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It was found that observation bias in the RTK measurements significantly affected the results of the
observations and caused these to appear potentially far worse than the results may actually be. This is
recommended in every article reviewed and will be adhered to here. It is not the intention of this
dissertation to give a step-by-step description of every action but rather an overview of all major
components to the testing. 3.6.1 ESTABLISH CONTROL ARRAY i. The TS will be set-up on this
mark and the testing marks will then be measured out and observed. Page 54. This will be a function
of the observation method, time, process and equipment. Moreover it was found that RTK is not an
appropriate means of referencing; the errors in the distance led to errors in the bearing of the line that
were too great to accept based on the 95% confidence interval. Reasonable professional practice is
the expected level of professionalism and knowledge to be displayed by a surveyor throughout the
due course of his work. I want assistance on how I can phrase the topic and want to include as sub-
topics of the dessertation. Observe the initial USQ control mark then control marks CH20, CH40,
CH80, CH120, CH160 and CH200 for 3 seconds holding the pole by hand. By incorporating these
accuracy standards into the results it was determined in what instances RTK would meet or fail the
accuracy. In kartesischer Form lassen sich komplexe Zahlen relativ einfach addieren bzw. The results
will consist of ?E and ?N residual plots. 4.2 ESTABLISH THE CONTROL ARRAY WITH TOTAL
STATION Observation Distance Bearing Point No. Abbildungen wie Translationen oder etwa
Drehstreckungen oder Eigenwertprobleme konnten auch. From the literature review, all guidelines
rely on a 95% confidence interval, therefore enough data must be collected so as to create a normal
distribution and so that erroneous outriding observations can be identified and excluded. It should be
noted that the vertical observations to control mark B26 in the control establishment survey have
large delta values, however this was found to be Page 63. A consideration to be taken into account
here is that the comparison of RTK and TS observations is not concerned with the co-ordinates of the
observations but rather the measured lines (TS) and reduced baselines (RTK) to be compared. If a
surveyor were to measure BS’s with RTK he is advised to occupy the station for 180 seconds and use
a bipod to stabilise the rover pole. Another area that has already been addressed in this dissertation is
the consideration of using a 99% confidence interval (3?) to analyse the data rather than a 95% CI.
In particular around the 160m mark all but the 180sec observations meet the accuracy standard,
which at the very least confirms that RTK can be used to observe lines much shorter than 640m.
5.5.1 ESTABLISH WHEN RTK OBSERVATIONS WILL MEET TS ACCURACY SP1 identified
where RTK observations would meet and surpass the accuracy capable by conventional TS
observations as 640m. It was found that longer occupations did result in better accuracy than the
short 3sec observations, as expected from the Literature Review however it was found that even
rigorous observation techniques can produce results that are not of high accuracy or precision based
on the effects of observation bias. When working with a sample size at or below 25, the student-T
distribution should be used for statistical analysis and as the size approaches 25 the distribution more
closely represents a normal Page 90. When considering what answers will be generated in the end
there must be a standard that surveyors can strive for to match or exceed. Page 19. For you,
communication is widely affected by networking through its various forms. Learn the history of
Olympic Games and find out what meaning they had in the past and how people perceive them now.
Firstly is the recommendation that the receiver should be set to observe a 1-second data collection
rate using the averaging technique, and secondly that to observe Class C positions (the quality of a
cadastral survey) a rover pole with bipod can be used, in favour of the surveyor holding the pole and
in exception to a tripod. By achieving these goals it is then the aim to provide these findings to the
SBQ for their internal review so that this research may become part of the guideline and supplement
the inexplicit areas and further define the guideline. The 120m mark observations are of particular
concern in this case as there is a 0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030 20 40 80 120 160 200
Tota l Err or (mm ) Line Length (m) Total Error of the Short Line Observations Accuracy Standard
TS Accuracy 3sec Observations 30sec Observations 60sec Observations 180sec Observations Page
99. DevGAMM Conference Barbie - Brand Strategy Presentation Barbie - Brand Strategy
Presentation Erica Santiago Good Stuff Happens in 1:1 Meetings: Why you need them and how to
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Saba Software Introduction to C Programming Language Introduction to C Programming Language
Simplilearn The Pixar Way: 37 Quotes on Developing and Maintaining a Creative Company (fr. Also
the base station must be located in a low multipath area. More evidence of this testing is provided by
the work of Edwards et al 2010 and Janssen and Haasdyk 2011. Satellite path cycles are just under
12 hours long; if GNSS observations were taken over a 24 hour period (i.e. 2 full cycles) the results
would appear to be randomly and evenly scattered, though the actual answer would be equal satellite
bias in all directions as satellite bias changes as satellite geometry changes. Page 88.
