Natural and artificial

lighting
system

▪ DAYLIGHTING TECHNIQUES
▪ ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING TECHNIQUES

▪ INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUES
DAY LIGHTING TECHNIQUES

Sources :
• When designing with day lighting we want to do two things, one is have enough light enter
the building to light it effectively.
• The second is to reduce the amount of heat that comes with the light in order to not
retain thermal comfort.
• By putting windows up with little to no coverage, preparation or consideration taken from the
incoming sun or the buildings surroundings.
• When we think about designing with daylighting we also need to remember to protect from
unwanted indirect daylighting as well as the suns direct light.
• Light can be reflected into the building from the outside environment, or from nearby buildings.
ROOF LIGHTING / TOP LIGHTING
• Skylights ,monitors and clerestories are all methods of TOP LIGHTING.
• The main advantage of top lighting is the uniform and high illumination levels possible.
• It is not a workable strategy for hige rise buildings and doesn’t supplement the need of view
and orientation.
• Top lighting also has some potential glare problems.
 SKYLIGHTS
• Skylights are domed, horizontal or slightly sloping glazed openings in the roof.

• Horizontal or slightly sloped openings in the roof.

• Direct sunlight needs to be diffused for better visual performance and reducing glare.
• Skylight face the summer sun more than winter and collect more heat in summer
Glare and heat
➔ problem ➔
 MONITOR LIGHTING
• Monitor lighting can be used to reduce glare, heat gains, and protect internal spaces from
direct sunlight, by providing an opaque roof and overhang above the glazing.

SAW TOOTH LIGHTING

• Heat gains can be reduced by tilting roof
lights towards the North in order to utilise
diffuse north lighting.
1- Skylight Spacing

2- Use splayed openings for better light distribution.

3- Place the skylight high in a space.

For light to diffuse and reduce glare
4. Place skylights near walls

5. Use interior reflectors to diffuse the sunlight.

6. Use exterior shades and reflectors .

7. Use steeply sloped skylights to improve the summer/winter balance.

• 8. Use sunlight for dramatic effect.
 CLERESTORY WINDOWS
• Clerestory windows are usually situated at a high level (near the ceiling of the room) -
always above eye level.
• They provide an effective source of natural light and ventilation whilst reducing glare.

• Advantage of clerestories ➔ diffused light; the result from light reflected off the ceiling
• Disadvantage➔ no view
Orientation.
▪ Facing south: collect more sunlight in
winter than in summer, can be shaded
easily
▪ Facing north: low but constant light with no
glare
▪ West and east are to be avoided ;receive
more summer sun than winter and hard to
shade
LIGHTSHELF SYSTEM:
A lightshelf is a device designed to capture daylight, particularly sunlight, and redirect it towards the
back of the room by reflecting it off the ceiling.
LOUVER SYSTEMS:
Like most effective sidelighting systems, louver systems are designed to capture sunlight falling in
the front of the room and redirect it towards the back, thereby increasing daylight levels in the back
of the room and reducing them in the front.
PRISMATIC SYSTEMS:
Designed to change the direction of incoming sunlight and redirect it by way of refraction and
reflection.
ANIDOLIC ZENITHAL COLLECTOR SYSTEM:
The zenithal anidolic system is comprised of two concentrating mirrors of parabolic shape that
capture the incoming light flux over a wider area and distribute it inside a room.
DYNAMIC DAYLIGHT CONTROL WITH INTELLIBLINDS
• The Intelli Blinds Model provides a Dynamic Daylight Control (DDC) capability that's superior
to that of far more expensive conventional DDC systems.
• It automatically adjusts its host blind to compensate for changing conditions, tripling the
average level of useful natural illumination with no risk of glare.
• Despite its simplicity and low cost, they can do something that only the most sophisticated
conventional computerized shading systems can do :

− it can automatically maintain the optimum shading under changing conditions.

