Cambridge IGCSE™

PAKISTAN STUDIES 0448/02

Paper 2 The Environment of Pakistan May/June 2023
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 75

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2023 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE, Cambridge International A and AS Level and Cambridge Pre-U components, and some
Cambridge O Level components.

This document consists of 28 printed pages.

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Generic Marking Principles

These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers.
They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors
for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

 the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
 the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
 the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

 marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit
is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme,
referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
 marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
 marks are not deducted for errors
 marks are not deducted for omissions
 answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these
features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The
meaning, however, should be unambiguous.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed
instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5:

Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question
(however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate
responses seen).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should
not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.

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Question Answer Marks

1(a)(i) Study Fig 1.1, a map showing southern Pakistan and surrounding 3
countries.

On Fig 1.1 label the following: Afghanistan, India, Iran. You should write
the name in the correct location on the map.

Afghanistan

Iran
India

3 @ 1 mark

1(a)(ii) Add a dot and the letter K onto Fig. 1.1 to show the location of Karachi. 1

1 @ 1 mark

1(a)(iii) Using Fig. 1.1 only, what is the approximate length of Pakistan’s 1
coastline? Circle the correct answer.

1000 km
1 @ 1 mark

1(a)(iv) Name the rivers labelled X and Y on Fig. 1.1. 2

X: River Hub (Hab)

Y: River Ravi
2 @ 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

1(b) Suggest four ways in which rivers are important to Pakistan. 4

 source of water/create reservoirs (domestic use/people to drink)

 to provide a source of food/fish (to eat)
 for transport (people/goods)
 to provide nutrients/alluvium to the soil/flood plain/mangroves
 for farming/agriculture/irrigation (of fields/crops)
 for livestock/cattle/buffalo to drink/bathe/cool down
 fish farming/commercial fishing/aquaculture
 named manufacturing industry e.g. cement/textiles
 for cooling in power stations/industry
 habitat for wildlife/biodiversity/ecosystems
 afforestation projects
 to produce hydel/hydroelectric power/electricity
 to add to scenic beauty to the area (for tourism)
 for leisure activities/named example e.g.
boating/swimming/photography/fishing
 for employment in a named industry e.g. fisherman/farmer
4 @ 1 mark

1(c)(i) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert), a photograph showing part of the Karakoram 4
range.

Describe the natural features of the landscape shown.

 mountain(s)/mountain range
 high/tall
 steep (slopes)/sloping
 valley(s)
 peak/pyramidal peak/arete
 snow/ice/frozen
 rugged/jagged/sharp/rocky/barren/(bare)rock/scree/moraine
 gullies
 glaciers/tongues of ice/rivers of ice
 confluence
4 @ 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

1(c)(ii) Explain two ways in which the natural topography shown in Fig. 1.2 4
influences human activities. You should develop your answer.

 mountains/steep slopes/rugged terrain/uneven land/fast flowing rivers

make building settlements/roads/railways/telecommunication lines
difficult; routes are forced to follow valleys/or use high
passes/embankments/cuttings/tunnels/bridges (dev)
so transport and communications are limited (dev)
so construction is more expensive (dev)
 rugged landscape discourages development of large-scale industries; as
there is not enough flat land to build on (dev)
so most people work in small scale/cottage industries (dev)
 high/mountainous areas experience extreme cold/heavy snowfall/are
frozen through winter so roads blocked/cut off; people cannot travel to
markets (dev)
people spend some of the year indoors/can’t work outside (dev)
 bare rock/scree/thin/barren soils so there are few or no farming
opportunities/cannot grow crops; so there is transhumance/seasonal
migration (dev)
so food is scarce/has to be transported to the area (dev)
so farming activity is limited to valleys where landscape is flatter/soils are
deeper/fertile (dev)
 glaciers/meltwaters feed the rivers so fresh water is provided for farming
lower down in the valley; meaning a variety of crops can be grown (dev)
 Natural landscape/mountains/slopes attract tourists to visit;
which provides employment opportunities (dev)
so local people provide accommodation/tours/make souvenirs (dev)
to photograph the scenery/for trekking/skiing/climbing (dev)
which encourages government to build services/transport infrastructure in
the area (dev)
 steep slopes/v shape/narrow valleys are ideal for developing hydel power
stations; so can produce renewable electricity for industry/homes (dev)
which creates employment for local people (dev)

Note: Influences can be positive or negative.

Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the
point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of
the second point.

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks

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Question Answer Marks

1(d) Water is a valuable resource for the continued sustainable development 6

of Pakistan. Read the following two views about providing water:

A Water pollution is the biggest threat to the continued provision of

water supplies.

B A shortage of dams is the biggest threat to the continued provision

of water supplies.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your
answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider
view A and view B in your answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant
example (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content Guide

Agree with view A because:

 untreated sewage/industrial effluent makes water unusable
 dumping of waste in rivers is not strictly regulated
 regular flooding causes fresh water supply to be contaminated
 removing pollution from water is expensive and reduces the money
available for water provision infrastructure
 etc.

Disagree with view A because:

 water pollution can be easily solved/prevented by imposing laws and
fines on industries/companies who pollute the water
 there are more serious threats to Pakistan’s water supply such as climate
change e.g. increased risk of drought/flooding
 a bigger threat is from neighbouring countries limiting the water supply
from the headwaters
 etc.

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Question Answer Marks

1(d) Agree with view B because:

 rising temperatures increase evaporation from reservoirs so more of them
are needed
 global warming is melting glaciers in the mountains, more dams are
needed to store water in reservoirs
 Pakistan needs more water storage capacity to hold heavy rainfall e.g. in
monsoon season, so water can be utilised
 more reservoirs could alleviate future drought conditions if available
supply was stored
 more small dams across the country could aid in crop irrigation
 it would be very expensive to build more dams/money is needed for other
sectors.
 etc.

Disagree with view B because:

 there are enough dams already, those under construction need to be
completed
 existing dams are not all in the places where need is greatest therefore
they have limited use
 silting of reservoirs causes lower capacity making them less worthwhile
 water conservation is a better solution than building more dams
 conflicts over how water is used is a bigger threat
 etc.

Examples: could include named dam/pollutant/settlement/river etc. but not

named diseases.

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Question Answer Marks

2(a)(i) Study Fig. 2.1, a climate graph showing rainfall and temperature for a 2
region of Pakistan.

Complete Fig. 2.1 for July using the information below.

 accurate plotting of dot at 36 °C and the line joined up

 accurate completion of bar at 5 mm (no need for bar to be shaded)

2 @ 1 mark

2(a)(ii) Using Fig. 2.1 only, describe the climate shown in the graph. 3

Temperature:
 high temperatures/hot during summer
 mild temperatures/cool during winter
 highest temperature in July
 highest temperature is 36 °C
 lowest temperature in Jan
 lowest temperature is 12 °C

Rainfall:
 arid/dry climate/(very)low/little rainfall
 39 mm rainfall
 May/June/Sept/Oct/Nov have no rainfall
 most rain falls from December/Jan–April
 highest rainfall is in Jan
 highest rainfall is 11 mm

Note: 1 mark reserved for each of temperature and rainfall

3 @ 1 mark

2(a)(iii) What type of climate region does the graph show? Circle the correct 1
answer.

arid
1 @ 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

2(b)(i) Describe the climate characteristics (rainfall and temperature) of the 4

semi-arid region of Pakistan.