Schema fur dieses Polynom sieht folgenderma?en aus. It is not the intention of this dissertation to
give a step-by-step description of every action but rather an overview of all major components to the
testing. 3.6.1 ESTABLISH CONTROL ARRAY i. The methods for testing have been established
from a combination of literature articles as well as industry standards, the author’s professional
experience, consultation with experienced professions and consultation with dissertation supervisor
Mr Peter Gibbings. Our sample business dissertations are an ideal tool for any student struggling to
start their own business dissertation. Adobe Express Go from Adobe Express creation to Issuu
publication. To achieve this, field testing must be completed so as to provide the data needed.
Overall the field is an ideal area in which to conduct the testing. Page 52. This is due in part to the
limited jurisdiction of the SBQ and the means by which they can guide survey practices. It is
recommended though that a tripod be used when connecting to established survey control marks and
especially when observations are being used for a site transformation. DevGAMM Conference
Barbie - Brand Strategy Presentation Barbie - Brand Strategy Presentation Erica Santiago Good
Stuff Happens in 1:1 Meetings: Why you need them and how to do them well Good Stuff Happens
in 1:1 Meetings: Why you need them and how to do them well Saba Software Introduction to C
Programming Language Introduction to C Programming Language Simplilearn The Pixar Way: 37
Quotes on Developing and Maintaining a Creative Company (fr. Therefore to determine whether
RTK can be used for observing BS’s at lengths shorter than the recommended 200m (SBQ guideline)
another perpendicular angle offset distance analysis will be conducted for this data set. It is
important to realise that outriding observations will always creep into RTK observations as was the
case in all these observation sets. It may in fact be a case of the observation bias and satellite
geometry aligning to provide a result that appears accurate. This would mean that based on the
observation bias present in the observations the line error would not just be 2?, but 2. For the
purposes of this dissertation the CSF was determined from the inverse report in the TBC software.
In this brief overview, the guideline mentions that a fixed ambiguity solution must be achieved and
that a fixed solution is required for all observations (initialisation loss and re-initialisation is accepted
though) throughout the survey. This is a very early analysis but still interesting to note. As the survey
marks need to be placed for the purposes of this dissertation, it is critical that the marks will pose no
safety hazard to the public and that the placement of the marks has no environmental impact beyond
regular survey mark placement for cadastral purposes. It should be noted from the survey report that
there is evidence of several or more marks being been disturbed. Observation bias is the effect
satellite geometry has on the triangulation of GNSS co-ordinates depending on the current satellite
geometry at that time of observation. From the survey report of the TS observations the control array
establishment survey will be taken as the true bearings to all points, as on review of the survey report
it was found to have a lower observation standard error and the general station set-up observations
were on a higher accuracy than the independent check survey. This is interesting as it would be the
surveyor’s intent to use RTK exclusively (where possible, integrated surveys may be required) or
conventional methods exclusively for the survey otherwise why bother using RTK at all. From the
SBQ guideline it is can be concluded that a lot of faith is inferred to the surveyors’ ability to judge
conditions and situations accurately. By reaching or exceeding the guidelines standards we are
officially satisfying the requirements of the SBQ for utilising RTK GNSS in cadastral surveys.
Thisaim will be achieved by reviewing various business management techniques and their impact
onthe productivity, effectiveness and efficiency of an organisation. Based on common workplace
practices and the recommendations found through the literature review, observation equipment will
either consist of a pole or a pole with bipod attachment. Though the precision of these observations
might be greater (hence the SD will be less) than the 0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 2 5 10 20
Tota l Err or (m) Line Length (m) Total Error of the Referencing Observations Accuracy Standard TS
Accuracy 3sec Observations 30sec Observations 60sec Observations 180sec Observations Page 94.
This cannot be minimised in the field by any means of observation technique as the bias is a function
of the satellite geometry at the time. If a 99% CI (3?) had been adopted for this testing it would have
been found that RTK would not be appropriate for short line observation in the same circumstances
as identified in the above analysis and that the minimum backsight length could potentially be
required to be longer.
