Region IV- A Level III Orthopedic Medical Center

through Human Centered Architecture

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Bachelor of Science in Architecture Department

Presented to:

Ar./EnP. Gerelson Ray R. Bernardino, UAP, PIEP, MSCM

Presented by:

Joyce Ann M. Paguio

 Introduction

Over a thousand Filipinos are experiencing different musculoskeletal

disorders such as arthritis, sprains, and different disorders in muscles. According

to Amit & Malabarbas (2020), the reported overall prevalence of musculoskeletal

pain was 74.5%, with legs (56.5%) and lower backs (56%) having the highest

prevalence. According to Li- Yu (2017), the overall prevalence of osteoporosis in

adult Filipinos 60 to 69 years of age was 0.8%, while that of those beyond 70 years

old was 2.5 percent. The overall prevalence of fractures was 11.3 percent in

females and 9.0 percent in males. There are so many Filipinos who have different

musculoskeletal disorders. Due to poverty, these people endure this pain because

they lack money or even go to public hospitals. The researcher is designing and

proposing an Orthopedic Medical Center, a regional hospital through Human

Centered architectural design of buildings and spaces for the fastest recovery.

Background of the study

Health is one of the most important aspects of people's lives. According to

the World Health Organization [WHO] (1948), “health is a state of complete

physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or

infirmity. “The people's duty to take care of themselves, though, is what matters

most. Diseases and injuries are now a part of life; individuals can no longer fight

them.

Injuries become one of the most major occurrences in people's life; they

frequently occur without people knowing, like in accidents, for example. According
to Medline Plus (2014), an injury is damage to your body. It is a general term that

refers to harm caused by accidents, falls, hits, weapons, and more. One of the

most popular types of injuries in the Philippines is musculoskeletal disorders

(MSD).

According to the World Health Organization [WHO] (2022),

musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) refer to the performance of the locomotor

system, which comprises intact muscles, bones, joints, and adjacent connective

tissues. Musculoskeletal impairments comprise more than 150 different diseases

and conditions that affect the system and are characterized by impairments in the

muscles, bones, joints, and adjacent connective tissues, leading to temporary or

lifelong limitations in functioning and participation. According to the Global Burden

of Disease [GBD], (2019) data showed that approximately 1.71 billion people

globally live with musculoskeletal conditions, including low back pain, neck pain,

fractures, other injuries, osteoarthritis, amputation, and rheumatoid arthritis.

Hospitals are one of the most important assets for treating injuries and providing

hope for recovery.

Hospitals are one of the most important establishments and health care

institutions that provide health services and are available to give treatment to people

who are sick or injured. One of the main purposes of hospitals is to provide safety for

the people who are recovering and continuing to be cured. According to the

Department of Health [DOH] (n.d.), it is important that the hospital continue their

outstanding services and ensure the safety of the patient to deliver quality essential

health services. To provide a most generated and specific hospital specialization,

such as the hospital that focuses on orthopedics.

According to the Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons [AAOS] (n.d.),

orthopedics (also called orthopedic surgery) is a medical specialty that focuses on

injuries and diseases of your body's musculoskeletal system. The Philippines has

one specialized orthopedic center that has become the most visited hospital to

treat musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) and other related conditions. As stated by

the Philippine Inquirer (2014), the Philippine Orthopedic Center (POC), which is

under the Department of Health, is the only specialized orthopedic government

hospital in the country. According to the Philippines Private Partnership Center

[PPPC] (2014), the Philippine Orthopedic Center's 700-bed capacity has dwindled

to only 534 serviceable beds, while the number of trauma and orthopedic patients

continues to swell. The result is that the center’s beds overflow into the corridors

and passageways, which does not help patients to heal.

According to https://www.britannica.com, therapeutics is the treatment and

care of a patient for the purpose of both preventing and combating disease or

alleviating pain or injury. It also serves as a guiding tool that will help the patient

heal through therapeutic architecture.

As stated by Voegeli (2020) “Human-centered architecture isn’t a trend, style,

or a methodology, but a solution-based approach to optimize the relationship

between people and buildings to attend a community’s needs Buildings designed

with this quest create solutions for problems and opportunities by focusing on the

needs, contexts, behaviors, and emotions of the people that the answers will
serve.” According to https://www.archdaily.com (n.d) that Human Centered

Architecture is the term, coined by Irish engineer Mike Cooley in his 1987

publication “Human-Centred Systems” describes a design approach around

identifying people’s needs and solving the right problem with simple interventions.

As stated by Shrestha (2020), that “Design thinking (Human-Centered Design) is a

process, mindset, and approach to solving complex problems. It is iterative and

cyclic, and fixedly focused on the people who face the issue. The human centered

design process breaks down into three basic steps — Inspiration, Ideation, and

Implementation. Much like the architectural process, the inspiration phase takes a

wide lens in gathering research, learning through varied methodologies.”

Statement of the Problem

Philippine Orthopedic Center in Quezon City, Metro Manila, is known as

the only tertiary hospital specializing in bone trauma, diseases, and other related

conditions. It is one of the public hospitals that cures different musculoskeletal

disorder.

According to the Public-Private Partnership Center [PPP] (2015), the 68-

year-old POC, currently located at Maria Clara corner Banawe streets in Quezon

City, only has 300 usable beds out of the 700 in the hospital, which limited the

scope of medical services offered in the hospital and affected the quality-of-care

patients get.".
 But it is still not enough; there are more than a hundred poor Filipinos

throughout the nation in need of medical services such as Philippine Orthopedic.

The lines and corridors are full of patients, mostly outside the hospital. The hospital

cannot cater to all the needs of the

patients. According to the Data from

the Philippine Orthopedic Center

(n.d), that in Month of January to

December 2020 there are total of 10,117 patient are consulting in Philippine

Orthopedic and there are 4,929 in Year 2021.

Data requested on: EFOI - Electronic Freedom of Information - request. (n.d.). eFOI

- Electronic Freedom of Information.

There is not enough place to stay for the patients who came from the farthest

part of the Philippines. There are still Filipino people who are enduring everything

just to have the opportunity to have a cure for their sickness and musculoskeletal

injuries. The Philippine Orthopedic In-Patient Demographic Data from 2015–2019,

as provided by the National Center for Health Facility Development (NCHFD),

showed that the population was made up of individuals from 91 Philippine provinces

and from different regions, the patients generally seek treatments at the Philippine

Orthopedic.
 So, the researcher proposed a new Regional Orthopedic Medical Center a

Level III Specialized Hospital that will cater to the needs of the people in that area

and to the provinces around it. According to the Department Order No. 2021/0001

of the Department of health that the Advanced Comprehensive Care (AC)

Specialty Center is refers to a Level III specialty or general hospital which serves

as apex or end-referral facility at the subnational or regional level providing array of

advanced comprehensive clinical services and the Level III hospital that has a bed

capacity of 200-1,500 beds. This Orthopedic Medical Center is focused on Human

Centered Architecture, which is patient-focused design. It also produces different

benefits, such as designing spaces according to people’s perceptions, physiology,

and solution that will help them heal.

Conceptual Framework

1. User Demographics
PROBLEM 2. User Needs
ENCOUNTERED 3. Case Study
- MAJOR PROBLEM 4. Site Selection
1. Design Approach to 5. Site Analysis
be used. 6. Site & Environmental planning.
2. Location 7. Natural Ventilation
3. Planning Strategies 8. Sustainable
4. The Capacity & 9. Cost Efficient
Scope. 10. General Guidelines and Design Laws

- MINOR PROBLEM
1. Segregation of Region IV- A Level III
Facilities DESIGN CONCEPT:
2. Safety and Security Orthopedic Medical
3. Minor Factors that
may affect the study. Human Centered Center through Human
INPUT Architecture
Centered Architecture
4. PROCESS
OUTPUT
 Objectives of the Study

The main goal of the study is to design a Regional Orthopedic Medical

Center specializes in musculoskeletal disorders and other related conditions

through Human Centered Architecture. This research study also intends to:

1. Build a Level III Specialized hospital (Advanced Comprehensive specialty

Center) that will help the people for easiest cure and medication.

2. Human Centered Architecture of the whole building that aims to help the

patient with fast recovery and healing.

3. A regional hospital offers medical care and fulfills the needs of citizens in the

regions and nearby provinces.

Significance of the Study

This study aims to design a Regional orthopedic center that has a Human

Centered Architecture or design that will help the patient with their fast recovery.

Overall, this hospital for musculoskeletal disorders and other related conditions is

the regional hospital that will cater the needs of the citizens in that region and

nearby provinces.