Temperature:
 warm(er)/hot(ter)/high(er) temperatures in summer/May–Sept
 in summer/May–Sept 20–40 °C
 cool(er)/mild/moderate winter/Nov-March OR cold(er) in winter/Nov-
March
 in winter/Nov-Mar –5–25 °C

Rainfall:
 low/sparse/scanty/unreliable rainfall
 monsoon rainfall in summer/June–September
 (western) depression rainfall in winter/December–March
 (total) 250–600 mm of rainfall
 E of the region has higher rainfall/W of region is drier
 there is likely to be more evaporation than precipitation

Note: 1 mark reserved for each of temperature and rainfall

4 @ 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

2(b)(ii) Explain two benefits of the climate for people living in mountain areas in 4
Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

 cool(er) temperatures in summer are more bearable; meaning workers do

not suffer heat strokes (dev)
allows more diversity of crops to grow (dev)
attracts seasonal tourism providing employment (dev)
 cool(er) climate allows nuts/fruits (such as apricots) to be grown; which
can be sold for income/exported improving the balance of trade (dev)
 warmer temperatures in spring melt glaciers which feeds the streams and
rivers providing people vital water supplies; which are essential in cottage
industries (dev)
 (relief) rainfall provides water supply to houses; for domestic uses/for
livestock (dev)
 rainfall promotes agriculture in valleys/on terraced slopes; food supplies
can be produced locally/reduces need to transport food to area (dev)
 cool temperatures/snow in the mountains attracts trekkers/climbers so
providing locals employment opportunities; offering accommodation in
guesthouses/hotels (dev)
 ice and snow add to the scenic beauty of the area generating tourism;
locals can earn income as mountain guides/working in shops etc. (dev)
 ice and snow-capped northern mountains provide a natural border
between neighbouring countries; traversing them is difficult so protects
locals from possible conflicts (dev)
 Below the snowline alpine/coniferous forests grow providing (fuel)wood;
reducing the need to import other fuel supplies (dev)
providing a supply of timber for building (dev)
 Mountainous areas have strong winds allowing wind power generation;
this provides electricity for local industries/homes (dev)

Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the
point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of
the second point.

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks

2(c)(i) What is hydel power? Tick () one box below. 1

Electricity generated using energy from:

fast flowing water

1 @ 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

2(c)(ii) Hydel power stations can be found in mountainous areas of Pakistan. 4

Describe how electricity can be generated from hydel power.

 (the force of) fast flowing water is used/water goes through

penstock/sluice for faster flow
 water spins/turns/drives the turbine
 a shaft goes into a generator
 the shaft spins rapidly (inside a magnetic field in the generator)
 the generator produces electricity
 the electric current is regulated by a transformer/electricity goes through a
transformer
 electricity is sent through transmission/power lines (at the required
voltage to where it is needed)

Note: Credit can be given for points made on an annotated diagram.

4 @ 1 mark

2(d) Power sources are vital for economic development in Pakistan. 6

To what extent can hydel power be relied upon for the future economic
development of Pakistan? Give reasons to support your judgement and
refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different
points of view in your answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant
example (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content Guide

Hydel power can be relied upon because:

 hydel power is a renewable source of energy and is sustainable
 Pakistan has many mountainous regions with plenty of rainfall and
glaciers which can provide adequate supply of water to generate
electricity (for industries)
 once the reservoirs, hydel power station and power lines have been
constructed there are low maintenance costs
 can provide a cheaper alternative to fossil fuels

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Question Answer Marks

2(d)  Pakistan needs to continue to invest in renewable sources of energy as

fossil fuels are running out/remaining reserves are expensive to mine
 fossil fuels cost a lot to import

Hydel power cannot be relied upon because:

 hydel is reliant on rainfall/fast flowing rivers so when reservoirs or rainfall
is low not enough power can be generated for continuous supply
 there will be reduced rainfall due to climate change/rainfall cannot be
relied upon so need a back-up of fossil fuels to ensure there are no power
shortages (in cities)
 it is expensive to provide/build the infrastructure for producing hydel
power, such as dams and power lines
 there is a mismatch between where the hydel power can be produced
and where it is needed/transmission lines have to cover long distances
 other named power sources would be more cost effective/reliable
because e.g. nuclear power provides a continuous supply

Examples: could include named dam/hydel plant/region/river/ WAPDA/project

in construction etc.

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Question Answer Marks

3(a)(i) Study Figs. 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4 (Insert), photographs showing four 4
different crops grown in Pakistan.