Previously it was stated that in regard to referencing, RTK should not be recommended as the
measurement method as the line errors were so substantial over such short distances. Moreover this
chapter will give an overview of the dissertation timeline, the resource planning scheme and the
necessary equipment. 3.2 OBSERVATION METHODS 3.2.1 OBSERVATION LENGTH In terms of
observing the marks that will be established for the purposes of testing, there are many different
techniques of observation and a variety of equipment that can be used to do so. There is no way to
initially tell whether the ambiguity solution is in fact bad, which is why the need for reoccupation
and redundant observations are required (reoccupation recommended to be about 30 minutes later).
Firstly is the recommendation that the receiver should be set to observe a 1-second data collection
rate using the averaging technique, and secondly that to observe Class C positions (the quality of a
cadastral survey) a rover pole with bipod can be used, in favour of the surveyor holding the pole and
in exception to a tripod. Als aufwandiges Beispiel nehme ich mir folgendes Polynom vor. It is
important to remember that there is the possibility for bad ambiguity solutions periodically, and it
would seem prudent, from Roberts’ and Gibbings’ work, to loss initialisation and determine a new
ambiguity solution between each set of observations (i.e. between the first observations and the
reoccupation). You will need to expand on 2 — 3 research questions within your chosen management
dissertation topic. By observing each mark 30 times for each different observation time, this will
collect data over a period of time, allowing the satellite geometry to change thereby satisfying the
SBQ guideline requirements. An important note in regards to how the guideline is structured is that it
does not define ideal RTK conditions or the conditions in which this guideline is appropriate (the
Page 32. As the requirement for bearing accuracy diminishes though, it can be seen that any
observation method will meet this standard over increasingly short lines. In particular around the
160m mark all but the 180sec observations meet the accuracy standard, which at the very least
confirms that RTK can be used to observe lines much shorter than 640m. 5.5.1 ESTABLISH WHEN
RTK OBSERVATIONS WILL MEET TS ACCURACY SP1 identified where RTK observations
would meet and surpass the accuracy capable by conventional TS observations as 640m. Conversely
the analysis of the short line observations actually provides results which would move to disprove
the recommendations of some jurisdictions that RTK can only be used to observe lines over 120m.
This field work may be carried out over existing cadastral boundaries or known points so that
measurements can be compared to real world, accurate data. The objective of this dissertation is to
align all testing with reasonable professional practice therefore this concept needs to be defined too.
This could potentially limit RTK’s use however it would result in much more accurate data. 6.5
IMPROVEMENTS ON THIS DISSERTATION If this dissertation were to be repeated the primary
change to be made would be to stagger the testing observations over several days in different time
windows. This is not acceptable though as none of the observations are actually within 2. Digital
Sales Sell your publications commission-free as single issues or ongoing subscriptions. This Code
provides benefits for consumers of spatial information including survey services specifically, by
providing public confidence in the record of surveys and in surveyors themselves. In particular it
covers sections regarding a) Standards of Accuracy, b) Best Practice Guidelines for Surveys and
Reductions, c) Recommended Marking Practices and d) Recommended Documentation Practices.
The author acknowledges there are many other tasks required for a cadastral survey however given
the limited time period, all testing is limited to empirically testing these 3 concepts. This method of
observation will meet the accuracy recommendation of the survey standards’. Guidance notes for
GNSS Network rtk SurveyiNG iN Great BritaiN. A democratic style of management can end in
unhurried decision making processand more errors because the employees entrusted with the duty of
making decisions are not at alltimes capable enough to do it correctly Kincki and Kreitner. The
inclusion of this document is critically important however as it will substantiate the testing regime
and provide the basis of reasonable professional practice, for which this dissertation is concerned.
Page 42. The testing makes it apparent that RTK can in fact observe lines of 40m or greater. The
guideline then provides some recommended best practices to observe when using RTK for cadastral
surveys but these are mostly covered within SP1. The controlling function is somewhat practiced by
managersat all levels in the organizational hierarchy. The SBQ guideline covers multiple areas, but to
further clarify (and where necessary quantify) every section of the guideline would be a dissertation
in-and-of itself. There is no industry standard that defines within what proximity a mark must be to a
corner to be called a reference mark, however for the purposes of this dissertation it was accepted to
be up to 20m. Basically it will now be clear to anyone who intends to use this dissertation or rely on
the results, how these results were gained and exactly how the testing has gone about the testing
practices. Page 61.
