Name: Class:

Saturday, December 9, 2023

Test
Please use a pencil to complete the test. Print your name on the Name line above. Read the
instructions for each section carefully. When you have completed the test, place your test
face down on your desk and raise your hand.
1. In block codes, parity bits are ___________ to block of messages.
1

Added Subtracted
Multiplied Divided

2. How many redundant bits are added in block codes for k information bits and n code
1 bits?

n+k n-k

k2 n2

3. The ability of the block code to correct errors is a function of __________.

1

Number of parity bits Number of information bits

Number of code bits Code distance

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Test Saturday, December 9, 2023
4. What is the relationship between the size of datawords (k) and the size of codewords
1 (n) in block coding?

k=n n>k
k>n k is unrelated to n

5. If the receiver receives an invalid codeword in block coding, what does it suggest?
1

The transmission was error-free The data was not corrupted

The data was corrupted during The codeword is valid but unused.
transmission

6. How can errors be detected using block coding?

1

By comparing the received codeword By checking if the received codeword

with the original dataword. matches any valid codeword.
By verifying the length of the By analyzing the parity of the original
codeword. codeword.

7. In block coding for error detection, what happens if the received codeword is not
1 valid?

The codeword is accepted. The dataword is extracted for use.

The codeword is discarded. The error remains undetected.

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Test Saturday, December 9, 2023
8. What does the Hamming distance measure between two words of the same size?
1

Time elapsed during transmission Number of differences between

corresponding bits
Signal strength during transmission Length of the codewords

9. How can the Hamming distance be easily found between two words?
1

Apply the AND operation. Apply the OR operation.

Apply the XOR operation and count Apply the XOR operation and count
the number of 0s. the number of 1s.

10. What does the minimum Hamming distance represent in a set of codewords?
1

Maximum distance between all Smallest distance between all

codewords possible pairs of codewords
Average distance between all valid Total number of errors in codewords
codewords

11. What is the primary reason nonlinear block codes are not widely used for error
1 detection and correction?

They are less efficient in terms of Their structure makes theoretical

error correction. analysis and implementation difficult.
They are not capable of detecting Nonlinear block codes lack practical
errors. applications.

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Test Saturday, December 9, 2023
12. How is the parity bit calculated in the encoder of the parity-check code?
1

The sum of all bits in the dataword The exclusive OR (XOR) of all bits in
the dataword
The sum of the dataword bits using The difference between the largest
modulo-2 arithmetic and smallest bits in the dataword

13. What does the decision logic analyzer do when the syndrome is 0?
1

Accepts the data portion of the Discards the data portion of the
received codeword as the dataword received codeword
Creates a new dataword Increases the size of the codeword

14. How error detection and correction is done?

1

By passing it through equalizer By passing it through filter

By amplifying it By adding redundancy bits

15. Which method requires less redundancy?

1

Error detection Error correction

Error detection & correction None of the mentioned

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Test Saturday, December 9, 2023
16. Which error detection method consists of just one redundant bit per data unit?
1

Two-dimensional parity check CRC

Simple parity check Checksum

17. wich of the following best describes a single-bit error?

1 from:https://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0073376221/student_view0/chapter10/
quizzes.html

A) A single bit is inverted B) A single bit per transmission is

inverted
C) A single bit per data unit is D) All of the choices are correct
inverted

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Test Saturday, December 9, 2023
18. How error detection and correction is done?
1 from:https://www.sanfoundry.com/digital-communications-questions-answers-error-
detection-and-correction-1/

a) By passing it through equalizer b) By passing it through filter

c) By amplifying it d) By adding redundancy bits

19. Which error detection method involves polynomials?

1 Website:- Q(4)
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es.html
Note: cyclic codes called the

a) CRC b) Simple parity check

c) Two-dimensional parity check d) Checksum

20.
1 In cyclic redundancy checking, what forms the check bits?
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/quizzes.html

d) The dividend a) The remainder

c) The quotient b) The divisor

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Test Saturday, December 9, 2023
21.
1 In CRC, if the dataword is 111111, the divisor 1010, and the remainder 110, what is the
codeword at the receiver?
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es.html

a) 111111011 b) 1010110
c) 111111110 d) 110111111

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Test Saturday, December 9, 2023
22. In CRC, if the dataword is 111111 and the divisor 1010, what is the dividend at the
1 sender?
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es.html

a) 1111110000 b) 111111000
c) 111111 d) 1111111010

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Test Saturday, December 9, 2023
23.
1 At the CRC generator, _______ is (are) added to the dataword after the division
process to create the codeword.
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es.html

a) 0’s b) 1’s
c) the remainder b) the divisor

24.
1 In CRC, the quotient at the sender _______.
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a) becomes the dividend at the b) becomes the divisor at the

receiver receiver
c) is the remainder d) is discarded

25. At the CRC checker, _______ means that the dataword is damaged.
1 Webite: Q(13)
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es.html

a) a string of alternating 1s and b) a nonzero remainder

0s
c) a string of 0s d) None of the choices are
correct

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Test Saturday, December 9, 2023
26.
1 A codeword of 10 bits has only four 0s, how many terms are in the polynomial
representation of this code?
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es.html