Identify the type of crop shown in each photograph.

Fig. 3.1 = rice

Fig. 3.2 = sugar cane
Fig. 3.3 = cotton
Fig. 3.4 = wheat/barley
4 @ 1 mark

3(a)(ii) Using Fig. 3.1 (Insert) only, describe the characteristics of the crop 2
shown.

 leaves are long/straight/narrow/spiky/pointed

 small seeds/grains
 stalks/grains/seeds are drooping/hanging/bending
 grains are clustered together/growing along stalks
 grains are covered by chaff/husks
 leaves are (bright) green/yellow/seeds/grains are
green/yellow/cream/white/chaff is cream/white (colour max 1 mark)

2 @ 1 mark

3(b)(i) Study Fig. 3.5, a map showing sheep-rearing areas in southern Pakistan. 3

Using Fig. 3.5 only, describe the distribution of the main sheep-rearing
areas.

 uneven/scattered/widespread distribution
 in all provinces on the map/on Fig 3.5/ all named provinces
 along international boundaries/border
 along named province boundaries/border: Balochistan & Sindh/
Balochistan & Punjab/Punjab & Sindh
 Balochistan has the largest main area/Sindh has the smallest main area
 central/mid/N/NE Balochistan
 SE(tip) of Sindh/small area in N/NE Sindh
 W/NW/SW of Punjab
 found between 25–31°N, 61–71°E in Balochistan
found between 24–28°N, 69–71°E in Sindh
found between 29–31°N, 69–73°E in Punjab

Note: latitude and longitude = max 1 mark.

3 @ 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

3(b)(ii) Explain two reasons why sheep are reared in the regions shown in Fig. 4
3.5. You should develop your answer.

 provide a wide range of useful products; such as named example

(milk/cheese/wool/meat/skin etc.) (dev)
 are profitable/low cost to rear/source of income/reared for commercial
purposes; the wool is used in manufacture of textiles/there is a high
demand for meat in the domestic/export markets (dev)
 the meat is in high demand for religious/cultural celebrations; they are
sacrificed in large numbers at festivals such as Eid-al-Adha/their meat is
prized above other meats for special/celebration meals (dev)
 are relatively low cost to keep/subsistence farmers rear sheep; meat/milk
used to feed their families/use the wool to make clothes (dev)
 can be nomadic/are often reared by nomadic people; they are relatively
fast to herd/can move over the terrain easily (dev)
 can survive in mountainous areas/on slopes/uneven/rough/marginal land;
because they are sure footed/they can be reared on land not wanted for
other more profitable uses/named land use examples (dev)
 are adaptable/can survive in many climate conditions; can grow thicker
coats for survival in cold areas/do not require much water in hot
climates/do not require a lot of care from farmers (dev)
 can graze on many types of vegetation/grass/shrubs; can roam over wide
areas to find grazing (dev)

Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the
point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of
the second point.

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks

3(c)(i) Define ‘cash crop farming’. 1

Farming that produces crops for sale/to make money/to be sold for profit/for
commercial purposes.
1 @ 1 mark

3(c)(ii) Complete the diagram to show how cash crop farming operates as a 3
system. You should give one example of: an input; a process: an output.

inputs: money/capital/labour/tools/machinery/named example of tool or

machinery/seeds/fertiliser/pesticide/insecticide/
land/soil/climate/water/rainfall/sunshine

processes: ploughing/planting/sowing/transplanting/weeding/spraying /
irrigation/picking/harvesting/winnowing/threshing

outputs: crops/named example crops/by-products/profit

3 @ 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

3(c)(iii) Suggest two ways agricultural production in Pakistan could be 2

increased.

(By increased use of/access to:)

 GM/high-yielding varieties(HYVs)/drought resistant seeds
 manure/(chemical) fertilisers/pesticides/insecticides
 modern irrigation systems or named examples e.g. sprinkler
 reducing water pollution/water conservation
 crop rotation/multi-cropping
 machinery/mechanisation
 (farmer) education/training/increased literacy rates
 subsidies/loans
 lowering prices/seed banks
 land consolidation/reform/reclamation/larger area/fields
 treating/preventing waterlogging/salinity
 tree planting for shade/to prevent soil erosion

2 @ 1 mark

3(d) Pakistan has a large agricultural sector which contributed around 20 per 6
cent to its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2020.