Total Error 2 2.102487336 2.104879611 -0.00239 0.00239 0.00420117 0.00659 5 4.93934935
4.94167951 -0.00233 0.00233 0.00443481 0.00676 10 10.05084126 10.0556323 -0.00479 0.00479
0.00446424 0.00926 20 20.35828 20.35709 0.00119 0.00119 0.00408 0.00527 60sec Observations
Distance True Distance Average Distance Error Absolute Difference 2. This must inherently be
incorporated into the testing regime. Ensure that all marks have a clear point number and chainage so
that there is no confusion as to what each mark represents. Page 57. Minimum backsight lengths
were found to confirm the recommendations of the SBQ guidelines. Generally these marks are less
than 10-20m away and are used to verify the accuracy of an existing mark, for corner referencing
and to assist in reinstating corners. I would like to focus on the Wine and spirit industry taking
Diageo and Pernord Ricard as case studies. In this instance the 30sec observations meet this
accuracy standard for every length and the 60sec observations very nearly approached this at the
20m length. As stated in Chapter 2, all testing will be carried out in a manner that will allow real
world replication and the practices to be implemented align with the recommended best practices as
outlined by the various guidelines and SP1. The 30sec observations approached 30” accuracy
towards the 20m length however none of the bearings were within an acceptable accuracy range.
This research aims to provide minimum standards, limitations and precautions for use of RTK and
will supplement the Page 113. This presentation has been made at numerous professional seminars
and Dr Gibbings’ knowledge is well regarded; the presentation aims to educate surveyors on the
application of RTK for cadastral surveys and covers numerous areas related to its use and
appropriate implementation. Konstrukte sowohl mit theoretischem als auch mit praktischem Nutzen.
In this brief overview, the guideline mentions that a fixed ambiguity solution must be achieved and
that a fixed solution is required for all observations (initialisation loss and re-initialisation is accepted
though) throughout the survey. Line Length Combined Scale Factor 2m 0.9996225056 5m
0.9996224023 10m 0.9996223594 20m 0.9996223375 40m 0.9996223710 80m 0.9996223477 Page
67. When observing BS’s to orientate a survey, the surveyor must strive to achieve the greatest
degree of accuracy possible. Therefore the CSF’s were checked and one set of CSF’s was chosen;
this will be appropriate as the differences in the CSF’s is so small it will not affect the data at the
sub-millimeter or sub-second level. Cadastral Surveying Report Page 6 It is evident that the Land
Survey Board, to which the subsection refers. In particular regard to cadastral surveys Roberts’
recommends that the base should be set upon a control mark (tied to the relevant survey plan) with
known MGA co-ordinates, provided that it fulfils the previous requirements. “Modern GPS systems
have improved satellite tracking technology such that weaker signals can be observed under trees
with moderate foliage. (Note that dense foliage will still cause cycle slips). While there are many
task required to complete a full cadastral survey, 3 critical tasks that are commonly misunderstood
were identified. Observation Techniques it is apparent that only the base work for this section has
been laid as the section only covers about half a page. As the survey marks need to be placed for the
purposes of this dissertation, it is critical that the marks will pose no safety hazard to the public and
that the placement of the marks has no environmental impact beyond regular survey mark placement
for cadastral purposes. Moreover, when conducting this testing the SBQ Code of Practice will be
strictly followed so as to ensure all testing is carried out in a manner indicative of the doctrines of
the SBQ and it can be initially accepted on the basis that it was carried out with due care and regard.
Page 27. The data will be brought into TBC and the baselines between the initial survey mark (B32)
and each testing point will be established and from an inverse analysis the combined scale factor that
needs to be applied to each line will be determined (grid ground) v. The guideline also takes the time
to differentiate between accuracy and precision in regards to using RTK; Page 40. Practically this
means that the testing follows best practice recommendations as it simulates a new base position for
every round of testing ensuring that one bad ambiguity solution doesn’t affect the rounds of testing
completed with that AR. This will be done as opposed to measuring the same mark 30 times then
moving on to the next to ensure that the satellite geometry has changed and that by the end of
testing there will certainly be enough geometry change to satisfy the minimum 30 minute
requirement. This area provides over a hectare of open space within which survey testing for various
classes is conducted (refer to the following Figures for site photos). Roberts doesn’t really go into
any more detail than was previously found, and focusses on how RTK can be configured to work on
a local ground co-ordinate system, a topic beyond the scope of this dissertation. Page 38. The
guideline through the work of the NSW Land and Property Information states that a 2 minute
observation delivers huge improvements in positioning quality (than shorter observation times)
whereas observations for longer than 2 minutes are generally not expected to provide any substantial
further improvement. It may be found that RTK is applicable to all reference marks or only those
over longer distances.