Scope and Limitations

The study aims to improve the design and architecture Feature of a Hospital

to a Human Centered Design of buildings and spaces that aims to help people

recover and heal quickly. This hospital also aims to focus on musculoskeletal
disorders from joints, muscles, tendon, bones, etc. and other related conditions.

The Scope of the Facilities of this Regional Orthopedic Medical Center:

Advanced Comprehensive specialty Center with 400 Bed Capacity

FACILITIES

1. Lobby

2. Waiting Area

3. Information and Reception Area

4. Information and reception Area

5. Public Toilet (Male/ Female/ PWD)

6. Staff Toilet (Male/ Female)

7. Admitting Offices

• Super Visor Cubicle

• Admitting Assistant Area

• Office Assistant Area

• Waiting Area (patient Companion)

• Information Desk

• Files Storage Area

• Computer Area

8. Business Area

8.1. Billing Area

Billing Super Visors Cubicles

• Billing Assistant’s Area

PhilHealth Supervisor’s Cubicle

• File Storage Area

 • Computer Area

• Staff Lounge with Toilet

Social Workers area

• Toilet

• Files Storage

8.2. Cashier

• Super Visor Cubicle

• Cashier Desk Area

• Cashier Assistant Area

• Waiting Area (inside the office)

• Toilet

• Files Storage

• Computer Area

8.3. Budget and Finance

• Budget & Finance super visor Cubicle

• Assistant Cubicle

• 3 Employees Desk

• Bookkeeping Area

• Accounting Offices Area

• Accounting Assistant Cubicle

• Meeting Room

• Toilet

• Pantry
 • Waiting Area

9. Medical Records Office

• MR Super Visor Cubicle

• Assistant Cubicle

• Office Assistant Area

• Storage (Files)

• Toilet

• Waiting Area (Inside Office)

• Staff Lounge Area

• Computer Area

10. Prayer Room

11. Personnel Office

11.2. Office of the Administrative Officer

• Assistant Cubicle

• Pantry

• Toilet

• Waiting Area

• Conference Room

11.3. Office of the Administrative Officers

• Assistant Cubicles

• Pantry

• Toilet

11.4. Office of the Chief of Clinics

• With respected assistant cubicles

 • Toilet per office

12. Conference and Training Area

• Pantry

• Toilets

13. Small Library

• Librarian and Librarian assistant Cubicle

14. Staff Toilet

• Male

• Female

• PWD

15. Laundry and Linen Office

• Office and work room

• Central linen storage room

• Pressing & Ironing Area

• Receiving and sorting Area

• Washing Area

• Storage Area

16. Engineering Office

16.1. Work Area

16.2. Housekeeping Area

16.3. Motor pool & Ambulance Parking

• Communication Telephone Office

• Drivers Lounge

• Toilet
 • Locker

17. Property and Supply Storage

18. Waste Holding Room

• Engineering and plant operation Section

• General Waste

• Recyclable waste

• Hazardous waste

• Phased Out Mercury Devices

• Equipment Storage

• Segregation Area

19. Dietary

• Nutritionist- Dietician Office

• Chief office (with toilet, pantry and consultation area)

• Nutritionist assistant cubicle

19.1. Supply Receiving Area

19.2. Supply Storage

19.3. Cold and Dry storage

19.4. Equipment Storage

19.5. Food Preparation Area

19.6. Cooking & Baking

19.7. Special Diet Preparation Area

19.8. Serving and food assembly area

19.9. Dishwashing Area

19.10. Garbage Disposal Bim

19.11. Toilet

19.12. Dining Area

19.13. Canteen

• Cashier Area

• Dining Area

• Toilet

20. Social Service Office

• IT Managers Cubicles

• System Programmers Area

• Computer Technician Area

• IT office Assistant Area

• IT Business support head Area

• IT associate Area

• Storage room

• Toilet

21. Morgue

• Waiting Area

• Autopsy Area

• Shower Area

• Toilet

• Cooler

B. Clinical Services

22. Emergency Room

• Waiting Area
 • Toilet (male/female/PWD/ Staff)

22.1. Nurse Station with work area, sink and Lavatory.

22.2. Triage Room

22.3. Examination and Treatment Area with sink and Lavatory

22.4. Observation Area

22.5. Minor OR/Area

22.6. Equipment and supply storage

22.7. Decontamination room with shower/ dressing room

22.8. Isolation Room with toilet and Ante room with PPE Rack, sink or lavatory.

22.9. Wheeled stretcher area

22.10. Doctor on Duty office

• Toilet

• Lounge

• pantry

23. Outpatient Department

• Waiting Area

• Toilet (female, male PWD)

23.1. Admitting and Record area

23.2. Consultation Area

23.3. Respiratory Unit

• Office Area

• Assistant Desk

• Consultation room
23.4. Examination and treatment Area with sink and lavatory

24. Dental Clinic

• Office of the dentist

• Assistant Desk

• Consultation / Observation area

• Toilet

• Sterile area

• Toilet

25. Office of the Department Head

26. Medicine

• Office of the Doctor

• Assistant Desk

• Consultation Room

• Toilet

26.1. Pediatrics

• - Office of the Doctor

• Assistant Desk

• Consultation Room

• Toilet

26.2.

26.3. Surgery

• Office of the Doctor

• Assistant Desk
 • Consultation Room

• Toilet

26.4. Anesthesia

• Anesthesiologist office

• Assistant Desk

• Consultation Room

• Toilet

26.5. Children Congenital Orthopedic Disease Clinic

• Office of the Doctor

• Assistant Desk

• Consultation Room

• Casting Room

26.6. MSK Tumor

• Office of the Doctor

• Assistant Desk

• Consultation Room

• Toilet

26.7. SPINE DISEASES CLINIC

• Office of the Doctor

• Assistant Desk

• Consultation Room

• Toilet

26.8. MICROVASCULAR & HAND RECOMSTRUCTION CLINIC

• Office of the Doctor

 • Assistant Desk

• Consultation Room

• Casting Room

• Toilet

27. COMPLEX TRAUMA CLINIC

• ORTHOPEDIC TRAUMA

• GS

• TCVS

• UROLOGY

• PLASTIC RECON

• NEUROLOGY

27.1. ADULT ORTHOPEDIC

• Office of the Doctor

• Assistant Desk

• Consultation Room

• Toilet

27.2. CHILDREN ORTHOPEDIC

• Office of the Doctor

• Assistant Desk

• Consultation Room

• Toilet

28. DIALYSIS CLINIC

• Dialysis station

• Nurses station with work area, lavatory, or sink and storage.

 • Storage room and sterile area

• Toilet facility

• Water treatment (min 12m^2)

• Reprocessing room

29. SURGICAL SERVICES

• Major Operating Room

29.1. Minor Operating Room

29.2. Recovery Room with Nurses Work area

29.3. Sub-sterilizing area with work are

29.4. Sterile instrument, Supply and Storage Area

29.5. Anesthesia Room

29.6 Scrub up Area.

29.6. Clean up Area

29.7. Male / female dressing room and Toilet

29.8. Nurses station and work area

29.9. Wheeled stretcher area

29.10. Janitors closet with Mop

29.11. Toilet

30. NURSING UNIT

• Patient Room with Toilet

31. Isolation Room with toilet and Ante Room with PPE Rack and

Lavatory / Sink

NURSES STATION
 • Utility Room

1. Linen Area

2. Janitors Closet

3. Clean Utility

4. Dirty Linen

5. Clean linen

6. Soiled linen

7. Toilet and small pantry

8. Equipment and Supply area

32. Treatment and Medication area with lavatory and sink

33. Doctor on Duty Room

34. Garbage bin room

INTENSIVE CARE UNIT

35. Nurses station with work area with lavatory and sink

36. Medication and Preparation area

37. Toilet

38. Patient Area

39. Dressing Area

40. Equipment and supply storage

CENTRAL STERILIZING AND SUPPLY STORAGE

41. Receiving and cleaning Area

42. Inspection and packing Area

43. Sterilizing Room

44. Storage and Releasing Area

NURSING SERVICE

45. Nursing Office a

46. Toilet

ANCILLARY

47. Tertiary Clinical Laboratory with histopathology

48. Pathologist Office

49. Microbiology room

50. Histopathology room

51. Blood Bank

52. Hematology Area

53. Bleeding Area

54. Toilet

55. Extraction Area separated to Clinical Work Area

RADIOLOGY- 3rd level.

