CHAPTER 11 > p-Block Elements 295

CHAPTER > 11

p-Block Elements
KEY NOTES

˜ In p-block elements, the last electron enters in the Electronic Configuration

outermost p-orbital. Their electronic configuration is [inert gas] ns 2 np1 .
˜ There are six groups of p-block elements in the periodic
table numbering from 13 to 18. Their valence shell Physical Properties
electronic configuration is ns 2 np1 − 6 (except for He). Atomic Radii
˜ Differences in the inner core of their electronic ˜ It increases on moving down the group from B to Tl.
configuration greatly influence their physical and ˜ However, the atomic radius of Ga is less than that of Al.
chemical properties. ˜ The presence of additional 10d-electrons offer only poor
˜ The maximum oxidation state shown by a p-block element screening effect for the outer electrons from the increased nuclear
is equal to the total number of valence electrons. charge in gallium (Ga).
˜ The number of possible oxidation states increases towards Ionisation Enthalpy
the right of the periodic table.
˜ It follows the trend given below :
˜ In addition to this so called group oxidation state, p-block In < Al < Ga < Tl < B.
elements may show other oxidation states as well.
˜ The discontinuity in the ionisation enthalpy values between Al
˜ The occurrence of oxidation states two units less than the and Ga and that between In and Tl are due to inability of d-and
group oxidation states is called inert pair effect. f -electrons, having low screening effect to compensate the
˜ The combined effect of size and availability of d-orbitals increased nuclear charge.
considerably influences the ability of these elements to
Electronegativity
form π -bonds.
It first decreases from B to Al and then increases marginally.
˜ Non-metals have higher ionisation enthalpies and
electronegativities than metals. Note Boron is non-metallic, extremely hard and has high melting
point. Rest of the members are soft metals with low melting point.
˜ Non-metal oxides are acidic or neutral whereas metal
oxides are basic in nature. Density
Density of the elements increases down the group from boron to
Group 13 Elements : The Boron Family thallium.
˜ Group-13 contains six elements, viz, B, Al, Ga, In, Tl,
Nh and is collectively called boron family. Chemical Properties
˜ Nh has been prepared in small amounts and its half-life of Oxidation State Due to inert pair effect, on moving down the
most stable isotope is 20 seconds. Due to these reasons, its group, stability of lower oxidation state increases.
chemistry has not been established yet. The trend is as follows :
˜ Aluminium is the most abundant metal and third most B+ < Al + < Ga + < In + < Tl +
abundant element in earth’s crust, after oxygen and silicon.
Chemical Reactions
Important reactions of group 13 are given below :

Reactions Properties
Reaction with oxygen l
Crystalline boron is unreactive.
∆
4 E (s) + 3O2 (g ) → 2E2O3 (s) l
Tl forms thallium (I) oxide, Tl 2O more stable than Tl 2O 3.
For thallium, 4Tl (s) + O2 (g ) → 2 Tl 2O(s)
l
B 2O 3 is acidic, Al and Ga oxide are amphoteric and those of In and Tl are
basic.

Reaction with nitrogen

l
All elements readily form nitrides at high temperature.
∆
2E (s) + N2 (g ) → 2EN(s)

Reaction with water

l
Ga, In and Tl are less reactive.
l
They get attacked by the combination of both water and oxygen.
l
No reaction occurs between boron and water
l
Individual reaction with water and oxygen do not take place.
l
Aluminium is very reactive even at lower temperature.
2Al (s) + 3H2O(l ) → Al 2O3 + 3H2 (g ) ↑

Reaction with acids

l
B does not react with acids at moderate temperature.
Conc. HNO3 renders Ga and Al passive by forming a protective oxide
2M (s) + 6HCl(aq) → 2M 3+ (aq) + 6Cl − (aq) + 3H2↑ (g )
l

(Exception boron)
layer on surface.

Reaction with alkalies l

Al reacts with both mineral acids and aqueous alkalies and thus shows
2M (s) +2NaOH (aq) + 2H2O (l ) → 2NaMO2 (aq) + 3H2 (g ) amphoteric character.
(Exception In and Tl)

Reaction with halogen

l
The covalent trihalides, e.g. BF 3 being electron deficient are strong
Lewis acids and the tendency to behave as Lewis acids decreases with
2E (s) + 3 X 2 (g ) → 2EX 3 (s) (X = F, Cl, Br I)
(Exception TlI 3 )
increase in size down the group.

Anomalous Properties and ˜ Borax bead test The metaborates of many transition metals have
Important Compounds of Boron characteristic colours and thus, borax bead test can be used to
B due to its small size, high charge density and identify them.
∆ ∆
non-availability of d-electrons, shows anomalous Na 2 B4 O7 ⋅ 10H2 O → Na 2 B4 O7 → 2NaBO2 + B2 O3
behaviour, i.e. it has high melting and boiling points, Sodium metaborate Boric
forms covalent compounds, shows allotropism and anhydride
behaves as a typical non-metal.
Orthoboric Acid (H 3BO 3 )
Some Important Compounds It is a white crystalline solid with soapy touch. It is sparingly soluble
of Boron in water, but highly soluble is hot water.

