analytics literature, with
results showing improved precision, recognition, and F1 score compared to other machine
learning classification methods. The proposed scientometric classification model also
exhibits higher accuracy than deep learning classification using only explicit and dominant
features. This study offers a guide for fine-grained classification of scientific literature and
provides insight into its practical application.
This research aims to help science students identify butterfly species without causing
harm to the insects during analysis [7]. The study employs transfer learning with neural
network models to classify butterfly species based on images. The dataset consists of
10,035 images of 75 butterfly species and 15 unusual species were selected for the study,
with various orientations, photography angles, lengths, and backgrounds. The imbalanced
class distribution in the dataset resulted in overfitting, which was addressed with data
augmentation. Transfer learning was applied using several convolutional neural network
architectures, including VGG16, VGG19, MobileNet, Xception, ResNet50, and InceptionV3.
The models were evaluated based on precision, recall, F measure, and accuracy. The results
showed that the InceptionV3 architecture provided an accuracy of 94.66%, which was
superior to all other architectures. This work proposes a new approach for identifying
glaucoma from fundus images using a deep belief network (DBN), optimized by the
elephant-herding optimization (EHO) algorithm [8]. The system is designed to be tested on
various datasets, which can help to improve the accuracy of glaucoma diagnosis.
This paper examines 66 machine learning models using a two-stage evaluation pro-
cess [9]. The evaluation was performed on a real-world dataset of European credit card
frauds and used stratified K-fold cross-validation. Out of 330 evaluation metrics, the All K-
Nearest Neighbors (AllKNN) undersampling technique with CatBoost (AllKNN–CatBoost)
Electronics 2023, 12, 957 3 of 5

was found to be the best model, achieving an AUC of 97.94%, recall of 95.91%, and F1 score
of 87.40%. The AllKNN–CatBoost model was compared to relevant studies and was found
to outperform previous models.
This research presents a hybrid data analytics framework that combines convolutional
neural networks and bidirectional long short-term memory (CNN-BiLSTM) to examine
the effect of merging news events and sentiment analysis with financial data on stock
trend prediction [10]. Two real-world case studies were conducted using data from the
Dubai Financial Market between 1 January 2020 and 1 December 2021, in the real estate
and communications sectors. The results demonstrate that incorporating news events and
sentiment analysis with financial data improves the accuracy of stock trend prediction. The
CNN–BiLSTM model achieved an improvement of 11.6% in the real estate sector and 25.6%
in communications compared to benchmarked machine learning models.
This study introduces a four-layer model and proposes a hybrid imputation method
(HIMP) for filling in multi-pattern missing data, including non-random, random, and com-
pletely random patterns [11]. HIMP starts by imputing non-random missing data patterns
and then dividing the resulting dataset into two datasets with random and completely
random missing data patterns. Next, different imputation methods are applied to each
dataset based on the missing data pattern. The final dataset is created by merging the
best imputed datasets from random and completely random patterns. The effectiveness
of HIMP was evaluated using a real dataset named IRDia that had all three missing data
patterns. HIMP was compared to other methods using accuracy, precision, recall, and
F1 score with different classifiers, and the results showed that HIMP outperformed other
methods in imputing multi-pattern missing values.
This paper presents a new Whale Optimization Algorithm (EWOA) to solve Optimal
Power Flow (OPF) problems, with the aim of improving exploration capability and main-
taining a balance between exploration and exploitation [12]. The movement strategy of
whales in the EWOA is improved through the introduction of two new techniques: (1) encir-
cling the target using Levy motion and (2) searching for the target using Brownian motion,
which work in conjunction with the traditional bubble-net attacking method. To evaluate
the performance of EWOA-OPF, it is compared with six well-known optimization algo-
rithms in solving both single- and multi-objective OPF problems under system constraints.
The comparison results show that the EWOA-OPF outperforms the other algorithms and
provides better solutions for both single- and multi-objective OPF problems.
In this review, the authors examine the advancements and applications of the Harris
Hawk Optimizer (HHO), a robust optimization technique that has gained popularity
in recent years [13]. Through experiments conducted on the Congress on Evolutionary
Computation (CEC2005) and CEC2017, HHO is compared to nine other state-of-the-art
algorithms, showing its efficacy and effectiveness. The paper provides a comprehensive
overview of HHO and delves into future directions and areas for further investigation of
new variants of the algorithm and its widespread use.
This paper provides a comprehensive overview of effective communication techniques
for space exploration of ground, aerial, and underwater vehicles [14]. The study not only
summarizes the challenges faced in trajectory planning, space exploration, optimization,
and other areas, but also highlights the future directions for research. Aiming to fill the
gap in the literature for those interested in path planning, this paper includes optimization
strategies for terrestrial, underwater, and airborne applications. The study covers numerical,
bio-inspired, and hybrid methodologies for each dimension discussed. The goal of this
paper is to establish a centralized platform for publishing research on autonomous vehicles
on land and their trajectory optimizations, airborne vehicles, and underwater vehicles.
This review looks at the drawbacks of traditional TB diagnostic methods and provides
a comprehensive overview of various machine learning algorithms and their use in TB
diagnosis [15]. It also examines the integration of deep learning techniques with other
systems, such as neuro-fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms, and artificial immune systems.
Electronics 2023, 12, 957 4 of 5

Finally, the review highlights several cutting-edge tools, such as CAD4TB, Lunit INSIGHT,
qXR, and InferRead DR Chest, which are shaping the future of AI-assisted TB diagnosis.

3. Future Directions
The future of Big Data Analytics using Artificial Intelligence is expected to follow
several key directions, including:
• Real-time analytics: the increasing demand for real-time insights and decision making
will drive the development of AI-powered big data analytics platforms that can process
large volumes of data in near real time.
• Edge analytics: with the proliferation of IoT devices, there will be a growing need for
edge analytics, where data are analyzed and processed at the source, reducing the
need for data to be transferred to centralized data centers.
• Explainable AI: as AI-powered analytics become more widespread, there will be a
growing need for explainable AI, where the reasoning behind AI-generated insights
and predictions is made transparent and understandable.
• Integration with other technologies: the integration of AI-powered big data analytics
with other technologies, such as cloud computing, blockchain, and quantum comput-
ing, will enable organizations to take full advantage of the potential of big data.
• Personalized analytics: the development of AI algorithms that can tailor insights
and predictions to specific individuals and organizations will drive the growth of
personalized analytics, making big data analytics even more accessible and relevant.
These are some of the key directions that the future of big data analytics using AI is
expected to take, enabling organizations to leverage the full potential of their data and
drive innovation and growth.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, A.H.G., F.C. and L.A.; formal analysis, A.H.G., F.C. and
L.A.; writing—original draft preparation, A.H.G., F.C. and L.A.; writing—review and editing, A.H.G.,
F.C. and L.A.; supervision, A.H.G., F.C. and L.A.; project administration, A.H.G., F.C. and L.A. All
authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Data Availability Statement: Not Applicable.
Acknowledgments: I would like to express my gratitude to all the researchers who submitted
articles for this Special Issue and made outstanding contributions. My appreciation goes to the
reviewers as well, who played a crucial role in evaluating the manuscripts and offering insightful
suggestions to enhance the quality of the contributions. I recognize the editorial board of Electronics
for granting me the opportunity to guest edit this Special Issue. Lastly, I am grateful to the Electronics
Editorial Office staff for their dedication in maintaining a rigorous peer-review process and ensuring
timely publication.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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