56. X-ray room with control booth, dressing Area and Toilet

57. Dark Room

58. Film File and Storage Area

59. Radiologist area and assistant desk

COMPUTER TOMOPOGRAPHY
60. CT Scan

61. Room with control booth, dressing Area and Toilet

62. Dark Room

63. Film File and Storage Area

64. Computer Area

2d Echo

• Room and equipment

• Storage

PHARMACY

65. Chief Pharmacy Office

66. Staff Pharmacy Area

67. Patient drug info,

68. Distribution Area

69. Counter/ Cashier Area

70. Receiving Area

71. Flammable storage

72. Bulk Storage

73. Pantry

74. Toilet

PROSTHETICS MANUFACTURING FACILITY

1. Chief Prosthetist room

2. Assistant Desk

3. Billing Area
 4. Lobby

5. Cashier Area

6. Manufacturing Production

7. Toilet (male, female and PWD)

Definition of terms

Orthopedics- medical specialty that focuses on injuries and diseases of your

body's musculoskeletal system.

Musculoskeletal System- is made up of bones, muscles, and joints.

DOH (Department of Health)- holds the over-all technical authority on health as it

is a national health policymaker and regulatory institution.

NHFR (National Health Facility Registry) – The official National reference

directory Master list of health facilities in the Philippines.

Mortality- State of being subject to death.

Morbidity – The condition of suffering from a disease or medication condition.

Review of Related Literature

ORTHOPEDICS
 According to the https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/ (n.d), that Orthopedics (also called

orthopedic surgery) is the medical specialty that focuses on injuries and diseases

of your body's musculoskeletal system. This complex system, which includes your

bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, muscles, and nerves, allows you to move, work,

and be active. It also has biggest importance in people’s life Orthopedics is broad

field in medicine that deals with problems related to the musculoskeletal system.

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

As stated in https://www.healthdirect.gov.au (n.d.), the musculoskeletal system

is made up of bones, muscles, and joints that help you move around. There are

different parts of the musculoskeletal system, which are the skeleton, joints,

cartilage, ligaments, muscles, and tendons. In this study, the hospital focuses on

musculoskeletal disorders, which are the parts mentioned above.

MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDER

Musculoskeletal Disorder is one of the major disorders that many people are

experiencing. According to the USBJI (2014), that Musculoskeletal disorders

comprise diverse conditions affecting bones, joints, muscles, and connective

tissues. It is one of the incidents that people are experiencing.

According to Syquia & Dellosa (1998), that the different conditions that

leading to injury, safeguards against such injuries were preventable. In the

surveyed of 90 patients, there are 35 cases 38% comes from the accident,

including distraction while at work. 18 or 19% absence of safety precautions, 9 or

10% Dilapidated machine and poor working conditions. 7 OR 7% lack of

qualification for the work being performed. Total of 49 (54%) are injured because of
the common reasons.

As stated by the Department of Health (n.d.), the statistics show the national

ranking of orthopedic cases as causes of morbidity and mortality in the Philippines.

In the data on morbidity, in 2019 there were 2,194 total cases, in 2020 there were

1,413 total cases, in 2021 there were 1,733 total cases, and in 2022 there were

2,056 total cases. While the mortality rate in 2019 is 38, it rises to 39 in 2020, 13 in

2021, and 60 in 2020. This proves that musculoskeletal disorder is not an easy

disease or injury; it can cause death.

As stated by the Department of Health (n.d.), the statistics show the national

ranking of orthopedic cases as causes of morbidity and mortality in the Philippines.

In the data on morbidity, in 2019 there were 2,194 total cases, in 2020 there were
1,413 total cases, in 2021 there were 1,733 total cases, and in 2022 there were

2,056 total cases. While the mortality rate in 2019 is 38, it rises to 39 in 2020, 13 in

2021, and 60 in 2020. This proves that musculoskeletal disorder is not an easy

disease or injury; it can cause death.

Data requested on: EFOI - Electronic Freedom of Information - request. (n.d.). eFOI

- Electronic Freedom of Information.

ORTHOPEDIC HOSPITAL

According to Courtney & Kirsch (2018), in “Orthopedic knowledge and need in

the Provincial Philippines: a pilot study of the population-based survey”, 90% of the

mid-level providers surveyed reported that they would refer possible broken bones to

a higher level of care due to cost, transportation, knowledge of the time-sensitive

nature of treatment, religious beliefs, and others (not specified). In all, 100% reported

that an education initiative regarding acute orthopedic injuries would increase the

number of patients seeking care within 12 hours. Especially today, when technology

and the internet arise in different barangays and provinces, different information and

studies are already being provided to the people easily.

According to David (2015), it’s been observed in the Philippine Orthopedics that

orthopedic cases are on the rise because of our aging population. But with better

management and equipment, the hospital is expecting a faster turnover of patients,

thus higher revenue. This greater efficiency will also redound to the benefit of poor

patients, who could be operated on faster and shorten both their waiting and their

hospital stay (now estimated to last an average of 22 days). With the MPOH, the

average hospital stay could be reduced to as short as four or five days, thus

increasing the number of poor patients the hospital can treat.

Having a new and additional orthopedic hospital is mainly needed in the

Philippines, so the health care benefits will cater to not just some provinces but also

the people in farther provincial cities. As stated by Arsdale (n.d.), rural areas and

poorer provinces are lacking in medical personnel and supplies. Only four of the 17

important regions in the Philippines exceed the requirements for hospital beds per

1,000 people. Additionally, many patients in the Philippines cannot get the necessary
surgical care due to a lack of high-quality operating room equipment. The primary

challenge to excellent medical care in the Philippines is the shortage of facilities and

surgical supplies. The health of the people is one of the most important issues to be

addressed by the government.

HUMAN CENTERED ARCHITECTURE

According to Gee (n.d) that the following are Human Centered Design Guidelines:

Foundations of the Guidelines

The First Priority: Basic Human Needs

Humans seek both physical and psychological comfort. Judith Heerwagen talked

about a person's sense of well-being and how it influences productivity, creativity,

and engagement. It focused on four elements of create positive and productive

places: cognitive effectiveness, social support, emotional functioning, and physical

function. When people are not comfortable, they become distracted and irritated. The

first thing to consider is what make people feel comfortable.

Guiding Principles

The 12 brain/mind learning principles articulated by Renatta Caine help us

understand how humans’ function and learn. A few of these principles suggest direct

connections among stimulation, learning, and physical space.3

The brain/mind is social. We change in response to engagement with others.

Space has a role in determining the quantity and quality of engagement as well as its

potential as an effective learning experience. Good space design is visually

stimulating. While space should not distract from the ability to focus, it can provide

sensory stimulation that influences the experience and thus learning. Space can also

be the "silent curriculum"4 that complements and increases engagement.

Each brain is uniquely organized. We all perceive the world in different ways and

act accordingly. People do not experience an environment in the same way.

Fundamentals can keep design ideas and processes focused on the most important

characteristics of a human-centered learning environment.

Characteristics of Human-Centered Guidelines

Regardless of the unique functional requirements of your project, these guidelines

can help direct discussions with anyone involved, whether associated with the

institution or a design firm. When used to set direction, these ideas facilitate

purposeful choices without adding cost. This approach is holistic, each characteristic

individually here, it is their interplay that creates human-centered learning spaces.

Healthful

Healthful spaces incorporate ergonomic and environmental principles and sustain

physical well-being.

Lighting

Tuning the mood and stimulation levels of people can be achieved through a mixture

of lighting types, including natural light, augmented with controls. A variety of lighting

is the most important way to maximize the effect on learning; it can be achieved with

different types of lighting or with dimmers.

Ergonomic considerations.

Ergonomics is about more than a comfortable, adjustable chair. Ergonomic thinking

considers the entire environment and how it supports and interacts with the human

body. Well-planned pathways, open access to equipment and supplies, and ease of

moving furniture are all ergonomic considerations.

Because of the diversity of human sizes, tables and chairs should be adjustable.

Instructors and students should feel encouraged to get up and move around. Two

principles of sound ergonomic thinking are worth remembering: it shouldn't hurt, and

it should prevent injury.

Stimulating

Stimulating spaces attract people and spark creative thinking. They can motivate and

engage to the people.

Sensory cues.

Multisensory experiences engage and stimulate people. Visual, tactile, auditory, and

kinesthetic experiences all influence memory and the intake of information.8 Diverse

stimulation raises mental awareness and allows people to absorb the information

and ideas that the environment facilitates.9 Very little of our learning experience or

the design of learning environments considers this. Yet certain learning experiences

can be tied to a particular place, sound, or smell, which provide cues that help the

brain build memory and process information. Humans associate what they learn with

where they learned it. The key here is that spaces must have variety to stimulate,

sometimes accomplished simply by painting rooms different colors.

Elements of surprise.

Consider the potential of hallways and pathways that provide unexpected spaces for

group work, casual conversations, or hiding away for quiet work. According to

Herman Miller research, "New ideas often emerge during social interactions.