• Besides providing a healthier and more appealing visual environment, this kind of Dynamic
Daylight Control (DDC) is essential for effective daylighting in buildings equipped with
ordinary eye-level view windows
INNOVATIVE LIGHTING TECHNIQUES
Provides Closed-Loop Control
DDC isn't needed in unoccupied rooms, or when there isn't enough daylight to make daylighting
worthwhile.
The IntelliBlinds™ Model D is smart enough to perform DDC only when it's needed.
When DDC is needed, IntelliBlinds™ uses its built-in, DayLight Sensor (DLS) to constantly monitor
the actual daylight level in the daylit zone, and compares it to a daylight set-point stored in its
memory.
Whenever the actual daylight level differs significantly from the set-point, IntelliBlinds adjusts the
blind to minimize the difference.
The result is closed-loop control of the admitted daylight:
The user can adjust the daylight set-
point at any time by simply twisting the
patented IntelliTwist™ Wand.

Twisting the wand adjusts the shading;

after each adjustment, IntelliBlinds™
updates the daylight set-point to the
new daylight level.
Responds Only to Natural Illumination

Rather than sensing the visible portion of the spectrum, IntelliLux™ DLS responds only to near-
InfraRed (IR) wavelengths.
Daylight contains plenty of near-IR, but the light produced by high-efficiency illumination systems
doesn't.
So the IntelliLux™ DLS responds only to natural illumination--and that enables it to monitor
the entire daylit area without being confused by changing artificial light levels due to dimming
or switching of the lighting system
Blocks Direct Sunlight While Admitting Diffuse Daylight

Its closed-loop glare-blocking capability also enables IntelliBlinds™ to fully exploit a unique
advantage of Venetian blinds:
despite being among the least expensive types of window covering available,Venetian blinds can
be adjusted to block direct sun while still admitting diffuse daylight.
In contrast, other types of window covering must be fully closed to control glare in the presence
of direct sun, particularly at low solar elevation angles.
Fully Exploits Available Daylight
• Direct sun isn't the only potential source of glare; bright clouds and sunlight reflected from
nearby glass facades can also cause uncomfortable visual conditions.
• In a blind-based DDC system based on conventional technology, the only practical way to
mitigate this risk is to ensure that the slats are never tilted to permit a direct view of the sky.
• Unfortunately, this also reduces the energy savings under low-glare conditions, such as on
heavily overcast days or cloudless days without direct sun.
• On the other hand, because IntelliBlinds™ directly senses and responds to incipient glare, it
can exploit the full slat-tilt range of the host blind.
LIGHT WELLS
• Light wells are a primary component of skylighting systems.
• They bring the light through the roof and ceiling structure, and they simultaneously provide a
means for controlling the incoming daylight before it enters the main space.
• A light well is similar to the housing of an electric light fixture.
• Light wells can be designed in a wide variety of shapes.
• The simplest are vertical-sided shafts, the same size as the skylight opening.
• More elaborate wells have splayed or sloping sides that spread the light more broadly through
the space.
SOLAR TUBULAR SKYLIGHT
http://www.solatube.com/
Solatube tubular daylighting devices, are affordable, high-performance lighting solutions that
bring daylight into interior spaces where traditional skylights and windows simply can’t reach.

Sometimes called “tubular skylights,” “light tubes,” “sun pipes,” and even “light tunnels,”

TDDs have become the ideal solution for lighting interiors in a cost-effective, energy-efficient and
eco-friendly way because they significantly reduce the need for electricity while keeping people
connected to the outdoor environment.
 ATRIUM LIGHTING
• Atrium spaces central to the building can also
provide useful levels of daylight to interior zone
walls.
• They are especially desirable for providing
aesthetically pleasing dining and recreational
areas inside the building.
• Providing thermal mass using load bearing
concrete masonry walls inside the atrium area
can permit vital control over the solar energy
(heat) that is a by-product of daylighting.
Perforated screens
ADVANCE TECHNIQUES IN ARTIFICIAL LIGHTINGS
There are basically three types of techniques in artificial lightings:
• Direct lighting
• Indirect lighting
• Semi direct lighting

• Direct lighting :
• In this essentially all light is directed downward. Hence ceiling illumination is due to the light
reflected from floor and room furnishings.
• The effect of direct lighting depends greatly on whether the luminaire light distribution
patterns are spread or concentrating.
• This type requires a light, high – reflectance , diffuse floor unless a dark ceiling is desired from
decorative view point.