Furthermore all observation sets there is evidence of outriding observations and this, at the very least
highlights the critical importance of reoccupation at a later time, given a change in the satellite
geometry and a new AR. We do accept that in some situations where we will have an impact and we
accept responsibility for that; however it is also our responsibility to find alternative less impactive
methods, observe best practices and perform our work in a professional and sustainable manner.
Despite this advanced tracking capability, the signals are noisier, weaker and therefore more likely to
be subject to multipath and diffraction. A List Of Excellent Events Management Dissertation Ideas
2019-03-07. The guideline suggests that this is done with conventional methods (i.e. TS and
measuring tape) with these methods taking precedence over the RTK observations. There will be
some overlap with other sections of the guideline however it is not the intention of this dissertation
to fully explore these concepts. While the SBQ has relied heavily on surveyors’ discretion, this is not
necessarily an entirely bad concept. This research aims to provide minimum standards, limitations
and precautions for use of RTK and will supplement the Page 113. Adobe InDesign Design pixel-
perfect content like flyers, magazines and more with Adobe InDesign. The next few sections of
Roberts’ work actually looks at observation considerations. Section 2.3 Coordinating marks
recommends the use of a tripod or other stabilisation equipment when observing a point to ensure
there is no movement during the occupation and that the receiver remains above the observation point
of the mark. Moving onto backsight lengths, the SBQ guideline recommends that for the use of RTK
backsight lengths should normally be 200m and greater and never less than 100m except in difficult
terrain. Of this manual, this dissertation is concerned with Part B, 2.6 Global Positioning System
(GPS). It is because of the effect of satellite geometry that GNSS observations are not randomly
scattered (i.e. when compared to a true value the observations are to the south, north, east and west
in equal distribution) but will be biased towards a certain direction. It is not the intention of this
dissertation to give a step-by-step description of every action but rather an overview of all major
components to the testing. 3.6.1 ESTABLISH CONTROL ARRAY i. And finally, it is advised that
no observations should be taken when the PDOP as stated from the controller is greater than 6. An
important note in regards to how the guideline is structured is that it does not define ideal RTK
conditions or the conditions in which this guideline is appropriate (the Page 32. A case study of the
Chrysler and Daimler Benz merger 2. There is the allowance however that there will be overlap into
various other sections of the guideline in the course of this research, work and testing and perhaps
even into other Page 24. Including customer service as a component: Do attendees know where to go
to get questions answered quickly. It is acceptable to not use a tripod for the testing, and use a bipod
instead as this method will still achieve the required accuracy standard, as defined by the ACT
guideline. This dissertation will not require any contact with or co-operation from the public and can
be carried out solely without impact. To overcome this cadastral surveyors can place two or three
marks in clearer locations, coordinate them using RTK GPS techniques and then radiate or intersect
the cadastral detail required using a total station or theodolite.” (Roberts, pg. 6, 2005) Roberts’
review of working under trees or high obstruction areas provides a good argument for the proper
location of the base as well as an indication of the care that must be taken during RTK observations.
This will help to identify what exactly needs to done, though not necessarily how the testing regime
would go about achieving which is why further research will be done into literature regarding this,
particularly Standards and Practices for Cadastral Surveys (SP1) and the newest version of SP1. For
the purposes of this dissertation the CSF was determined from the inverse report in the TBC
software. If a surveyor were to measure BS’s with RTK he is advised to occupy the station for 180
seconds and use a bipod to stabilise the rover pole. Barbie - Brand Strategy Presentation Barbie -
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37 Quotes on Developing and Maintaining a Creative Company (fr. Moreover as the satellite
geometry hasn’t changed significantly the observations are focussed towards the east slightly, rather
than a random distribution. These findings have been found to be consistent with the standards and
recommendations of SP1, for which all (except the SBQ Code of Practice) of the literature is
concerned. Based on the testing regime and analysis outcomes this dissertation has successfully
fulfilled this aim. This is the accuracy threshold identified by the SSIR 2012 and so it is
recommended that surveyors apply conventional methods in instances of short distances (below
100m).