Relaxed, informal, and friendly interactions help creative people share openly with

others and spark new connections." The space design should include opportunities

for serendipity and unplanned activities.

Transparency, visual access.

Connecting visually lets people feel a part of something bigger. To see others

engaged in learning can energize learners. Consider adjacent areas and how you

can connect formal and informal learning spaces, such as classrooms and lobbies.

Corridors, too, become part of the learning experience when they invite activity and

have interesting views, as opposed to long, stark, and linear places. Vistas into and

out of learning spaces need not cause distraction, instead enhancing cognitive

activities. Providing architectural and design elements that expand and open interior

views and provide lines of sight proves engaging.

Connection to nature.

Nature continually stimulates us because of its always changing elements. The

human response is positive, though typically subconscious. Environments that

simulate nature provide a sense of security and pleasure. Features found in a natural

habitat can be associated with a created environment. Consider, for example,

reflective surfaces or glass associated with water. Fire, the provider of warmth, food,

and light, can be replicated in dining areas the types of places where people
instinctively gather. Varied ceiling heights can represent the safety and comfort of a

tree canopy. Meandering halls or pathways mimic nature's patterns.

Color and texture.

Textures, colors, and shapes can reinforce association and retention. The key is to

think of the total environment, considering ways to achieve interest and variety. Let

the timeless and stimulating colors and textures of nature guide the human-made

applications you apply.14

Diverse shapes.

Create spaces that offer visual choices of shape and form. A rectangular box is not

the only answer; subtle adjustments to the geometry of space can balance hard and

soft forms, asymmetrical and symmetrical patterns, creating visual and tactile

interest.

Balancing Community and Solitude

Learning spaces need to balance the dual and opposite human needs for community

and solitude. Because learning happens both in quiet, private moments and in lively,

social settings, environments need to offer a spectrum of private and interactive

places.

Social, community space.

Learning is a social activity. Community and social space connect individuals with

other people and other acti

Opportunities and spaces for socialization.

Provide places to join the community with the people.

Refuges, private spaces.

It is important to create individual, private spaces. These don't have to be

compartmentalized even turning a chair can signal a desire for privacy. In creating

opportunities and spaces for private, thinking time, consider ways to modulate the

level of privacy, such as seated-height panels, rolling screens, and plants. This

conceptual approach provides private spaces in a variety of degrees of enclosure,

shapes, and forms.

Adaptable

Adaptable spaces support people, activities, and change. Learning spaces need to

keep pace with a variety of learning and teaching styles.

Flexibility.

Areas within a space should flex for various types of needs.

Adequate space.

Movement of people and furniture to different learning settings requires adequate

space. Current space allocations for classrooms discourage movement and

circulation areas deter people from lingering and interacting. If the space allocation

doesn't support movement, then diversity in teaching and learning methods will be

impossible.

Welcoming and familiar.

Humans tend to seek out familiar places or create places with familiar attributes.

Think about the ways you arrange your home. You create the place, the condition,

the situation you arrange furniture and artifacts in a certain way to suit your purpose

or preference. Similarly, learning environments should allow students and educators

to personalize them. The space should look comfortable in a variety of arrangements

and for a variety of people.

User ownership.

Consider the ways a space can "give" permission for ownership and not just to

faculty. Users must know that all occupants have a say in defining the place.

Educating users about how to use the space to its fullest potential and how the

various tools and furnishings can support occupants' needs is a prerequisite.

Providing furniture that people can rearrange and tools they can manipulate gives

them the feeling that they have permission to claim ownership.

Changeable focal points.

Why establish a fixed front of the room? Without a set orientation, the room's

occupants can move and group furnishings, technology, and activity in multiple ways

and in many places within a space. Lecture and presentation areas need not be

restricted to the front of the room.

Mobile displays.

Consider how you move flipcharts or computer displays throughout a space, to

wherever students and faculty need the tools. For example, a small group may
develop information and then reconnect with a larger group to share their work.

Tools need to accommodate mobility of people and of information.

Diverse information communication.

Display information in various ways on the chalkboard, whiteboard, or digitally.

Consider how the tools that deliver information can be shared and controlled. Well-

designed space and technology allow the pace and style of information delivery to

change and support multiple learning/teaching styles and people. Maximizing the

amount and type of display was a key goal for Estrella Mountain Community

College's Learning Studios prototypes,

Technology tools.

Technology (projectors, personal computers, and so on) will change more quickly

than other elements in the furnished environment. Technology should be integrated

into the space to fluidly support learning but recognize that it will not match the

lifespan of the room. Technology tools should support human interaction; they

should not become the centerpiece of the space.

Power/data access.

As a result, you should make power and data access as mobile as possible.

Anticipate the locations where users will want access and the range of activity

needing support.
THERAPEUTIC ARCHITECTURE

Therapeutic Architecture is one of the main needs that will give help to the

fastest recovery of the patients. As stated to https://workinmind.org/(2020), that in

medical world the design spaces that fit with the inhabitants’ likely perspectives and

psychological traits to put extra traits to focus roles that obstacles play in the

environment.

According to Mansour, M. (2023), that the positive effect of the Therapeutic

Architecture is to overcome barriers in the medical industry while designing spaces

that meet the anticipated mental and perceptual traits of the occupants. For example,

we all know that any challenge requires greater work to overcome, which normally is

not a problem for a healthy person. Therapeutic architectures come in, remodeling

areas to get rid of any "roadblocks" to healing. This should boost a patient's health

and happiness because the surroundings are now more positive.

 LOCAL CASE STUDY

PHILIPPINE ORTHOPEDIC CENTER

In 1945, the Mandaluyong Emergency Hospital was opened inside the National

Center for Mental Health (then called Mandaluyong Mental Hospital) compound. The

new hospital was first helmed by the army surgeon, Major Francisco Román. And in

1947, the “Father of Philippine Orthopedics”, Dr. Jose Valmonte de los Santos Sr.

(1898–2000), took charge of the hospital and renamed the institution the National

Orthopedic Hospital.

The Mandaluyong compound was unable to contain the National Center for

Mental Health and the National Orthopedic Hospital. In 1963, the National

Orthopedic Hospital was established at its current location, which is at the

intersection of Banawe and Maria Clara streets, after the Missionary Sisters of the

Immaculate Heart of Mary (ICM) gave a quarter of the property owned by St.

Theresa's College in Quezon City to the government. The National Orthopedic

Hospital-Rehabilitation Medical Center (NOH-RMC) was the original name of the

hospital until 1989, when it changed to the Philippine Orthopedic Center.

The Philippine Orthopedic Center is still working as a 700-bed tertiary special

hospital under the Department of Health of the Philippines, specializing in the

treatment of musculoskeletal disorders and serving as a center

for trauma and orthopedics. The hospital is located at Banawe Avenue, corner Maria

Clara Street, Santa Mesa Heights, Quezon City.

Architectural Analysis

Retrieved from: https://www.google.com- Philippine-orthopedic-center.

The Philippine Orthopedic Center is immediately recognized by its large name in

front of the gate and by many patients waiting in line with wheelchairs, stretchers,

cast on their hands or feet, and many other. People from different places come to

this hospital to seek treatment for their illnesses or injuries. Philippine Orthopedic is

one of the oldest specialized public hospitals in the Philippines.

 You can easily distinguish its age just by looking at the building itself. The

building's color is mountain mint. When you observe it, you can see the alligatoring,

peeling, efflorescence, and mildew in the color paint of the building. It is what we all

see outside the building. Philippine Orthopedic is one of the well know hospital, not

just because it is the only hospital that is specialized in Musculoskeletal System but

because of the well-known Physician that focuses on different Musculoskeletal

Disorder and because it is a public hospital open for all people.

 Retrieved from: https://www.abs-cbnnews.com

Finding and Analysis

The Philippine Orthopedic Center is one of the most visited specialized

hospitals. One of the things that is needed to follow is the BP 344 since many

patients are in wheelchairs, stretchers, and walkers. The spaces at the entrance,

hallways, and waiting areas must be balanced based on the occupants or the

number of patients coming. The number of outpatients and inpatients should be

handled by the capacity of the hospital. Many things can also affect the flow of

ambulances coming into POC; it must not cause traffic. All these things can be

accomplished and solved as the Philippine Orthopedic was under the Modernization

Act and was given 200 million pesos by the President Office (POC) to boost the

state-of-the-art facility and equipment needed.

One of the priorities needed by the hospital is the sanitation, ventilation, and

safety of each patient. One of the things that the researchers wanted to study was

the system of the POC and its level of circulation, the resident doctors, and the rules

it has in the hospitals.