Borax (Na 2[B 4O 5(OH) 4] ⋅ 8H 2O) Preparation

It can be prepared as follows :
Physical Property
Na 2 B4 O7 + 2HCl + 5H2 O → 2NaCl + 4B(OH) 3
It is a white crystalline solid and generally
Chemical Properties
represented as Na 2 B4 O7 ⋅ 10H2 O.
˜ It is a weak monobasic acid and acts as a Lewis acid by accepting
Chemical Properties electrons from a hydroxyl ion.
˜ Reaction with water It dissolves in water to give B(OH) 3 + 2HOH → [B(OH) 4 ]− + H3 O+
an alkaline solution. ˜ On heating orthoboric acid forms metaboric acid (HBO 2 ) which on
Na 2 B4 O7 + 7H2 O → 2NaOH + 4H3 BO3 further heating forms B 2 O 3 .
Orthoboric ∆ ∆
acid H3 BO3 → HBO2 → B2 O3
Diborane (B 2H6 ) ˜ Boron fibres are used to make bullet proof vest and
˜ The simplest boron hydride known is diborane. materials for aircraft.
˜ It is colourless, highly toxic gas with b.p. of 180 K.
˜ Borax and boric acid are used in the manufacture of
heat resistant glass, glass wool and fibre glass.
Preparation ˜ Aluminium is a bright silvery white metal with high
It’s preparation and reactions are as follows : tensile strength, high electrical and thermal
Reactions conductivity. It is used extensively in industry and
3O2 everyday life.
B2O3 + 3H2O
4BF3 + 3LiAlH4 ˜ Al is used to make pipes, rods, wires, foils, air craft
–3LiF 2NMe3
–3AlF3 2BH3 . NMe3 parts etc.
2CO
2BH3 . CO Group 14 Elements : The Carbon Family
2NaBH4 + I2 –H2 Diborane
(B2H6) + –
˜ Group-14 includes C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Fl.
(Laboratory –2NaI 6NH3
3[BH2 (NH3)2] [BH4]
method) ˜ Flerovium (Fl) has been prepared in small amount and
∆
430K its half-life is short, thus its chemistry has not been
2BF3 + 6NaH –6NaF
2B3N3H6 + 12H2 established.
(Borazine) (Inorganic benzene) ˜ The general electronic configuration of these elements
6H2O
2B(OH)3 + 6H2 is ns2np 2 .
2MH –
2M+ [BH4] [M=Li/Na] Physical and Chemical Properties
(Metal borohydride) Covalent Radius
Structure It increases considerably from C to Si thereafter from Si
It has non-planar structure in which four terminal B  H bonds to Pb a small increase in radius is observed.
(2C  2e) lie in same plane while the two bridge B  H  B bonds Ionisation Enthalpy
(3C  2e) lie above and below the plane of 4 B  H bonds as shown ˜ It decreases down the group. However, there is small
below : decrease in ∆1 H from Si to Ge to Sn and slight increase
H H in ∆1 H from Sn to Pb is observed.
H 97° 120°
B H
˜ The trend is, C > Si > Ge > Sn < Pb
B 119 pm
134 pm Electronegativity
H H
˜ The electronegativity values for elements from Si to Pb
are almost the same.
Borohydrides
˜ Carbon and silicon are non-metals, germanium is a
Boron forms a series of hydridoborates and amongst these most
metalloid whereas tin and lead are soft metals with
important is [BH 4 ] − , which is tetrahedral.
low melting points.
2MH + B2 H6 → 2M + [BH4 ]− [M = Li or Na] Oxidation State
Carbon and silicon mostly show +4 oxidation state
Uses of B and Al ˜

while other elements show both +2 and +4 oxidation

˜ Boron being extremely hard refractory solid of high m.p, low states.
density and very low electrical conductivity finds many
˜ Stability of +2 oxidation state increases down the
applications.
group due to inert pair effect.

