Report about fluid lab 3 year

mechanical power department

Mustafa Hashim Morsy Harera

Section: 8
 Experiment no “1”
Bernoulli’s equation-Measurements of
flow through a venturi meter
Energy presents in the form of pressure, velocity, and elevation in fluids
with no energy exchange due to viscous dissipation, heat transfer, or
shaft work (pump or some other device). The relationship among these
three forms of energy was first stated by Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782),
based upon the conservation of energy principle. Bernoulli’s theorem
pertaining to a flow streamline is based on three assumptions: steady
flow, incompressible fluid, and no losses from the fluid friction. The
validity of Bernoulli’s equation will be examined in this experiment.
1.Aim :
 To calculate Total Energy at different points of venturimeter.
 To plot the graph between Total Energy, Pressure Energy, Velocity
Energy with respect to Distance.
2. Theory :
Energy presents in the form of pressure, velocity, and elevation in
fluids with no energy exchange due to viscous dissipation, heat
transfer, or shaft work (pump or some other device). The
relationship among these three forms of energy was first stated by
Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782), based upon the conservation of
energy principle.Bernoulli’s theorem states that sum of pressure
head, velocity head and gravitational potential head remains
constant along a streamline of a steady, incompressible, irrotational
and non-viscous flow with no other energy exchange due to heat or
external work. This is the energy equation and is based on the law
of conservation of energy. The fluid flow must be steady state,
incompressible, irrotational, non-viscous and laminar in order to
use Bernoulli's theorem. Heat transfer and workdone should be
 zero in flow. The Bernoulli's equation for flow in a duct/channel in
a section is given as:

The above equation is valid for ideal fluid, when we are working with
real fluid the losses (i.e. due to viscosity, friction, openings in duct,
bending’s in duct, heat transfer etc.) need to be taken in account for
the equation to validate.
3. Laboratory Procedure :

 First of all, make sure that all on/Off switches given on the panel /
setup are at OFF position.
 Now close all the valve V1 to V5.
 Fill the Sump tank with water.
 Open by pass valve V2.
 Now turn ON the main power supply to the setup and
consequently turn ON the pump.
 Partially close by pass valve V2, so as to fill overhead tank and
wait until overflow occurs in overhead Tank.
 Control the flow of water through test section with the help of
control valve V1 provided at the end of test section.
 Make sure that the water level is maintained in overhead tank i.e.
overflow is still occurring. If not partially close the valve V2.
 Measure flow rate with the help of measuring tank provided in
setup and a stop watch.
 Measure pressure head (i.e. height of water level in tubes) by
piezometer tubes.
 Repeat steps 7 to 10 for different flow rates.
 Once the Experiment is completed turn off the Pump.
 Turn OFF the power supply and drain the water from all the tanks
with the help of drain valves (V3, V4, V5).
 Experiment no “2”
Hydrostatic forces on plane surfaces
Hydrostatic forces are the resultant force caused by the pressure
loading of a liquid acting on submerged surfaces. Calculation of
the hydrostatic force and the location of the center of pressure are
fundamental subjects in fluid mechanics. The center of pressure
is a point on the immersed surface at which the resultant
hydrostatic pressure force acts.

1.Aim:
To determine the hydrostatic force due to water acting on a
partially or fully submerged surface. To determine, both
experimentally and theoretically, the center of pressure.

2.Theory :
Fluid statics deal with the fluid's static properties and behavior. It is
known as hydrostatic in the case of liquids and it is called pneumatic in
the case of gases. A force is exerted by the fluid on the surface, defined
as total pressure, when a static mass of fluid comes into contact with a
surface, either smooth or curved. Since no tangential force occurs for a
fluid at rest, the total pressure acts in the normal direction to the
surface.In absence of any density changes, the pressure force acting on
any submerged surface increases linearly with depth. At any point in a
given horizontal plane, the pressure is the same. It varies only with the
vertical distance and is independent of the shape of the container
submerged in the fluid. Now, for the given apparatus we have, Total
force on a vertically immersed surface: If a rectangular surface of
length a and width b is vertically immersed in the fluid, you can
measure the total force acting on the surface with the aid of the
torque acting on the same surface:
Centre of pressure of the force (in m):