 Philippine Orthopedic Mandated, Vision, Mission, Service Pledge and Core

Values:

I. Mandate:

The Philippine Orthopedic Center is a government medical facility under the

Department of Health which is tasked to provide health care delivery to patients with

musculoskeletal disorder and related conditions. It was designed to serve as a

center for trauma and orthopaedics in the country.

II. Vision

By 2023, the Philippine Orthopedic Center will be the premier center of excellence in

providing accessible apex services in orthopedic and rehabilitative care to the

Filipino and the international community.

III. Mission

We provide the best orthopedic and rehabilitative care utilizing accessible service,

comprehensive training and relevant research that responds to the needs of all

Filipinos and the international community.

IV. Service Pledge

We, the management, and employees of the Philippine Orthopedic Center, exist as

the prime providers of comprehensive Orthopedic and Rehabilitation care to our

customers. We anchor our quality services in accord with highly acceptable

standards of patient care and the statutory and regulatory requirements as a public

health care provider.

V. Core Values

Integrity. We are committed to serve with honesty.

Excellence. We provide the highest quality medical care, training, and education.

Compassion. We always empathize with our patients.

Commitment. We deliberately engage/entrust ourselves to the organization.

Accountability. We accept responsibility for our actions.

Synthesis:

The hospital, even though it is public, needs to be maintained and look out for

the safety of the patients. With good spatial programming of the placement of the

rooms, the updated BP 344 spaced based on the occupants or the number of

patients. Sanitation and ventilation in each room, proper flow inside the POC, and an

additional recreational area for the patient to relax and for the fastest healing Using

therapeutic architectural designs is also must maintained.

FOREIGN CASE STUDY

Special Surgery New York City

 According to US News & World Report (2023–2024) is ranking No. 1 in

orthopedics for the record-breaking 14 years consecutive by the U.S. HSS has also

been one of the best hospitals for rheumatology and orthopedics for 32 years

running.

HSS was founded in 1863 by James Knight and is the oldest orthopedic

hospital in the United States. It has been consistently ranked as the best orthopedic

hospital in the country. In 2018 U.S. orthopedics ranked HSS #1 in orthopedics, #3 in

rheumatology, and #22 in pediatric orthopedics. News & World Report. Louis

Shapiro is the company's president and chief executive officer, while Bryan Kelly is

the medical director and chief surgeon.

Architecture Analysis

According to https://www.perkinseastman.com(2023), that the Hospital for

Special Surgery performs more than 25,000 procedures annually. Perkins Eastman’s

system-wide designs elevate the hospital’s mission. An outpatient facility with a

unique architectural identity that is expanding its diagnostic and therapy options in

Stamford, CT, improves the health of patients by bringing natural light and fresh air

into patient areas. Modern research labs and a below-grade clinic with accessible,

state-of-the-art treatment and recovery rooms featuring neutral colors, green

accents, and natural lighting across the street from the main campus are among the

renovations taking place in New York City. The hospital's outpatient Sports Medicine

Institute on Manhattan's West Side provides advanced surgery, rehabilitation, and

testing facilities to support athletes and active individuals in an open environment

where areas with a hospitality concept and meditative healing spaces come together.
Facilities

Located on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, HSS is built over the Franklin D.

Roosevelt (FDR) drive and partially located in the Belaire building at 535 East 70th

Street. Currently HSS has 205 beds and 29 operating rooms. HSS recently

completed the construction of a new, ninth floor that adds 85,000 square feet

(7,900 m2) of new space and 100,000 square feet (10,000 m2) of re-engineered and

re-designed space.

HSS has several specialized centers that focus on specific patients and joint

problems, including:

• Institute for Cartilage Repair

• Children and Adolescent Hand and Arm (CHArm) Center

• Foster Center for Clinical Outcome Research

• Computer Assisted Surgery (CAS) Center

• Center for Hip Pain and Preservation

• Gosden Robinson Inflammatory Arthritis Center

• Integrative Care Center - Combining traditional medicine (Physiatry, with

inter alia Chiropractic and Acupuncture)[17]

• Institute for Limb Lengthening and Complex Reconstruction

• Mary Kirkland Center for Lupus Care

• Mary Kirkland Center for Lupus Research

• Musculoskeletal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center

• The Center for Musculoskeletal Ultrasound and Nuclear Medicine

• Orthopedic Trauma Service

• Osteoporosis Prevention Center

 • The Kathryn O. and Alan C. Greenberg Center for Skeletal Dysplasias

• Spine Care Institute

• Barbara Volcker Center for Women and Rheumatic Disease

• Women's Sports Medicine Center

Retrieved from: https://www.tpgarchitecture.com/casestudies/Hospital-for-Special-

Surgery.
 As stated to by the https://www.nyc.gov (n.d) that “the twelve-story building that

has only 86,869 square feet of zoning floor area, with floor plates ranging from

approximately 9,400 SF on the lower four floors and 7,600 SF on floors five through

twelve, tin order to minimize visual impacts and reduce the bulk of the design.”

The largest floor plates are located on the first four floors of the River Building,

which allows some flexibility in programming for the present and the future. Based on

the hospital's plans, the second floor—the first occupiable floor—will be the lobby

and reception areas (roughly 3,800 SF), vertical circulation and support space

(roughly 1,000 SF), and a radiology unit for the sports medicine practice (roughly

4,600 SF).The next three floors, each 9,400 square feet, will house eight doctors’

offices in the Sports Medicine practice, with the offices and administrative areas

along the perimeter of the building. Circulation and building core space will occupy

about 20% of the floor plate, and approximately ten to eleven examining rooms will

be in the interior.

As stated by the Hospital, the programs on the smaller, upper floors of the

building will be more constrained. The 6th and 7th Floors are anticipated to house

sports rehabilitation facilities serving the Sports Medicine practice in the lower floors

of the River Building and the Hospital as a whole. The 8th Floor will be occupied by a

radiology department for the Arthroplasty department. These uses include larger

open spaces and work better in the 7,600 square foot floor plate than individual

doctor’s offices and examining rooms because circulation requirements are less.

However, HSS stated that even for these floors circulation and vertical support areas

will generally reduce the usable space to approximately 6,000 square feet.
Synthesis:

The researcher will use this type of strategy in terms of the patient approach to

ventilation and the circulation of the hospital. The space programming and the room

allotment of spacing
Retrieved from: https://www.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/applicants/env-

review/hfss/0100_feis.pdf.
 The Johns Hopkins Hospital (Baltimore)

Retrieved from: https://baltimorebikurcholim.org/hospitals/johns-hopkins-hospital/.

According to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Hospital#History

(2023), In Baltimore, Maryland, the Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH) serves as both the

biomedical research facility and teaching hospital for the Johns Hopkins School of

Medicine. In 1889 Johns Hopkins Hospital and its medical school were established

and are recognized as the pioneers of modern American medicine. Numerous known

medical customs, such as rounds, residents, and house staff, originated from the

hospital. Medical specialties were established at the hospital, including neurosurgery

founded by Harvey Williams Cushing and Walter Dandy, cardiac surgery founded by

Alfred Blalock, and child psychiatry founded by Leo Kanner. The hospital is home to

the Johns Hopkins Children's Center, which provides care for infants, children, teens,

and young adults aged 0–21.

For the 2019–2020 academic year in the U.S. News & World Report ranked the

hospital based on 15 adult specialties and 10 pediatric specialties; it ranked first in

Maryland and third nationally, trailing only Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston
and the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. The hospital celebrated 32 years in a

row in 2021, ranking among the top five hospitals in the country.

Architectural Analysis

According to Tennis, M., & Tennis, M. (2012), that “John Hopkins Hospital will

open new $1.1-billion patient care building. The 1.6 million-square-foot facility on five

acres that believes to be the largest hospital construction projects. It also includes

12- story patient towers, 560 private patient rooms and expansive new adult and

pediatric emergency Departments. The facility will also feature the most

sophisticated diagnostic imaging equipment, such as an intraoperative MRI scanner

and high-speed, low-dose CT scanners. In addition to this the John Hopskins

Hospital will also add healing gardens, soaring lobbies, a hand-picked art collection

and cheerful, light-filled patient rooms, the new building is designed to provide a

welcoming and caring environment to advance the healing process. In each patient

room will have a private bath and sleeping accommodations for family members.

Sound-absorbing features in patient-care corridors, ranging from acoustical ceiling

tiles to a quiet nurse call system, will promote a tranquil environment.”

Finding and Analysis

EXTERIOR AND LANDSCAPE

The Building Itself as Art: Curtain Wall

The artist Spencer Finch worked with architect to create a seamless “skin” for

facilities that itself as a piece of art. The Curtain wall that covers most of the building

features the 26 carefully chosen shades of glass that is inspired by the Impressionist

paintings of Claude Monet. The blues and greens that represent the adult and the

children tower. The curtain walls shimmers in the sun that create an efficient

reminiscent of water and changing appearance with the weather and the angle of

light. It is the result of the month of painstaking experiments with the color and

materials that determine the work of functionally and aesthetically.