Evaluate the opportunities for, and challenges of, continuing to develop

agriculture sustainably in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your
judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider
different points of view in your answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant
example (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

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Question Answer Marks

3(d) Content Guide

Opportunities for developing agriculture sustainably include:

 rich fertile soil along e.g. Indus plain produces high output/reduces need
for fertilisers as sediments are deposited naturally
 the use of fertilisers natural and chemical would increase output/reduce
the need for imported food/could export more crops/increase balance of
trade
 land reforms would improve output by consolidating holdings and
protecting the rights of tenants/breaking the monopoly of landlords/thus
increasing the land available for farming/increasing production
 use of machinery should increase which means that farming can be
intensified/more produced on same amount of land
 Pakistan has the potential to improve output further through education/
training/skills to enable farmers to use new technology/machinery/
techniques/irrigation methods

Challenges of developing agriculture sustainably include:

 majority of quality, useable farmland is already in production
 increasing population is increasing demand for land for other uses such
as urbanisation/transport/industry
 crops are threatened by pests and diseases, whole crops can be wiped
out making farming unsustainable
 farmers may not be able to afford pesticides/insecticides, they are
harmful to the environment
 farmers may not be able to afford HYV seeds, so may not produce
enough crops to sell/can only produce enough for themselves
 many farmers have small holdings/subsistence farmers which means that
only small amounts of food are produced/does not help the future
economic development of the country
 some farmers continue to use traditional methods which does not
improve the quality or quantity of crops produced, education/training for
farmers but some resistant to using modern techniques

Examples: could include named regions/crops/irrigation equipment/named

machinery/types of seed e.g. IR8/land reform policies etc.

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Question Answer Marks

4(a)(i) Study Fig. 4.1, a diagram showing the intended destination for the 3
main products of some of Pakistan’s major industries.

Complete Fig. 4.1 by using arrows to match the type of industry with
the correct product and its main destination. An example has been
done for you.

type of industry product destination

sports goods footballs/cricket bats export

market

iron and steel metal rolls/bars/tubes/ domestic

wires/sheets market

surgical needles/scalpels scissors domestic and

instruments export market

3 @ 1 mark

4(a)(ii) State one city where each of the following industries takes place in 3
Pakistan.

 sports goods – Sialkot

 iron and steel – Faisalabad / Gujranwala / Islamabad / Jacobabad /

Karachi / Lahore / Quetta / Peshawar / Rawalpindi / Taxila

 surgical instruments – Sialkot/Lahore

3 @ 1 mark

4(a)(iii) To which sector do the types of industry named in (a)(i) belong? Circle 1
the correct answer.

secondary
1 @ 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

4(b)(i) Study Fig. 4.2 (Insert), a photograph taken inside a steel mill in 3
Pakistan.

Using Fig 4.2 only, describe three features of the steel mill shown.

 large/wide building/factory
 high ceiling
 machinery/mechanised/high tech
 rollers
 metal/steel plate/steel bar(s)/steel sheet/rolled steel
 staircases/walkways/bridge
 barriers/railings
 windows
 lights/spotlights/floodlights/strip lights/electricity/power supply
 offices/control room (to the side)
 two/three storeys/floors/levels
 container(s)/storage box
3 @ 1 mark

4(b)(ii) Study Fig. 4.3, a line graph showing changes in the percentage share 2
of total employment by employment sector in Pakistan between 2012
and 2020.

Complete Fig. 4.3 by plotting the percentage share employed in the

secondary sector in 2018 and the tertiary sector in 2020 using the
information below.

accurate completion of secondary line: 2018 – 25%

accurate completion of tertiary line: 2020 – 38%

2 @ 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

4(b)(iii) Suggest reasons for the changes in the percentage share of total 3
employment for each employment sector shown in Fig. 4.3.