Some types of direct lightings are:

• Down lights
• Pendent lights
• Task lightings
• DOWN LIGHTS OR RECESSED LIGHTING :
• A recessed light or downlight is a light fixture that is installed into a hollow opening in
a ceiling. When installed it appears to have light shining from a hole in the ceiling,
concentrating the light in a downward direction as a broad floodlight or narrow spotlight.
• There are three parts to a recessed lighting fixture: housing, trim and bulb.
• The trim is the visible portion of the light. It is the insert that is seen when looking up into
the fixture, and also includes the thin lining around the edge of the light.
• The housing is the fixture itself that is installed inside the ceiling and contains the lamp
holder.
• There are many different types of bulbs that can be inserted into recessed lighting
fixtures, with the amount of heat generated by the bulb being a unique consideration.
PENDENT LIGHTS:
A pendant light, sometimes called a drop or suspender, is a lone light
fixture that hangs from the ceiling usually suspended by a cord, chain, or
metal rod.
Pendant lights are often used in multiples, hung in a straight line over
kitchen countertops and dinette sets or sometimes in bathrooms.
Pendants come in a huge variety of sizes and vary in materials from metal
to glass or concrete and plastic.
Many modern pendants are energy-saving low voltage models and some
use halogen or fluorescent bulbs.
A island light is a longer pendant fixture, usually with long fluorescent or
multiple incandescent bulbs , used over kitchen islands and billiard tables.
It is a key component to understanding Architectural lighting design and
sometimes associated with interior design .
Since pendant lights are typically smaller and placed in sets, it is important
to follow general lighting rules to avoid creating poor lighting.
An odd number of pendants is preferable to an even amount.
Typically, 60-75 watt equivalent lights are needed for every 20 inches of
counter space.
Pendants should be placed 28-38 inches above a counter top, or 72
inches above the floor
TASK LIGHTING:
• Task lighting refers to increasing illuminance to better accomplish a specific activity.

• Contrast is important, and a poorly positioned light source may cause contrast reduction,
resulting in loss of visibility.

• Therefore, it can be argued that the most important purpose of task lighting in the office is not
increasing illuminance, but improving contrast.
INDIRECT LIGHTING
• In this type of lighting all light reaches the horizontal working plane indirectly through
reflections from ceiling and upper walls.
• This lighting is inherently inefficient as mush of useful light reaches the working
plane only after double reflection within the source and the ceiling.

Some types of indirect lightings are:

• Coffer lighting
• Light space
• Cove lighting
COFFER LIGHTING :
• The light coffer with its indirect lighting ,creates an even and
harmonious illumination of the room.
• If coffers are used for general lighting in large rooms with many
workstations, they should be supplemented with luminaires
around the coffers.
• The panels can be manufactured from various materials –
wood, fabric, metal or even customized with laser cut
decorations.
COVE LIGHTING :
• Cove lighting is a form of indirect lighting built into ledges, recesses, or valences in a ceiling
or high on the walls of a room.
• It directs light up towards the ceiling and down adjacent walls.
• It may be used as primary lighting, or for aesthetic accent, especially to highlight decorative
ceilings.
• One method of installing cove lighting is by using fluorescent tubes as these luminaires
are an energy-efficient alternative to larger luminaires because they save on materials.
• An even better energy-efficient alternative is to use LED strips, mounted on an aluminum
profiles for optimum heat dissipation, with prismatic covers. With a dimming controller the
cove lighting can be dimmed. A wide range of LEDs are available, from warm white,
daylight and even colour changing RGB modules
SEMI DIRECT LIGHTING
• It is also an efficient system of lighting and chances of glare are also reduced.
• Here transparent type shades are used through which about 60 % light is directed
downward and 40% is directed upward.
• This also provides a uniform distribution of light and is best suited for room with high
ceilings.