We can calculate it under two conditions,

Condition-1: Surface is fully submerged in water(h>b) Center of Gravity:

Condition-2: Surface is partially submerged in water(h<b) Center of Gravity:

We can measure the theoretical force acting on the submerged surface
with the aid of torque, which can be compared to the real force acting
on the surface. The real force on the quadrant would be equal to the
weight applied. Therefore, Actual force acting on the surface in

3. Laboratory Procedure :

 Clean up the setup and make it dust free. On the base plate, set the
acrylic tank.
 Use the level screw given at the bottom of the base plate to level the
tank horizontally.
 On the top of the tank, put the left end of the balance arm into the
stopper given.
 By placing the pivot given at the arm, on the slot provided at the top
of the tank, set the quadrant with the balance arm at the tank.
 At the right end of the balance arm, add the counter weight. At the
left end of the balance arm, hang the weight hanger in the slot
provided.
 Adjust the counter weight position on the balance arm by observing
the spirit level provided at the top of the quadrant to bring the
quadrant assembly horizontal.
 Apply all the weights (10 x 50 gm) provided with the set up on the
weight hanger.
 And fill the tank with water up to that condition when arm comes to
horizontal position.
 Record the height of liquid level on balanced condition.
 Remove one weight from the weight hanger.
 Open the tank's V1 drain valve and allow the water to flow out of the
tank before the arm returns to its horizontal position.
 Close the V1 valve and note the height of the tank's water level and
the weight applied.
 Again remove one weight from the weight hanger and repeat step 11
and 12.
 Experiment no “3”
Discharge from an orifice
An orifice is an opening, of any size or shape, in a pipe or at the bottom
or side wall of a container (water tank, reservoir, etc.), through which
fluid is discharged. If the geometric properties of the orifice and the
inherent properties of the fluid are known, the orifice can be used to
measure flow rates. Flow measurement by an orifice is based on the
application of Bernoulli’s equation, which states that a relationship
exists between the pressure of the fluid and its velocity. The flow
velocity and discharge calculated based on the Bernoulli’s equation
should be corrected to include the effects of energy loss and viscosity.
Therefore, for accurate results, the coefficient of velocity (Cv) and the
coefficient of discharge (Cd) should be calculated for an orifice. This
experiment is being conducted to calibrate the coefficients of the given
orifices in the lab.

1. Aim:
to determine the coefficients of velocity and discharge of two small
orifices in the lab and compare them with values in textbooks and
other reliable sources.
 2. Laboratory Procedure:
This experiment will be performed in two parts. Part A is performed to
determine the coefficient of velocity, and Part B is conducted to
determine the coefficient of discharge.
Set up the equipment as follows:

 Locate the apparatus over the channel in the top of the bench.
 Using the spirit level attached to the base, level the apparatus by
adjusting the feet.
 Connect the flexible inlet tube on the side of the head tank to the
bench quick-release fitting.
 Place the free end of the flexible tube from the adjustable overflow
on the side of the head tank into the volumetric. Make sure that this
tube will not interfere with the trajectory of the jet flowing from
the orifice
 Secure each needle in the raised position by tightening the knurled
screw.
PART A: DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF VELOCITY
FROM JET TRAJECTORY UNDER CONSTANT HEAD

 Install the 3-mm orifice in the fitting on the right-hand side of the
head tank, using the two securing screws supplied. Ensure that the
O-ring seal is fitted between the orifice and the tank.
 Close the bench flow control valve, switch on the pump, and then
gradually open the bench flow control valve. When the water level
in the head tank reaches the top of the overflow tube, adjust the
bench flow control valve to provide a water level of 2 to 3 mm
above the overflow pipe level. This will ensure a constant head and
produce a steady flow through the orifice.
  If necessary, adjust the frame so that the row of needles is parallel
with the jet, but is located 1 or 2 mm behind it. This will avoid
disturbing the jet, but will minimize errors due to parallax.