Chemical Reactions
Important reactions of group 14 are given below :

Reactions Properties
Reaction with oxygen l
Forms two types of oxides, i.e. monoxide and dioxide.
1 Nature of monoxide is CO-neutral, GeO-acidic, SnO and
M (s) + O2 (g ) → MO
l

(Limited supply)
2 PbO-amphoteric
M (s) + O2 (g ) → MO2 (Excess) l
Nature of dioxides is CO2 , SiO2 , GeO2, SnO2 , and PbO2
144 42444 3 1442443
Acidic Amphoteric
 Reactions Properties
Reaction with water l
C, Si, Ge are not affected by water.
∆
M (s) + 2H2O(l ) → MO2 + 2H2 (g ) (Exception-Pb) l
Sn decomposes steam to form dioxide and H 2 gas.
l
Pb is unaffected by H2O due to the formation of oxide film.
Reaction with halogen l
MX 4 are covalent in nature (exception SnF4 and PbF4).
M + X 2 → MX 2 l
Stability of dihalides increases down the group.
M + 2 X 2 → MX 4 (Exception-PbI 4 (does not exist ) l
The order of thermal stability of halides is
CX 4 > SiX 4 > GeX 4 > SnX 4 > PbX 4
l
Except CCl 4, other tetrachlorides are easily hydrolysed by water.

Anomalous Properties 373K

HCOOH → H2 O + CO
and Allotropes of Carbon Conc. H 2 SO4

˜ Carbon is a typical non-metal forming covalent bonds [Small scale preparation]

employing all its four valence electrons. Important reactions
473 −1273K
˜ It shows the property of catenation. ˜ C(s) + H2 O( g) → CO( g) + H2 ( g)
The order of catenation power is Water gas
C > > Si > Ge ≈ Sn or synthesis gas
[Commercial scale]
The important allotropes of carbon are described as follows : 1273K
˜ 2C(s) + O2 ( g) + 4N2 ( g) → 2CO( g) + 4N2 ( g)
Diamond Producer gas

˜ It has crystalline lattice. ˜

373 K
HCOOH → H 2 O + CO
˜ It has rigid 3-D network of sp 3 -hybridised C-atoms. conc. H 2 SO4

˜ It is the hardest substance known. Properties and Uses

˜ It is an insulator of electricity, but a conductor of heat. ˜ It is a colourless, odourless and almost water insoluble gas.
˜ C-C bond length is 154 pm. ˜ It is a powerful reducing agent.
Graphite ˜ CO molecule acts as a donor and reacts with certain metals
˜ It is soft having layered structure. on heating to form metal carbonyls.
˜ Each layer has sp 2 -hybridised carbon atoms in hexagonal ˜ The highly poisonous nature of CO arises because of its
ring and adjacent layers are held together by van der ability to form a complex with haemoglobin which is
Waals’ forces, thus graphite shows lubricating properties. more stable than oxygen-haemoglobin complex. This
˜ It is a good conductor of electricity, so used in making complex reduce the oxygen carrying capacity of human
electrodes. body.
Fullerenes ˜ CO is a component of water gas, producer gas and coal gas.
˜ It contains 60 carbon atoms with sp 2 -hybridisation. Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 )
˜ C 60 molecule has a shape, like soccer balls are called Preparation
Buckminster fullerene.
It can be prepared as follows :
˜ It contains 20 six-membered and 12 five-membered rings. ∆
˜ Other forms of elemental carbon like carbon black, coke C(s) + O2 ( g) → CO2 ( g)
and charcoal are all impure forms of graphite or fullerenes. ∆
CH4 ( g) + 2O2 ( g) → CO2 ( g) + 2H2 O( g)
Uses CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl( aq) → CaCl 2 ( aq) + CO2 ( g) + H2 O( l)
Graphite fibres embedded in plastic material form high strength, [Laboratory preparation]
lightweight composites. Being a good conductor, graphite is used ∆
CaCO3 (s) → CaO(s) + CO2 ( g)
for electrodes in batteries and industrial electrolysis.
[Commercial scale]
Some Important Compounds Properties and Uses
of Carbon and Silicon ˜ It is colourless, odourless gas.
Carbon Monoxide (CO) ˜ With water, it form carbonic acid (H2 CO3 ) which is a weak
Preparation dibasic acid.
It can be prepared as follows: ˜ CO2 which is normally present to the extent of 0.03% by
∆ volume in the atmosphere is removed from it by the
2C(s) + O2 ( g) → 2CO( g) process known as photosynthesis.
˜ It is not poisonous but in excess may lead to increase in CH3 CH3 CH3
greenhouse effect. –H2O
˜ Solid CO2 is called dry ice and is used as a refrigerant for nHO Si OH O Si O Si
Polymerisation
ice-cream and frozen food.
CH3 CH3 CH3
Silicon Dioxide (SiO 2 ) Silicone
Properties Uses
˜ It is also called silica and found in the form of quartz, Silicones are chemically inert and possess insulating properties.
cristobalite and tridymite.
˜ It is covalent and has three-dimensional network solid Silicates
structure. ˜ They are the minerals of silicon having SiO4− 4 as the basic
˜ Silica in its normal form is almost non-reactive, because of repeating unit.
very high Si—O bond enthalpy. However, it is attacked by ˜ Main types of silicates are orthosilicates, pyrosilicates, sheet
HF and NaOH as follows : and 3-dimensional silicates.
SiO2 + 2NaOH → Na 2 SiO3 + H2 O ˜ The two important man-made silicates are glass and cement.
SiO2 + 4HF → SiF4 + 2H2 O.
Zeolites
Silicones ˜ They are prepared by substituting Si-atoms in 3-dimensional
They are the organosilicon polymers having  R 2 SiO  network of SiO 2 by Al.
monomer and  O  Si  O  linkage. ˜ ZSM-5, a type of zeolite, is used to convert alcohols directly
Preparation into gasoline.
The starting material for the manufacture of silicones are alkyl or ˜ Hydrate zeolite is used as an ion exchanger in softening of
aryl substituted silicon chloride, R nSiCl 4−n. ‘‘hard water’’.
Cu powder +2H 2 O ˜ Zeolites are widely used as a catalyst in petrochemical
2CH3 Cl + Si → (CH3 ) 2 SiCl 2 → ( CH3 ) 2 Si(OH) 2
570 K −2 HCl industries.