 (primary decline)
more mechanised/mechanisation/manual work reduced
loss of agricultural land
importing more food/raw materials
rural to urban migration
low wages

 (secondary remains steady)

lack of investment in industries
manufactured goods are imported
some new factories/mills employ few people due to machines

 (secondary slight increase)

foreign/multi-national investment
some new manufacturing industries need workers
more educated/skilled/trained/literate population
people attracted to jobs by higher wages/better conditions

 (tertiary industry increased)

increased high technology/ICT/research and development
increased call centre/banking/insurance jobs
more international/domestic tourism
increasing demand/growing population for more services/shops /
entertainments/leisure
more disposable income to spend on services
more educated/skilled/trained/literate population
people attracted to jobs by higher wages/better conditions

Note: 1 mark per section. No credit for the same idea used in more than
one sector.

3 @ 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

4(c) Explain two factors influencing the location of the iron and steel 4
industry in Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

 close to raw materials (e.g. iron ore/manganese); as raw materials are

expensive/bulky to transport (dev)
 in areas where raw materials are accessible by mining; complex
extraction requires more money/highly skilled workforce/expensive
machinery (dev)
 site of steel mill must be flat land; this reduces construction costs/level
rollers required for steel sheet production (dev)
 site of steel mill must have area of large/cheap land available; for future
expansion/for storage (dev)
 mine/mill needs a reliable/available power supply; such as a power
station/named example e.g. Karachi nuclear plant/connected to national
grid/load shedding will slow production (dev)
 needs a close water supply/river/sea; to be used as a coolant (dev)
 good transport links/routes are required nearby; such as roads/railways
for ease/speed of transporting raw materials/finished products (dev)
 coastal location for steel mills; to allow access to port/import of raw
materials (dev)
 near to towns/cities/large population/densely populated areas; for
abundant/skilled/unskilled labour/where workers can commute (dev)
 steel mill away from housing/residential area; due to noise/air pollution
(dev)
 near to manufacturing industries/named example e.g. car assembly
plants/steel girders; for sales/markets for goods/because they use the
iron/steel to make their finished product (dev)

Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the
point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of
the second point.

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks

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Question Answer Marks

4(d) The informal sector plays an important role within many of Pakistan’s 6
major industries.

To what extent does informal labour benefit the economic

development of Pakistan? Give reasons to support your judgement
and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different
points of view in your answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant
example (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant
example (5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content Guide

Informal labour benefits economic development because:

 informal labour plays an important role in many industries e.g. textile
industry/sports goods etc. allowing export products to be manufactured
 informal sector employs large numbers of people providing them
income, to spend on other goods and services
 allows people with little education/skills to gain income so can reduce
number of homeless/extreme poverty
 skills in informal work are handed down through generations so
government have less need to invest in education
 informal industry makes use of local raw materials/waste products from
other industries, therefore reduces cost of/need for imports
 tourists spend money on informally made traditional craft products
contributing to GDP
 informal jobs can fit work around other commitments providing extra
income for people, this income can be spent in other sectors

Informal labour may not benefit economic development because:

 if formal instead of informal labour was used there would be less
unemployment or under-employment/more taxes paid to government so
more investment could take place/examples of how taxes could be used
to further develop the country
 informal labour is better for industries because it reduces costs in
paying taxes/can pay lower wages but this negatively affects the
economy overall

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Question Answer Marks

4(d)  do not have to maintain a contract/regular hours, informal labour is only

used temporarily to fill gaps to meet demand so the contribution to the
economy fluctuates
 it may limit international trade – non-standardised goods/poor working
conditions/some areas of the informal sector use child labour
 formal labour could increase international trade/meet international
standards to increase value of goods/exports

Examples could include named industries e.g. brick kiln/surgical

instruments, craft products e.g. embroidery/shoes etc.
3 @ 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

5(a)(i) Study Fig. 5.1 (Insert), a map showing part of the urban area of 3
Islamabad.