4 6
8 d) None of the choices are
correct

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Test Saturday, December 9, 2023
27.
1 In CRC, if the remainder is only three bits, the divisor should be __________ bits.
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es.html

a) 3 b) 2
c) 4 d) None of the choices are
correct

28. How does CRC work?

1

a) It adds redundant bits to the data b) It performs bitwise XOR operations

for error correction on the data
c) It encrypts the data using a secret d) It compresses the data using
key lossless compression algorithms

29. What is the role of the syndrome in the CRC decoder?

1

a) It is used to encrypt the received b) It indicates the type of error

codeword. correction needed.
c) It is the remainder obtained from d) It helps decide whether there is an
dividing the received codeword. error in the received codeword.

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Test Saturday, December 9, 2023
30. How does the CRC decoder determine whether there is an error in the received
1 codeword?

a) By comparing the received b) By analyzing the parity bits in the

codeword with the original dataword. received codeword.
c) By dividing the received codeword d) By checking if the syndrome is all
by the generator polynomial. 0s.

31. What is the significance of using XOR (exclusive OR) operation in the modulo-2 binary
1 division process, as described in the encoder's operation?

a) XOR ensures encryption of the b) XOR is a substitute for addition in

dataword. binary division.
c) XOR guarantees error correction in d) XOR enhances data compression.
the codeword.

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Test Saturday, December 9, 2023
32. What is the significance of representing a binary pattern as a polynomial in the context
1 of cyclic codes?

a) It allows for the encryption of the b) It simplifies the representation of

binary pattern. the pattern using mathematical
operations.
c) It increases the length of the binary d) It introduces a random factor in
pattern. the cyclic code.

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Test Saturday, December 9, 2023
33. How is the degree of a polynomial related to the number of bits in the corresponding
1 binary pattern, according to the information provided in the passage?

a) The degree of a polynomial is b) The degree of a polynomial is one

equal to the number of bits in the less than the number of bits in the
pattern. pattern.
c) The degree of a polynomial is one d) The degree of a polynomial is twice
more than the number of bits in the the number of bits in the pattern.
pattern.

34. How are addition and subtraction of polynomials performed in modulo-2 arithmetic,
1 and what are the consequences of this arithmetic in terms of combining terms?

a) Addition and subtraction are different operations, and combining terms is not
allowed.
b) Addition and subtraction are the same operation, and combining terms involves
deleting pairs of identical terms.
c) Addition and subtraction are performed using multiplication.
d) Combining terms is not applicable in modulo-2 arithmetic.

a) Addition and subtraction are b) Addition and subtraction are the

different operations, and combining same operation, and combining
terms is not allowed. terms involves deleting pairs of
identical terms.
c) Addition and subtraction are d) Combining terms is not applicable
performed using multiplication. in modulo-2 arithmetic.

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Test Saturday, December 9, 2023
35. What is the purpose of shifting in polynomial arithmetic, and how is it achieved in
1 both left and right directions?

b) Shifting is done for compression, and it is achieved by dividing each term by a fixed
factor.

a) Shifting is done for encryption, and b) Shifting is done for compression,

it is achieved by multiplying each and it is achieved by dividing each
term by a random factor. term by a fixed factor.
c) Shifting is done to the left by d) Shifting is done for error
adding extra 0s, and to the right by correction, and it is achieved by
deleting rightmost bits. adding extra parity bits.

36. What type of codes are cyclic codes?

1

a) Linear block codes b) Non-linear codes

c) Convolutional codes d) Hamming codes

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Test Saturday, December 9, 2023
37. How is division performed in polynomial representation?
1

By multiplying the dividend and By subtracting the divisor from the

divisor dividend
By adding the divisor to the dividend By dividing the coefficients of the
dividend by the coefficients of the
divisor

38. How is the dataword "1001" represented in polynomial form?

1

X3 + X + 1 X3 + 1
X4 + X X2 + X + 1

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