A Welcoming Shelter: Entrance Canopy

The entrance of the hospital has a

large, curving canopy covers all the

public entrances in John Hopkins

Hospital, including the emergency

entrance. Designed by architecture

firm Perkins + Will, the wide canopy,

like the broad overhangs used in

airport terminals, shelters patients

and guests from the weather. Along

with two covered pedestrian bridges

connecting the parking garage with

each main hospital tower, the canopy provides an inviting, protected entry and exit.
Landscape Design

The landscaping along Orleans Street creates an inviting entry experience for

patients and their families. The entry plaza, by landscape architecture firm OLIN,

displays natural color and texture in every season, and creates an interesting visual

pattern when viewed from inside the buildings above. The gardens around the

hospital offer the shade, tranquility, and opportunity to connect or blend with nature.

Planting that includes lavender, rosemary, roses, and magnolia all associated with

the ancient healing. There is also a garden outside the Zayed Tower a calm place for

quiet outdoor reflection amidst the trees and flowing water.

WINDOWS

Inside the Snow Globe: Magical

Frit

Ceramic “frit” brushstrokes that

artist Spencer Finch

Imagine walking inside a snow

globe. This is the effect of the

ceramic ‘frit’ brushstrokes that

artist Spencer Finch embedded into the windows and glass walls. The frit makes tiny

shadows that sparkle and move with the sun, creating a lantern-effect at night and

symbolizing the constant activity and ‘magic’ that happens in the buildings every day.

The multi-colored brushstrokes, drawn by hand, refract and reflect light throughout

the day without obstructing the panoramic views of Baltimore.

Artful Window Shades

Painted window screens are an old

Baltimore tradition that inspired artist Jim

Boyd to create unique window shades for

patient rooms in the Bloomberg Children’s

Center. Some shades depict Baltimore

landmarks like Camden Yards and the

Bromo-Seltzer Tower, while others feature flash cards and child-friendly objects
named in more than 30 languages. The shades are designed for viewing either from

a distance or up close.

According to Vinnitskaya (2012), that the new facility of the John Hopkins

Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland was designed by Perkish+Will that gives a design

approach of total healing that includes in architecture and Urban design. The new

facility is a complex that has a 1.6 million square foot within the two 12-story towers

that provide healthcare for children and adults. The towers rise from an eight-story

base and are defined by curved and articulated forms, color, and outdoor garden

spaces. The towers have 560 private patient rooms, 33 state-of-the-art operating

rooms, and expansive new adult and pediatric emergency departments. Architects

and designers worked closely with the client to provide a design that accounted for

the accommodation of the most advanced medical technology with the psychological

and environmental design for patient-oriented care.

THERAPEUTIC ARCHITECTURE

Santa Fe de Bogotá Foundation / El

Equipo de Mazzanti

These four examples of

therapeutic architecture aim to create

environments that promote peace and

well-being. The goal of this kind of drive-

by-purpose design is to support the

body's natural ability to heal itself by

combining elements of human physiology, psychology, and architecture.

In Bogota, Colombia, the hospital extension was finished in 2016. The

structure, built by El Equipo de Mazzanti, has 32,000 square meters of floor space in

total. The building and the surrounding city are connected by a planted plaza. The

huge cube blends in perfectly with the rest of the hospital due to its brick facade.

On the other hand, the brick acts

as a curved external screen and a

ventilated barrier. The ninth floor of the

twelve-story building houses the

solarium. Access to the lobby's solarium

is like having a piece of nature right

there. Better light, fresh air, and the

presence of plants all contribute to faster recovery times.

Mount Sinai Hess Center for Science and Medicine / SOM

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM), an

internationally recognized architectural firm,

completed the construction of the Mount Sinai

Hess Center in 2013. The 40,000-square-foot

structure in Upper Manhattan combines state-of-

the-art healthcare facilities with natural elements.

Every floor has places allocated for business and

socializing, both formal and informal. The lobby

and the first four stories are the only areas

accessible to the public.

A four-story atrium in the center of the city has been landscaped to break up the

otherwise monolithic construction. The research center is made up of 11 levels

connected by a single stairwell. There is a clear horizontal link between the various

visiting areas.
Retrieved from: https://www.arch2o.com/therapeutic-architecture/#top_ankor.
Bridgepoint Active Healthcare / Stantec Architecture + KPMB Architects +

HDR Architecture + Diamond Schmitt Architects

Bridgepoint Active Healthcare opened its doors in 2013 it is in Toronto,

Canada. Patients with chronic conditions receive medical care at the 63,000-square-

foot facility. Restored for that purpose, the nearby Don Jail is now home to the

hospital's education center and administrative offices. The newly built rehabilitation

center and the 140-year-old prison are connected by a bridge.

Retrieved from: https://www.archdaily.com/.

 For better visibility and an abundance of natural light, glass was installed on the

hospital section's first floor. There are multiple-sided cuboidal extensions and a

range of window styles and sizes on the exterior. The façade is primarily straight,

with continuous ribbon windows covering each story, but is broken up by vertical

pop-out windows.

Located on the lower ground floor, the therapeutic pool is submerged and has

an overview of the nearby park. This strengthens bonds between people and the

natural and human worlds outside. From the rooftop dining area, patients have a

new connection to the city and the natural world. In addition to winning the 2015 AIA

National Award for Architecture, this structure has a silver LEED rating for

environmental friendliness.

METHODOLOGY

3.1. Research Design

A mixed-method research strategy, including quantitative and qualitative

methods, was used in this study. Through this, the researcher will understand the

study's fundamental rationale, available options, and motivations, as well as its

underlying assumptions and viewpoints. The following methodology was used in this

study:

3.1.1. Face to face Interviews

Face-to-face interviews are conducted by the researcher with the staff

members and patients of the Philippine Orthopedic Center. Patients who are

awaiting surgery and receiving treatment at this facility are regular visitors. The
 researcher gains further insight into the hospital's requirements through this

interview, which can be helpful in planning.

3.1.2. Secondary Research

The study is a proposed Specialized hospital that should acquire extensive

research. Aside from relying on and identifying circumstances from the

Building Code, RA 9266, BP344, etc. The researcher also relies on the given

Department of health restrictions, guidelines and requirements that is needed

to be considered. This should be aligned with the LGU.

3.1.3. Data from Freedom of Information

The data that was collected in the request from different departments

aligned with the needs of the study was helpful for the fastest replies, data,

and statistics that were used in this study.

RESEARCH METHOD RESEARCH DATA CULLED IMPORTANCE RESEARCH

INSTRUMENT

QUALITATIVE: • ncr_2020_philippine_ortho This will identify Internet

pedic_center_0 whether the study is

• Secondary Library
• DO2021-0001-A feasible.
Research
Amendment to the DO
• Data from The guidelines and
2021-0001
freedom of Facilities needed.
• Orthopedics hospital
information
• PHILIPPINE_ORTHOPED

IC_CENTER__UPDATED

_CC
 • Site Development Plan for

Ortho APEX Building

• 2021-0001 DO

Designation of Selected

DOH Hospitals as

Specialty Centers

• DOH000000000000715

• ao2012-0012

• Hospital-Level-3

• New-Assessment-Tool-

Level-3-hospital

• Sample-Floor-Plans-for-

General-Clinical-

Laboratory-8-5-2021

• Site analysis

• DOH-107490713649

QUANTITAVE: • Mortality and morbidity in The data and Internet

Philippine Orthopedic statistic that become

Secondary Research Computer
• FOI#DOH-420231524598 the supporting data

Data from freedom of Number of Orthopedic per because the project Gathered

information Province in is feasible. responses

CALABARZON-signed.
(INTERVIEW, DATA
• Demographics-POC
AND STATISTIC)
• Orthopedic Hospitals
 • activatabilities

• DOH085932054368

• DOH-107490713649

• FOI Request (number of

patient)

• #DOH-155815810275

• DOH-107490713649

• Orthopedic and pediatrics

patient 2018-2019

• NHFR Stat_HFRegional

3.1.4. Data Gathering

INSTRUMENT/ DATA COLLECTION OF RESEARCH

• Library

The research was conducted through books and thesis books that are related to the

topic of the project. This published reference, several case studies, related articles,

and magazines helped assist the researcher in mitigating the proposed project.

• Internet

The internet is the most modern way of searching that gives the researchers the

fastest way to search for related literature and access documents such as the DOH

administrative guidelines, codes, and many others that are not available in the
library. The social media also helped the researchers find the fastest way to ask

questions, conduct surveys, etc. It also helped the researchers with the collection of

information that was used in the proposal.