Some types of direct lightings are:

• Metal enclosed florescent

• Light using reflectors
• Specular parabolic reflectors
• Baffled reflectors
 BAFFLE REFECTOR:

• Baffles, louvers, and diffusers can eliminate most direct

views of the lamps from normal viewing positions and
landings overlooking the room.
• Baffles are parallel blades that come in different sizes,
finishes, and blade heights and spacing's . One-inch-
high white blades separated by a 1² space are usually
appropriate.
• Baffles are manufactured 6² to 10² wide and 4´ long.
• Diffusers completely eliminate all views of the lamp,
but they reduce the light output from the luminaires
more than louvers and baffles do. Builders cut diffusers
from acrylic, prismatic lenses. Diffusers work best
when installed
INNOVATIVE LIGHTINGS:
• Fiber Optics
• Prismatic light

FIBER OPTICS:
An optical fiber is a thin, flexible, transparent fiber that acts as a waveguide, or "light pipe", to
transmit light between the two ends of the fiber.
THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF FIBER OPTIC CABLE
COMMONLY USED

Step-index Multimode fiber

Single Mode

Plastic optic fiber

WORKING OF FIBER OPTICS:
• The term "fiber optics" applies really to a branch of light physics dealing with the properties of
certain materials that display a phenomenon called "total internal reflection", and not to an
object.

• All optical elements such as lenses, prisms and rods use total internal reflection as a mecha-
nism for light transportation.

• In the elements described as fiber optics light travels by virtue of this effect but it does so in a
number of ways; mono mode, multimode, step index, gradient index and so on.
Fiber optics are of 2 types
1. Glass fibers
2. Polymer fibers

• Ranging from thickness of few microns to over an inch in

diameter.
• They can be either bare or sheathed.
ADVANTAGES OF GLASS FIBERS –
• Very resilient
• Suited where the actual conductor will be subject to extreme
temperatures and radiation.
• Spectral transmission is good.

ADVANTAGES OF POLYMER FIBERS –

• Polymer fibers have a lower cost per optical area unit than glass,
in part due to the easier manufacturing process.
• Glass fibers are heavier than polymer, a fact that may be critical
in some applications, such as automotive and aircraft uses.
PRISMATIC LIGHT:
• “Prismatic” refers to the pattern of prism-like shapes with triangular bases.
• The pattern is designed to disperse light into a spectrum and distribute a concentrated light
source over a larger surface area.
• Prismatic plastic light lenses take the glare off , but some say the light distribution is uneven
compared to other lighting solutions.
• Prismatic glass was originally designed for industry, where the glass prisms would provide a
combination of up light and downlight to illuminate any environment evenly, without creating
dark spots or glare.
OCCUPANCY SENSOR :
• An occupancy sensor is a lighting control device that detects
occupancy of a space by people and turns the lights on or off
automatically, using
infrared, ultrasonic or microwave technology.
• Occupancy sensors are typically used to save energy, provide
automatic control, and comply with building codes.
• Motion sensors are often used in indoor spaces to control
electric lighting.
• If no motion is detected, it is assumed that the space is empty,
and thus does not need to be lit. Turning off the lights in such
circumstances can save substantial amounts of energy.
• In lighting practice occupancy sensors are sometime also called
"presence sensors" or "vacancy sensors".
• Some occupancy sensors also classify the number of
occupants, their direction of motion, etc., through image
processing.
• Pixel view is a camera-based occupancy sensor, using a
camera that is built into each light fixture.
THANK YOU

Source:
Advanced Lighting Techniques
Uploaded by Sneha Patel Date uploaded on Dec 09, 2016
https://www.scribd.com/presentation/333692776/Advanced-
Lighting-Techniques

Date Retrieved: Sept. 30, 2022