Chapter 18

Physics
 18.1
-

A battery produces electricity by transforming chemical

energy into electrical
energy
'

The voltage btwn the terminals depend on what electrodes are made of t
ability to dissolve
up

connections to wires and

areqm.de
circuits here .

or is
maintained
kept
if more than I yn ; ,
current
is
""
if a

IT
.vn?ildeoanedYm
even

←
connected '
'
flowing
"
battery ! ,

Volta discovered that electricity 1 rods

4-
two plates metals
→ ore
made of dissimilar "

could be created if disimilar metals te f n electrodes -

in t

immersed
+
-6 +

were Connected by a conductive aim acid

bow dilute "

neurotic #
.

a
" as
solution
"

electrolyte .
Such ,,
Electric Cell
3D
run →
Potential energy

① Potentiate
electric
← OV =
PEI
1. 5 V 1.5 V
q → charge

O O
Pfe
gov
=

since it on heated it adds

up v =3 V

18€
The
purpose of a
battery is to
produce potential difference which then
-

can make
charges move

load
→ The device to the
connived
battery be
lightbulb heater , radio
'

could a , .

Conducting .

When such circuit is created charge flow through the wires of the circuit
f
wire can

"

from Electric Current

"

+ one terminal to the other ,

as
long as the
path is continuous .

Source of
emf l AV #
→

pupating
Initiating charge cos
-
current ←
I OO, →

btwn terminals . ( c Is )
=
-

Q = Ne → electrons
D -L→ time Cs )
Ampere A
f
''
Electric Circuit
"
I
←
→ 3A
-

MA 10
charge
=
e -
-

\
' '

A current flows if continuous path complete circuit

"
If there's break
only a
.

.
a or

deliver
"
cut wine Open circuit " .

to bulb
energy
A to B i

'

gain 12J battery

loses 127 Outside to bulb

'

tot O
change in energy
- .
-
 ex # 18.1 # 504
pg
:

b) N -1
a) I =
25 = 601 =3 .
8×102
'

E Iq
4 min 1.6×10
-

T -
-

460=240 s

::::ff
Q = I Ot Circuit tt ft
2.5 ( 240 ) -

-
600C -

"
i
:÷i÷:÷ . . . .. .. .
.
.
..
. .

1.6-710-13 3A
'
I
¥
=
6 X lo
-

= = 1 .

505
-

CX # 18.2 #
pg
-

a) There is a dead end , no closed

path flow would stop toward the bulb

The
@
.
.

b) There is a closed path from the battery

to bulb but it
only touches one terminal ,
SO no 011 SO Q doesn't move

c) Nothing is
wrong here ,
complete circuit .

terminal to
Charges flow from one bulb
through
wire to another terminal .

inreallifefA.tt#

g'
'
"
-

A common conductor is called round

provides continuity .

"
Positive charges flowing
"

conventional current is equivalent to

negative
'

charge direction
"
Electron burren -1
"

Mowing opp . .

Not all currents

-

consists of electrons

C- xcersize B :

DQ = I D L -
=
l X 3600--3600 C

l hour X 3600 → 36005

-
18.3 A

Q
q
I V I D= VIA
V
-

✓ ← =
IR
current depends on or and R
t
-

"
"
ohms
-

Resistance is independent of the

voltage Ohm 's law r

Materials that don't

'

Ohm 's
-

follow law are called non ohmic

€ /0dhefe
I

Ohm 's law

: dudes ,
bulbs

v v

DI
=
¥ -
slope

CX # 18.3 # 506 :
pg
3A
-

I =
300×10

V = I - 5

a) 5. Or
Vz
R -
-
=
=

300×10-3

b)
Vz II
I =
= =
0.242240mA
5 decreases .

Eycersizec :

0.50 A 121
I
I =
R - =
i 24 or
120 v 0.50
✓ =

Resistors are used to control the amount of current

] resistor
 ex # 18 Y # 507 :
pg
-

V =
IR
#
A R B

→
I

Positive charges flow from from drop

]
a) t to -

potential

high to low Point is

higher than B Voltage drop
A
potential
.
.

b) Current is same at Banda since

charge / current

doesn't get used

up by
resistor and is conserved .

Summary :

Batteries maintain
-

constant difference
a
potential ,
current varies

.
Resistance is a material device
property of a or a

-
Current is not a vector but has direction

Current and do It's conserved

charge not get used up .

length
18.42
f Rae
-
R =p I
A
f
/
\
R d L
resistance atrea A

resistivity
( r .
m )
rho .

Exc er size E
'

R =
Cor Il
2
) 12=552

R =p
# ta
C- x # 18.5 # 509 :

pg
a) l -
-
20M R =p I → A =p I b) V =
IR = 4 Co -
10 )
=o
A
R 0.10
R
=

8
68×10 ( 20 )
-

1.
=3 4×10 6ms
-

.
-

O -
10

Tidy d=V4¥ ds2.li/l0-3#

A =

→
 :
CX # 18.6 # 509
pg
12=101×2
Axl
2

12=2 ÷
's = UR

Excersizef :

D= I -5mm 5×10-3

PAI
l
R
-

RI
-

-
→ b =

IT ( 5×10
-
3) 2
A = l -

p T"
1.8 410 6ms
-

=
=
( l 8×10-6 )
l X -

1.6870-8
l = 107ns Full Om

18.5

µ
-

( T 's
→ energy transformed p=I2R
← P = QI p -

-
IV
power
t → time is ) f
p -
VI
watt
* R
( W )
→ T
1W ITIS 1A v DPEE
p
- -

-_ =

F- s

ex # 18.8 # 511 :
pg
P -

- 40W
12-2=3
YI
R -

✓ =l2v
=
-
Gr

40

1kWh ( 1000W )( 360053--3.6×1063

-

Lev 1.6×10 -19J

-

PE=p
to calculate cost
ex # 18-9 # 511 :
pg

f
I = 15.0A
- "w
w "
i
. : ÷:
cost =
?
3. hours per day
→
90 ( 1. 8) ( 0.062)
9- 2 cents
per KWH
=
$15

ex # 18 LO pg -

# 512
i

OV -- 5×103 a ) Q =
OPE = ( 09
= 20 c
- -

V
e- O -
25 5×107

ope
-
10 " J
b) I =

0¥ ,
=
21
O .
2
= 100 A

c) D=
EEE -

6.012=5×109 W k 5GW

18.62
-

The wires used in homes have low resistance However if the IM PM and wires will be

hot enough-1 to start a fire .

To avoid this we use fuses circuit disconnects

or breakers which when In .
ex # '
8.11 pg # 513 :

I =
PIV

100/120=0 -8A

#
.

"" " " = ""

aaron
.

1751120 = 1.5A

1500/120 = 12 -5A

Excersize I :

P -
-

60W I
--
I = 0.5A

V - 120 V V

I 20A
2o?¥y= 40 (
= e )