• Interview

The interview with the patients helped the researchers come up with a better

research title, and it helped them come up with better solutions to the problems that

they collected from the patients.

SITE SELECTION & ANALYSIS

According to the National Center for Health Facility Development (NCHFD),

the provinces of Quezon City (4,486), Bulacan (3,320), Cavite (3,128), Rizal (2,440),

Manila (2,418), Caloocan (2,373), and Laguna (1,561) have the highest in-patient

demographic data for orthopedics from 2015 to 2019. It provides an overview of the

province that receives treatment at Philippine Orthopedic and those patients who got

admitted to the hospital. In this data also shows the people and provinces who

mostly have high Orthopedics cases. In the summary of data per region, that the

topmost highest In-patient Data is from NCR that has 15,593 patients, Region IV-A

that has 8,198 patients and Region III that has 4,739 patients.

According to the Department of Health (#DOH-155815810275), the ER

Demographic Data Census from the Philippine Orthopedic Center from January to

December 2022 shows that Rank 1 is Region IV-A, with 7,150 patients (Cavite 2,920 &

Rizal 2,665) and Rank 2 is Region III (2,814) patients (Bulacan 2,563) , being rushed to the

hospital due to injury and many others.

 As a conclusion to the two data points, it shows that the provinces in the

Philippines that have a high volume of ER emergencies are Region IV-A and Region

III, and the rank 1 for inpatient demographics is NCR, which has 15,593 patients,
Region IV-A, which has 8,198 patients, and Region III, which has 4,739 patients.

Data requested on: EFOI - Electronic Freedom of Information - request. (n.d.). eFOI - Electronic Freedom of

Information with (#DOH-155815810275)

According to the National Health Facility Registry, only the Philippine

Orthopedic Center is a licensed, Level III hospital that specializes in musculoskeletal

disorders and trauma.

Retrieved from: https://nhfr.doh.gov.ph.

 According to the National Health Facility Registry (NHFR), the total number of

health facilities in rank 1 in the NCR is 1,031; rank 2 is Region IV-A, which has 3,782

health facilities; and rank 3 is Region III, which has 3,101 health facilities based on

the ER demographics data.

Retrieved from: ttps://nhfr.doh.gov.ph.

Criteria

The general and specific site qualities that will help the researcher choose the most

suitable location for the proposed project are listed below:

1. Lot Area/Lot Size: The total measurement of the lot and its area.

2. Accessibility (modes of transportation) refers to the transportation and its

physical accessibility.

3. Topography: the land character of the site

4. Flexibility: it is stated to have enough space and the ability to adapt in the

future.

5. Type of soil: typical soil type that is needed for construction.

6. Future Expansion Plan: The lot has extra spaces for expansion purposes.
 7. Availability: availability of essential services such as water, power,

communication lines, etc.

8. Visibility: it can be seen easily, and the location is well known.

9. Zoning: Permitted to be built as made by mixing construction.

1. ETON CITY CABUYAO, LAGUNA

• 247,069.56 m² or 24.706956 hectares

HISTORY/ BACKGROUND

Eton City

Sta. Rosa, Laguna

The sprawling 600-hectare property, Eton City along South Luzon

Expressway in Sta. Rosa Laguna, is ideal for office and commercial land lease. It

has a ready market of four (4) existing residential villages within the property, not to

mention the several residential subdivisions in proximity. It has an upcoming

neighborhood retail and commercial center that will offer dining, shopping, and
entertainment options when completed. It is also near techno parks and industrial

estates that heralds seamless business operations and productivity in this region

South of Manila.

CLIMATE

AVERAGE CLIMATE

The hot season lasts for 1.6 months, from April 7 to May 25, with an average

daily high temperature above 92°F. The hottest month of the year in Santa Rosa is

May, with an average high of 92°F and low of 79°F.

The cool season lasts for 2.7 months, from November 25 to February 15, with an

average daily high temperature below 87°F. The coldest month of the year in Santa

Rosa is January, with an average low of 73°F and high of 85°F.

PERCIPITATION

The wetter season lasts 7.3 months, from May 20 to December 29, with a

greater than 39% chance of a given day being a wet day. The month with the most

wet days in Santa Rosa is August, with an average of 18.7 days with at least 0.04

inches of precipitation. The drier season lasts 4.7 months, from December 29 to May

20. The month with the fewest wet days in Santa Rosa is March, with an average of

5.6 days with at least 0.04 inches of precipitation.

Among wet days, we distinguish between those that experience rain alone,

snow alone, or a mixture of the two. The month with the most days of rain alone in

Santa Rosa is August, with an average of 18.7 days. Based on this categorization,

the most common form of precipitation throughout the year is rain alone, with a peak

probability of 62% on August 12.

WIND

This section discusses the wide-area hourly average wind vector (speed and

direction) at 10 meters above the ground. The wind experienced at any given

location is highly dependent on local topography and other factors, and

instantaneous wind speed and direction vary more widely than hourly averages. The

average hourly wind speed in Santa Rosa experiences significant seasonal variation

over the course of the year. The windier part of the year lasts for 5.1 months, from

October 30 to April 1, with average wind speeds of more than 7.3 miles per hour.

The windiest month of the year in Santa Rosa is December, with an average hourly

wind speed of 9.1 miles per hour. The calmer time of year lasts for 6.9 months, from

April 1 to October 30. The calmest month of the year in Santa Rosa is May, with an

average hourly wind speed of 5.6 miles per hour.

Retrieved from https://weatherspark.com.

NATURAL FEATURE

• The site is surrounded by greenery such as grass and trees.

TOPOGRAPHY

The purposes of this report, the geographical coordinates of Santa Rosa are 14.312

deg latitude, 121.111 deg longitude, and 43 ft elevation. The topography within 2

miles of Santa Rosa is essentially flat, with a maximum elevation change of 95 feet

and an average elevation above sea level of 33 feet. Within 10 miles is essentially

flat (1,348 feet). Within 50 miles contains very significant variations in elevation

(7,241 feet). The area within 2 miles of Santa Rosa is covered by water (45%),

artificial surfaces (32%), and cropland (22%), within 10 miles by water (49%) and

cropland (22%), and within 50 miles by water (40%) and cropland (24%).

TYPE OF SOIL

• Lipa Loam

SENSORY

• The source of noise in the area is the noise coming from the road and the

noise from near the southwest where the Phoenix Petroleum located and the

Tierra Bella. East part the South Point Subdivision and on the Southeast the

Green Field Eton Toll Plaza.

MANMADE FEATURE

• West- east side there is the subdivision Tierra Bella and Phoenix Petrolium.

• Southeast the Green Field Eton Toll Plaza.

 • East part the South Point Subdivision

UTILITIES

• There is a connection of electricity in front near the Main Road and the

water connection.

SWOT Analysis of the Site

Strengths:

There is the main road access to the site and the Minor Road connection.

There is wide space located at the back in the west area and south of the site.

Flat land

Wind land

Weaknesses:

It is near the urbanized area that might cause traffict.

There must be noise coming from the road and at the back from the Man made
feature Surroundings.

Opportunities:

Visible to the people.

The location is easy access in transportation.

The place is surrounded by greenery.

The location is connected to public utilities, roads, and connection to the utilities
such as electricity and water connection.
Threats

Prone to National Disaster

2. Maharlika Highway,San Benito,, Alaminos, Laguna

- 123,459.65 m² or 12.345965 Hectares

HISTORY/ BACKGROUND

Alaminos, officially the Municipality of Alaminos (Tagalog: Bayan ng

Alaminos), is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Laguna, Philippines.

According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 51,619 people. The

Municipality of Alaminos is an agro-industrial town that lies within the third

congressional district of the Province of Laguna and is part of the Calabarzon.

Based on the municipal zoning, the industrial sites are located along Maharlika

Highway of Barangays San Andres, San Juan, San Agustin, and San Benito. Here,
lands are available for industrial and commercial purposes. Barangays San Andres

and San Juan will also be developed as a techno park for farm housing, industrial

and commercial purposes.

Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaminos,_Laguna.

CLIMATE

SUN

The length of the day in Alaminos varies over the course of the year. In 2023, the

shortest day is December 22, with 11 hours, 10 minutes of daylight; the longest day

is June 21, with 13 hours, 5 minutes of daylight.