Using Fig. 5.1 only, describe the location of the ‘National Institute of
Health’.

 on the outskirts/edge/east of Islamabad/built up/urban area/city

 along/on/accessed via Park Road
 near/close to the following named features:
Rawal Lake
Rawal Town
Korang River
Jinnah Stadium
Shakarparian Park
Jinnah Convention centre
Park Road

 direction from any named feature:

NE of Margalla Town/Pakistan Airforce Base Nur Khan
E/ENE of Rawal Town
E of Shakarparian Park
E/ESE of Jinnah Stadium/Fatima Jinnah Park
SE of Margalla Hills/Rawal Lake/President’s House/Islamabad
Zoo/Faisal Mosque/Jinnah Convention Centre
S/SW of Quaid-i-Azam University

 distance in km from any named feature:

1.5–5 Rawal Lake
2.5–4.5 Rawal Town
3.5–6.5 Margalla Town
4.5–5.5 Jinnah Convention Centre
4.5–7.5 Shakarparian Park
5–6.5 Jinnah Stadium
6–9 South of Quaid-i-Azam University
7–9 President’s House
8–11Pakistan Air Force Base Nur Khan
11–15 Margalla Hills
10–12.5 Islamabad Zoo
11–12.5 Faisal Mosque
11–13.5 Fatima Jinnah Park
3 @ 1 mark

5(a)(ii) Using Fig. 5.1 only, identify two areas used for leisure and recreation. 2

 parks/open spaces (in key)

 (main) commercial area (in key)
 Named features: (max 2)
Jinnah Convention centre / Fatima Jinnah Park/Korang River
/Islamabad Zoo/Jinnah Stadium/Margalla Hills/Rawal Lake/
Shakarparian Park/Quaid-i-Azam University
2 @ 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

5(a)(iii) Fig. 5.1 shows an area around the edge of Islamabad that could be 3
used for future development.

Suggest three ways in which this area could be developed for leisure
and tourism.

 hotels/guest houses/campsite
 restaurants/cafes
 shops/mall/markets
 parks/open space/picnic area
 taxis/car hire facilities/bus station
 museums/theatres/cinema
 wildlife centres/zoo
 sports ground/gym/stadium/racetrack/go-karting track/skatepark
 amusement park/theme park/water park/boating lake
 viewing point/observation tower
3 @ 1 mark

5(b)(i) Define ‘death rate’. 1

The number of deaths/people who die per 1000 people per year
1 @ 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

5(b)(ii) Explain two ways in which death rates can be reduced in Pakistan. You 4
should develop your answer.

 (improved) medical/health facilities/medical staff; so there are fewer

people per doctor/increased access to healthcare/people can be treated
quickly/disease and illness diagnosed and treated (dev)
 (more) vaccination programmes e.g. cholera/covid-19/access to
medicines e.g. antibiotics/malaria tablets; reduce death from
disease/reduces infant mortality rates (dev)
 (improved) sanitation/access to clean water/flushing toilets/waste
disposal/sewerage system/high quality housing; to avoid water borne
disease/allows people to wash hands/surfaces/electricity/heating or
other examples reduces risks of diseases (dev)
 (health) education/literacy e.g. importance of hygiene/about handling
food/about alcohol/smoking/how diseases/viruses are spread/health
information advertisements; leads to healthier lifestyles/to make people
aware of how to keep fit and healthy/people seeking medical care when
needed (dev)
 mechanisation/improvements in agriculture; increases food
supply/prevents malnutrition/famine (dev)
 improved diets/healthier diets/increasing food production; examples of
improvements in agriculture/people not eating too many
calories/increasing calorific intake/which helps build healthy immune
system (dev)
 exercising regularly; helps to maintain a healthy body/lowers risk of
heart disease etc (dev)
 increasing incomes; to be able to afford higher quality housing/can
afford medication/treatment (dev)
 legislation/(health and safety) regulations/building regulations/air and
water pollution controls/smoking legislation; fewer people doing
dangerous work/less likely to be killed in accidents/less destruction in
natural disasters/safer/healthier environments (dev)

Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the
point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of
the second point.

