Computer Graphics

Lecture 4

Dr. Samah Adel

 Methods

Defining and Using

Methods, Overloads
Table of Contents

1. What Is a Method?
2. Naming and Best Practices
3. Declaring and Invoking Methods
 Void and Return Type Methods
4. Methods with Parameters
5. Value vs. Reference Types
6. Overloading Methods
7. Program Execution Flow 146
What Is a Method
Void Methods
Simple Methods
 Named block of code, that can be invoked later
 Sample method definition: Method named
printHello
public static void printHello () {
System.out.println("Hello!"); Method body
} always
surrounded
by { }
 Invoking (calling) the printHello();
method several times: printHello();

5
Why Use Methods?
 More manageable programming
 Splits large problems into small pieces
 Better organization of the program
 Improves code readability
 Improves code understandability
 Avoiding repeating code
 Improves code maintainability
 Code reusability
 Using existing methods several times 6
Void Type Method
 Executes the code between the brackets
 Does not return result
public static void printHello() { Prints "Hello"
System.out.println("Hello"); on the console
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Hello");
} main() is also
a method
Naming and Best Practices
Naming Methods
 Methods naming guidelines
 Use meaningful method names
 Method names should answer the question:
 What does this method do?
findStudent, loadReport, sine

 If you cannot find a good name for a method, think

about whether it has a clear intent
Method1, DoSomething, HandleStuff, SampleMethod
9
Methods – Best Practices
 Each method should perform a single, well-defined task
 A Method's name should describe that task in a clear and
non-ambiguous way
 Avoid methods longer than one screen
 Split them to several shorter methods
private static void printReceipt()
{ printHeader();
printBody();
printFooter();
Self documenting
} and easy to test
10
Code Structure and Code Formatting
 Make sure to use correct indentation
static void main(args) { static void main(args)
// some code… {
// some more code… // some code…
} // some more code…
}

 Leave a blank line between methods, after loops and after

if statements
 Always use curly brackets for loops and if statements bodies
 Avoid long lines and complex expressions
11
 {…}
Declaring and Invoking Methods
Declaring Methods
Return Type Method Name Parameters
public static void printText(String text) {
System.out.println(text);
} Method Body

 Methods are declared inside a class

 main() is also a method
 Variables inside a method are local
157
Invoking a Method
 Methods are first declared, then invoked (many times)
public static void printHeader() {
System.out.println("----------"); Method
} Declaration

 Methods can be invoked (called) by their name + ():

public static void main(String[] args) {
printHeader();
} Method
Invocation
Invoking a Method (2)
 A method can be invoked from:
 The main method – main()
public static void main(String[] args) {
printHeader();
}

 Its own body – recursion  Some other method

static void crash() { public static void printHeader()
crash(); { printHeaderTop();
} printHeaderBottom();
}
 double
String
long
Methods with Parameters
Method Parameters
 Method parameters can be of any data type
static void printNumbers(int start, int end) {
for (int i = start; i <= end; i++) {
System.out.printf("%d ", i); Multiple parameters
} separated by comma
}

 Call the method with certain values (arguments)

public static void main(String[] args) {
printNumbers(5, 10);
} Passing arguments at invocation
17
Method Parameters (2)
 You can pass zero or several parameters
 You can pass parameters of different types
 Each parameter has name and type
Multiple parameters Parameter Parameter
of different types type name
public static void printStudent(String name, int age, double grade) {
System.out.printf("Student: %s; Age: %d, Grade: %.2f\n",
name, age, grade);
}

18
Problem: Sign of Integer Number
 Create a method that prints the sign of an integer number n:

2 The number 2 is positive.

-5 The number -5 is negative.

0 The number 0 is zero.

19
Solution: Sign of Integer Number

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.print("Enter element");
int n=Integer.parseInt(sc.nextLine());
printSign(n);
}
public static void printSign(int number) {
if (number > 0)
System.out.printf("The number %d is positive.", number);
else if (number < 0)
System.out.printf("The number %d is negative.", number);
else
System.out.printf("The number %d is zero.", number);
}
20
Problem: Grades
 Write a method that receives a grade between 2.00 and 6.00
and prints the corresponding grade in words
 2.00 - 2.99 - "Fail"
 3.00 - 3.49 - "Poor" 3.33 Poor

 3.50 - 4.49 - "Good" 4.50 Very good

 4.50 - 5.49 - "Very good"
2.99 Fail
 5.50 - 6.00 - "Excellent"

21
Solution: Grades
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.print("Enter grade");
printInWords(Double.parseDouble(sc.nextLine()));
}
public static void printInWords(double grade) {
String gradeInWords = "";
if (grade >= 2 && grade <= 2.99)
gradeInWords = "Fail";
if (grade >= 3 && grade <= 3.49)
gradeInWords = “poor";
22
Solution: Grades (Cont.)
if (grade >= 3.5 && grade <= 4.49)
gradeInWords = "Good";
elseif (grade >= 4.5 && grade <= 5.49)
gradeInWords = “Very Good";
elseif (grade >= 5.5 && grade <= 6)
gradeInWords = “Excellent";
else
gradeInWords = “Enter correct gade!";
System.out.println(gradeInWords);
} 23
Problem: Printing Triangle (Report)
 Create a method for printing triangles as shown below:

1
1 1 2
1 2 1 2 3
3 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1 2 1 2 3
1 1 2
1

24
Solution: Printing Triangle (1)
 Create a method that prints a single line, consisting of numbers
from a given start to a given end:
public static void printLine(int start, int end) {
for (int i = start; i <= end; i++) {
System.out.print(i + " ");
}
System.out.println();
}