PRECIPITATION
The wet day is one with at least 0.04 inches of liquid or liquid-equivalent

precipitation. The chance of wet days in Alaminos varies very significantly

throughout the year. The wetter season lasts 5.2 months, from May 10 to October

16, with a greater than 41% chance of a given day being a wet day. The month with

the most wet days in Alaminos is August, with an average of 24.1 days with at least

0.04 inches of precipitation. The drier season lasts 6.8 months, from October 16 to

May 10. The month with the fewest wet days in Alaminos is January, with an

average of 1.0 days with at least 0.04 inches of precipitation. The month with the

most days of rain alone in Alaminos is August, with an average of 24.1 days. Based

on this categorization, the most common form of precipitation throughout the year is

rain alone, with a peak probability of 80% on August 12.

WIND

This section discusses the wide-area hourly average wind vector (speed and

direction) at 10 meters above the ground. The wind experienced at any given

location is highly dependent on local topography and other factors, and

instantaneous wind speed and direction vary more widely than hourly averages. The

windier part of the year lasts for 2.8 months, from June 16 to September 11, with

average wind speeds of more than 8.1 miles per hour. The windiest month of the

year in Alaminos is August, with an average hourly wind speed of 9.6 miles per hour.

The calmer time of year lasts for 9.2 months, from September 11 to June 16. The

calmest month of the year in Alaminos is November, with an average hourly wind

speed of 6.4 miles per hour.

Retrieved from https://weatherspark.com.

NATURAL FEATURE

• The site is surrounded by greenery and near Mount Manabu Summit.

TOPOGRAPHY

Geographical coordinates of Alaminos are 16.156 deg latitude, 119.981 deg

longitude, and 49 ft elevation. The topography within 2 miles of Alaminos contains

only modest variations in elevation, with a maximum elevation change of 112 feet

and an average elevation above sea level of 43 feet. Within 10 miles contains only

modest variations in elevation (1,266 feet). Within 50 miles contains very significant

variations in elevation (7,382 feet). The area within 2 miles of Alaminos is covered

by cropland (92%), within 10 miles by cropland (38%) and water (32%), and within

50 miles by water (64%) and cropland (17%).

TYPE OF SOIL

• Reddish brown to brick red friable loam to clay loam.

SENSORY

• The noise from the main road and Barangay Road.

• The noise from the west side Abba's Best Commercial Distributor Inc.

• The noise from the East side the Toyota San Pablo Branch.

• The noise from the South side the residential houses.

• The noise from the North side the Alaminos Auto wax and accessories Corp.

MANMADE FEATURE

• From the main road and Barangay Road.

• From the west side Abba's Best Commercial Distributor Inc.

• From the East side the Toyota San Pablo Branch.

• From the South side the residential houses.

• From the North side the Alaminos Auto wax and accessories Corp.

UTILITIES

• There is a connection of electricity in front near the Main Road and the water

connection.

SWOT Analysis of the Site

Strengths:

• There is two road for access to the site. On is the main road and one is the

Barangay Road.

• There is wide space of the site.

Weaknesses:

• There must be noise coming from the Residential houses, in the road and in the

commercial Buildings.

• It must be affected by the traffic due to the road is going to San Pablo City.

Opportunities:

• The location is easy access in transportation.

• The place is surrounded by greenery.

• The location is connected to public utilities, roads, and connection to the utilities

such as electricity and water connection.

Threats

• Prone to different Natural Disaster.

 3.28QV+968 Barangay San Ignacio, San Pablo City, 4000 Laguna

• 71,234.51 m² or 7.123451

BACKGROUND

The San Pablo community dates to the early 1800’s when the Castro Family

received almost 20,000 acres in a Spanish land grant. It was the home of Governor

Juan Bautista Alvarado, the first native-born governor of the State of California who

had married one of the Castro daughters. The city was incorporated on April 27,

1948.

San Pablo has two museums: the Alvarado Adobe, a replica of the home of

Governor Alvarado; and the Blume House, a large farmhouse built in 1905 and

moved to its present location in 1979 when a shopping center was planned for its
original location. A bunk house also was moved and is a part of the museum.

RETRIEVED FROM https://www.sanpabloca.gov/943/History.

CLIMATE

AVERAGE TEMPERATURE

The hot season lasts for 2.0 months, from April 7 to June 6, with an average

daily high temperature above 90°F. The hottest month of the year in San Pablo

is May, with an average high of 91°F and low of 76°F.

The cool season lasts for 2.7 months, from November 25 to February 16, with

an average daily high temperature below 84°F. The coldest month of the year in San

Pablo is January, with an average low of 71°F and high of 82°F.

PRECIPITATION

A wet day is one with at least 0.04 inches of liquid or liquid-equivalent

precipitation. The chance of wet days in San Pablo varies significantly throughout

the year. The wetter season lasts 7.2 months, from May 31 to January 5, with a

greater than 41% chance of a given day being a wet day. The month with the most

wet days in San Pablo is October, with an average of 19.0 days with at least 0.04

inches of precipitation. The drier season lasts 4.8 months, from January 5 to May

31. The month with the fewest wet days in San Pablo is March, with an average of

6.6 days with at least 0.04 inches of precipitation. The month with the most days of

rain alone in San Pablo is October, with an average of 19.0 days. Based on this

categorization, the most common form of precipitation throughout the year is rain

alone, with a peak probability of 62% on October 16.

 WIND

This section discusses the wide-area hourly average wind vector (speed and

direction) at 10 meters above the ground. The wind experienced at any given

location is highly dependent on local topography and other factors, and

instantaneous wind speed and direction vary more widely than hourly averages.

The average hourly wind speed in San Pablo experiences significant seasonal

variation over the course of the year. The windier part of the year lasts for 5.2

months, from October 30 to April 5, with average wind speeds of more than 6.5

miles per hour. The windiest month of the year in San Pablo is December, with an

average hourly wind speed of 8.2 miles per hour. The calmer time of year lasts for

6.8 months, from April 5 to October 30. The calmest month of the year in San Pablo

is June, with an average hourly wind speed of 5.0 miles per hour.

Retrieved from https://weatherspark.com.

NATURAL FEATURE

• The site is surrounded by greenery.

• TOPOGRAPHY

San Pablo are 14.068 deg latitude, 121.326 deg longitude, and 377 ft elevation.

The topography within 2 miles of San Pablo contains only modest variations in

elevation, with a maximum elevation change of 272 feet and an average elevation

above sea level of 367 feet. Within 10 miles contains only modest variations in

elevation (6,201 feet). Within 50 miles also contains extreme variations in elevation

(7,241 feet). The area within 2 miles of San Pablo is covered by cropland (51%) and

trees (30%), within 10 miles by trees (47%) and cropland (39%), and within 50 miles

by water (50%) and trees (20%).

TYPE OF SOIL

• Lipa Loam Soil

SENSORY

• The source of noise in the area is the noise coming from pleasant view Hotel

and Restaurant, Saint Jude Multipurpose Sta. Cruz and from the Highway.

MANMADE FEATURE

• On the Northeast side is the pleasant view Hotel and Restaurant.

• On the Northwest side is the Tessie store.

 • Northeast front is the Saint Jude Multipurpose Hall.

UTILITIES

• There is a connection of electricity in front near the Main Road and the

water connection.

SWOT Analysis of the Site

Strengths:

In front is the National highway easy for access to the site.

There is wide space located at the back and at the west side of the site.

Weaknesses:

There must be noise coming from the road and the other side of residential
houses.

There is not too much establishment in the area.

Opportunities:

Visible to the people.

The location is easy access in transportation.

The place is surrounded by greenery.

The location is connected to public utilities, roads, and connection to the utilities
such as electricity and water connection.

THREATS

Approximately 2.37 km away from Laguna de bay and prone to flood.

SITE EVALUATION

1 = Strongly Disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Agree & 5 = Strongly Agree

SYNTHESIS:

• The highest rating total is the site 1 that has 4.95.

• In site area, the highest rating is Site 1, which has a lot of area of 24.71 hectares; next
is Site 2, that has 12.35 hectares; and lastly, Site 3, that has 7.12 hectares.
• Availability: The site 1 has the highest ratings and next is the site 2 and last is the site
3 it has access to different utilities such as electricity connections and water.
• Accessibility: The site 1 and 2 have a rating of 5, the highest because they all have
access to transportation.
• Topography: The site 1 and 2 has a rating of 5 due to its elevation above sea level.
• Flexibility: Sites 1 have the highest rating, while Site 2 & 3 has 4, which is equivalent
to agree it is based on the SWOT and Site Analysis.
• Future expansion: The site 1 has the highest rating for expansion.
• Type of soil: All their site has a rating of 4 due to the component of soil but all can be
used or good in construction.
• Visibility: the highest is at sites 1 and 2 since there is no highest building, and at site
3, it has 4 due it is far from the city.
• Zoning: Site 1 has the highest rating since the place is constructable, and sites 2 and
3 have a rating of 4 because there is a specific zoning.
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