Note: Max. 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks

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Question Answer Marks

5(b)(iii) Life expectancy is the average number of years a person is likely to 2

live from birth.

Suggest two ways that an increasing life expectancy could benefit

Pakistan.

 more workers/economically active people producing

goods/services/contributing to the economy/increasing GDP
 more workers to provide taxes to government
 people can work for longer so build more financial security/
pensions/savings
 people can be independent/self-sufficient to an older age/not need to be
cared for by younger adults
 older generation can pass down experience/skills/knowledge
 older generation can look after (grand)children/allow parents to work/do
voluntary work
 reduced infant mortality/fewer child deaths increases future workforce

2 @ 1 mark

5(c) Describe why seasonal migration occurs in Pakistan. 4

 transhumance is practised/farmers move their flocks to the cooler

highlands in summer/move their flocks to the warmer plains/lowlands in
winter
 nomadic farmers move to cities to sell livestock in markets/move to
seek new grazing land for their animals
 water shortages due to seasonal drought
 lack of food/food shortages e.g. in summer due crop failure
 to avoid extreme cold/ice/snow in winter which make conditions
dangerous/roads are blocked/mountain areas are isolated
 unbearable heat so people move to higher/cooler/northern areas in
summer
 monsoon/seasonal flooding, e.g. along the River Indus
 lack of work e.g. in winter due to heavy snowfall
 seasonal work in tourism/agriculture/manufacturing e.g. cotton mills;
people move to find another job after it ends
 moving for education/during term time/for the academic year

4 @ 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

5(d) Physical and social factors contribute to variations in population 6

density.

Assess the importance of these factors in causing differences in

population density between provinces / administrative areas in
Pakistan.

Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you

have studied. You should consider different points of view in your
answer.

Levels marking

No valid response 0

Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant
example (4)

Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant
example (5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant
example (6)

Content Guide

Physical factors:

Reasons why some administrative areas have a higher population

density include:

 there is more flat land available for building on

 the climate is favourable for growing crops – no climate extremes such
as too cold or too dry
 there is a plentiful supply of fresh water for agricultural, domestic and
industrial use
 soils are fertile so a variety of crops can be grown

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Question Answer Marks

5(d) Reasons why some administrative areas have a lower population

density include:

 steep slopes e.g. Gilgit-Baltistan which makes building

settlements/roads/railways/airports difficult and thus these areas are
inaccessible
 low temperatures/ice and snow make areas unfavourable for living in
and difficult to rear animals or grow crops
 high temperatures and low rainfall in the desert areas e.g. Balochistan
make it difficult to live there
 infertile soils make growing a wide variety of crops difficult
 regular flooding deters people from settling

Social factors: (accept socio-economic factors)

Reasons why some administrative areas have a higher population

density include:

 good quality, brick-built houses with electricity and clean running water
e.g. people want to live in Karachi/Islamabad etc.
 investment in education with a variety of schools from primary up to
university level especially in the large cities attracts families
 there is a wide variety of healthcare provision such as specialist clinics
and hospitals, people want to live/work close to services
 a variety of employment opportunities in all economic sectors or named
examples of job types attracts a large population
 higher wages tend to be paid in the cities, people live close to
workplaces
 MNC’s/businesses or named examples offer employment to a large
number of people, companies set up where there are large population
centres and even more people are attracted

Reasons why some administrative areas have a lower population

density include:

 less people so fewer schools/hospitals/services are provided

 business/industry and investors favour cities, there are fewer of these in
Balochistan/KPK/Gilgit-Baltistan so less investment and fewer jobs
available
 narrow range of job opportunities mostly in primary sector such as
mining/farming which are lower paid/more risky/less attractive

Examples: could include named areas/regions/provinces/cities, named

rivers, mountain ranges.

Guidance: Punjab and Sindh have a higher population density; KPK,

Balochistan and Gilgit-Baltistan have a lower population density.

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