25
Solution: Printing Triangle (2)
 Create a method that prints the first half (1..n) and then the
second half (n-1…1) of the triangle: Method with
public static void printTriangle(int n) { parameter n
for (int line = 1; line <= n; line++)
printLine(1, line);
Lines 1...n
for (int line = n - 1; line >= 1; line--)
printLine(1, line);
} Lines n-1…1

26
Returning Values From Methods
The Return Statement
 The return keyword immediately stops the method's
execution
 Returns the specified value
public static String readFullName(Scanner sc) {
String firstName = sc.nextLine();
String lastName = sc.nextLine();
return firstName + " " + lastName;
}
Returns a String
 Void methods can be terminated by just using return

28
Using the Return Values
 Return value can be:
 Assigned to a variable
int max = getMax(5, 10);

 Used in expression
double total = getPrice() * quantity * 1.20;
 Passed to another method
int age = Integer.parseInt(sc.nextLine());

29
Problem: Calculate Rectangle Area
 Create a method which returns rectangle area
with given width and height

3 6
12 48
4 8

5 50 7
56
10 8

30
Solution: Calculate Rectangle Area

public static void main(String[] args) {

double width = Double.parseDouble(sc.nextLine());
double height = Double.parseDouble(sc.nextLine());
double area = calcRectangleArea(width, height);
System.out.printf("%.0f%n",area);
}

public static double calcRectangleArea(

double width, double height) {
return width * height;
}
31
Problem: Repeat String
 Write a method that receives a string and a repeat count n
 The method should return a new string
abc
abcabcabc
3

String StringString
2

32
Solution: Repeat String
public static void main(String[] args)
{ String inputStr = sc.nextLine();
int count = Integer.parseInt(sc.nextLine());
System.out.println(repeatString(inputStr, count));
}
private static String repeatString(String str, int count)
{ String result = "";
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) result += str;
return result;
}
Problem: Math Power
 Create a method that calculates and returns the value of a
number raised to a given power
28 256 5.53 166.375

public static double mathPower(double number, int power) {

double result = 1;
for (int i = 0; i < power; i++)
result *= number;
return result;
}
177
 Value vs. Reference Types
Memory Stack and Heap
Value vs. Reference Types

36
Value Types
 Value type variables hold directly their value
 int, float, double,
Stack
boolean, char, …
i
 Each variable has its
42 (4 bytes)
own copy of the value
ch
int i = 42; A (2 bytes)
char ch = 'A'; result
boolean result = true; true (1 byte)
37
Reference Types
 Reference type variables hold а reference
(pointer / memory address) of the value itself
 String, int[], char[], String[]
 Two reference type variables can reference the
same object
 Operations on both variables access / modify
the same data

38
Value Types vs. Reference Types

STACK HEAP
i
42 (4 bytes)
int i = 42;
ch
char ch = 'A'; A (2 bytes)

boolean result = true; result

true (1 byte)
Object obj = 42;
obj
String str = "Hello"; int32@9ae764 42 4 bytes
str
byte[] bytes ={ 1, 2, 3 }; String@7cdaf2 Hello String

bytes
byte[]@190d11 1 2 3 byte []
Example: Value Types
public static void main(String[] args) {
int num = 5;
increment(num, 15); num == 5
System.out.println(num);
}

public static void increment(int num, int value) {

num += value;
num == 20
}
Example: Reference Types
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] nums = { 5 };
increment(nums, 15); nums[0] == 20

System.out.println(nums[0]);
}

public static void increment(int[] nums, int value) {

nums[0] += value;
nums[0] == 20
}
Overloading Methods
Method Signature
 The combination of method's name and parameters
is called signature Method's
public static void print(String text) { signature

System.out.println(text);
}

 Signature differentiates between methods with same names

 When methods with the same name have different signature,
this is called method "overloading"
43
Overloading Methods
 Using the same name for multiple methods with different
signatures (method name and parameters)
static void print(int number) { static void print(String text) {
System.out.println(number); System.out.println(text);
} }

static void print(String text, int number) Different method

{ System.out.println(text + ' ' + number); signatures
}

44
Signature and Return Type
 Method's return type is not part of its signature
public static void print(String text) {
System.out.println(text); Compile-time
}
error!
public static String print(String text)
{ return text;
}

 How would the compiler know which method to call?

45
Problem: Greater of Two Values
 Create a method getMax() that returns the greater of two
values (the values can be of type int, char or String)

int char
2 16 a z
16 z

String
aaa bbb
bbb
46
Program Execution Flow
Program Execution
 The program continues, after a method execution completes:
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("before method
executes"); printLogo();
System.out.println("after method executes");
}

public static void printLogo() {

System.out.println("Company Logo");
System.out.println("companywebsite.com");
}
Program Execution – Call Stack
 "The stack" stores information about the active subroutines
(methods) of a computer program
 Keeps track of the point to which each active subroutine should
return control when it finishes executing
Call Stack
call call

Start Main Method A Method B

return return
Problem: Multiply Evens by Odds (Report)
 Create a program that multiplies the sum of all even digits of a
number by the sum of all odd digits of the same number:
 Create a method called getMultipleOfEvensAndOdds()
 Create a method getSumOfEvenDigits()
 Create getSumOfOddDigits()
 You may need to use Math.abs() for negative numbers

Evens: 2 4 Even sum: 6

-12345 54
Odds: 1 3 5 Odd sum: 9
Any Questions ?!