When considering what answers will be generated in the end there must be a standard that surveyors
can strive for to match or exceed. Page 19. Teams Enable groups of users to work together to
streamline your digital publishing. An extension of this would be to investigate how reoccupation up
to several days later would improve the results. Barbie - Brand Strategy Presentation Barbie - Brand
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Introduction to C Programming Language Introduction to C Programming Language The Pixar Way:
37 Quotes on Developing and Maintaining a Creative Company (fr. The growth and changes that
was seen for many years in finance and industry was taken as agolden age for accountants,
particularly for people that have people management skills. The 180sec observations proved to be the
best method for observing minimum BS lengths as the offset error actually met the TS accuracy over
about 180m, which is slightly shorter than the recommended 200m. As these sections of the SBQ
guidelines are the information around which this dissertation is built, it is critical that these sections
in particular are analysed in depth. When the 180sec observations are considered as three groups of
observations based on the days of observation, it shows that while accuracy is still subject to errors
such as observation bias, precision increases dramatically with more rigorous observation lengths.
From this the minimally acceptable practices for observing these three aspects have been determined.
The total mean is calculated as the; The below Table 5.1 provides the numeric values of the total
error in the observation lines. Regarding RTK, different observation techniques are usually concerned
with variable lengths of occupation as opposed to changing other factors, therefore the testing will
range from very minimum rigor occupations to much greater; 3 second observations to 180 second
observations. Managers should select a style of management that suits them, their divisions,
theircolleagues, their team fellows, their juniors, and lastly the company they work in the greatest. It
is interesting to again consider the more rigorous observations methods here, where accounting for
the observation bias has put these observations well outside the accuracy limits of the surveys
standards. Connections and Radiations for which this research is concerned. Reasonable
professional practice is the expected level of professionalism and knowledge to be displayed by a
surveyor throughout the due course of his work. The guideline is very shallow in detail regarding
recommended observation techniques where it merely states the techniques acceptable for cadastral
surveying and some performance requirements of the GNSS equipment. Most of the previous
sections of this literature review have base in SP1 and because SP1 was conducted by the ICSM it is
of course applicable to this dissertation. Stellen auszuwerten oder ein Polynom durch einen linearen
Faktor zu dividieren. We do accept that in some situations where we will have an impact and we
accept responsibility for that; however it is also our responsibility to find alternative less impactive
methods, observe best practices and perform our work in a professional and sustainable manner. This
is justified by the work of Janssen and Haasdyk, who found through their research, indications of
significant benefits to accuracy from averaging observations over longer time periods (one or two
minutes) and reoccupation (10-30 minutes later). It's like a masterclass to be explored at your own
pace. PLUS!; PETER GIBBINGS The inclusion of this presentation within the literature review is a
necessity given Dr Gibbings involvement and experience in the field of RTK for cadastral surveys
and his involvement with the writing of the SBQ guidelines. This would mean that based on the
observation bias present in the observations the line error would not just be 2?, but 2. This is the
default observation time set for feature observation (from the author’s experience) and reflects the
least amount of rigor to obtain an averaged position; i.e. hold and measure. There is obviously a huge
rigor difference between a 3 second observation and a 180 second observation which reflects the
most and least a surveyor can do to measure a point via RTK. A surveyor has no control over the
conditions of the survey, however just like it is stated within the guidelines most errors with RTK
can be overcome with redundancies in observations (section A. While this means that extra work will
be involved in the testing regime, it does mean that the aim of comparing RTK to TS accuracy can
inherently be accomplished as the control array will be established by TS. This is recommended in
every article reviewed and will be adhered to here. The purpose is to conduct this testing in such a
way that it can be repeated at will and is within the means and abilities of any surveyor to repeat in
the real world instance of short line observation, referencing and backsight length observation. It
makes absolutely no difference what the co-ordinates happen to be; in this case the co- ordinates are
literally thousands of kilometers different due to the difference between the USQ Local Plane and
MGA co-ordinate systems, so long as the observed bearings and ground distances are accurate. This
is a very early analysis but still interesting to note.