 Attach a sheet of paper to the backboard, between the needles and

board, and secure it in place with the clamp provided so that its
upper edge is horizontal.
 Position the overflow tube to give a high head (e.g., 320 mm). The
jet trajectory is obtained by using the needles mounted on the
vertical backboard to follow the profile of the jet.
 Release the securing screw for each needle, and move the needle
until its point is just immediately above the jet. Re-tighten the screw.
 Mark the location of the top of each needle on the paper. Note the
horizontal distance from the plane of the orifice (taken as ) to the
coordinate point marking the position of the first needle. This first
coordinate point should be close enough to the orifice to treat it as
having the value of y=0. Thus, y displacements are measured
relative to this position.
 The volumetric flowrate through the orifice can be determined by
intercepting the jet, using the measuring cylinder and a stopwatch.
The measured flow rates will be used in Part B.

 Repeat this test for lower reservoir heads (e.g., 280 mm and 240
mm)

Repeat the above procedure for the second orifice with diameter 6

PART B: DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE

UNDER CONSTANT HEAD

 Position the overflow tube to have a head of 300 mm in the tank.

(You may have to adjust the level of the overflow tube to achieve
this.)
 Measure the flow rate by timed collection, using the measuring
cylinder provided.
  Repeat this procedure for a head of 260 mm.

The procedure should also be repeated for the second orifice.

Experiment no “4”
The impulse-momentum principle (impact of jet)

Moving fluid, in natural or artificial systems, may exert forces on

objects in contact with it. To analyze fluid motion, a finite region
of the fluid (control volume) is usually selected, and the gross
effects of the flow, such as its force or torque on an object, is
determined by calculating the net mass rate that flows into and out
of the control volume. These forces can be determined, as in solid
mechanics, by the use of Newton’s second law, or by the
momentum equation. The force exerted by a jet of fluid on a flat or
curve surface can be resolved by
applying the momentum equation. The
study of these forces is essential to the
study of fluid mechanics and hydraulic
machinery.

1. Aim:
to investigate the reaction forces
produced by the change in momentum
of a fluid flow when a jet of water
strikes a flat plate or a curved surface,
and to compare the results from this
experiment with the computed forces
by applying the momentum equation.
 2. Laboratory Procedure:
Perform the experiment by taking the following steps:

 Remove the top plate (by releasing the knurled nuts) and the
transparent cylinder from the equipment, and check and record the
exit diameter of the nozzle.
 Replace the cylinder, and screw the 90-degree deflector onto the
end of the shaft.
 Connect the inlet tube to the quick-release connector on the bench.
 Replace the top plate on the transparent cylinder, but do not tighten
the three knurled nuts.
 Using the spirit level attached to the top plate, level the cylinder by
adjusting the feet.
 Replace the three knurled nuts, then tighten in sequence until the
built-in circular spirit level indicates that the top plate is horizontal.
Do not overtighten the knurled nuts, as this will damage the top
plate. The nuts should only be tightened enough to level the plate.
 Ensure that the vertical shaft is free to move and is supported by
the spring beneath the weight pan.
 With no weights on the weight pan, adjust the height of the level
gauge until it aligns with the datum line on the weight pan. Check
that the position is correct by gently oscillating the pan.
 Place a mass of 50 grams on the weight pan, and turn on the pump.
 Open the bench valve slowly, and allow water to impinge upon the
target until the datum line on the weight pan is level with the
gauge. Leave the flow constant. Observe and note the flow
behavior during the test.
 Measure the flow rate, using the volumetric tank. This is achieved
by closing the ball valve and measuring the time that it takes to
accumulate a known volume of fluid in the tank, as measured from
the sight glass. You should collect water for at least one minute to
minimize timing errors.
 Repeat this procedure by adding an additional 50 grams
incrementally, until a maximum mass of 500 grams has been
applied.
 Repeat the entire test for each of the other two flow deflectors.