Mastering NCERT
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

TOPIC 1 ~ Introduction
1 The characteristic valence shell configurations of 4 The compounds formed by the highly reactive
group-13 and 14 elements are respectively non-metals with highly reactive metals and the
(a) ns2 np1 and ns2 np 2 (b) ns2 np 2 and ns2 np 3 non-metals are respectively
(a) covalent and ionic (b) ionic and covalent
(c) ns2 np 3 and ns2 np 4 (d) ns2 np 4 and ns2 np 5
(c) metallic and ionic (d) metallic and covalent
2 The number of possible oxidation states of p-block 5 The second period elements of p-block starting from
elements boron, are restricted to a maximum covalency of
(a) decreases towards the right of the periodic table (a) four (using 1s, 2s and two 2 p orbitals)
(b) increases towards the right of the periodic table (b) six (using 1s and 2s -orbitals)
(c) first increases then decreases down the group (c) four (using one 2s and three 2 p orbitals)
(d) first decreases then increases down the group (d) six (using 1s and three 2 p orbitals)
3 In boron and carbon families, the group oxidation 6 The third period elements of p-block with the
state is most stable for
electronic configuration 3s 2 3 p n have the vacant
(a) heavier elements in the group
3d orbitals lying between the
(b) lighter elements in the group
(a) 3p and 4s levels of energy (b) 3s and 3p levels of energy
(c) middle element in the group
(c) 3s and 4s levels of energy (d) 2p and 3s levels of energy
(d) last element in the group
 7 Which orbitals are used by third period of p-block 9 The element that shows greater ability to form pπ- pπ
elements in order to expand their covalency beyond four? multiple bonds, is JEE Main 2019
(a) 3d (b) 4s (c) 3p (d) 4d (a) Ge
8 Boron forms only [ BF4 ]− which one of the following (b) Si
is formed by aluminium? (c) Sn
(d) C
(a) [AlF 4 ] − (b) [AlF 6 ] 3− (c) [AlF 4 ] 3− (d) [AlF 6 ] −

TOPIC 2 ~ Group-13 Elements : The Boron Family

(Important Trends and Anomalous Properties of Boron)
10 Boron is not found in the form of 18 The relative stability of +1 oxidation state of group 13
(a) borax (b) kernite elements follows the order JEE Main 2019
(c) carnallite (d) orthoboric (a) Al < Ga < Tl < In (b) Al < Ga < In < Tl
11 Which of the following element is the most abundant (c) Tl < In < Ga < Al (d) Ga < Al < In < Tl
metal and the third most abundant element in the 19 In trivalent state, the number of electrons around the
earth’s crust? central atom in a molecule of the compounds of group
(a) Al (b) B 13 elements will be
(c) Ga (d) In (a) four (b) six (c) eight (d) five
12 The correct order of atomic radii in group 13 elements 20 Consider the following reaction.
is NEET 2018 Cl
(a) B < Ga < Al < Tl < In B — Cl + NH 3 →
(b) B < Al < Ga < In < Tl
Cl
(c) B < Al < In < Ga < Tl
(d) B < Ga < Al < In < Tl The product will be
+ – H
13 Between which of the following elements is the (a) NH3Cl and BCl2 (b) N—H
discontinuity in the ionisation enthalpy values H
observed? Cl
B—Cl
(a) Al and Ga (b) In and Tl Cl
(c) B and Al (d) Both (a) and (b) NH2
NH
14 The electronegativity of aluminium is similar to (c) B + HCl (d) + 2HCl
(a) lithium (b) carbon JEE Main 2019 Cl Cl B — Cl
(c) beryllium (d) boron 21 AlCl 3 achieves stability by forming a dimer.
15 Among the elements of group-13, boron possesses a Structure of this dimer is
high melting point due to Al Al
(a) very high electronegativity (a) Cl Cl Cl
(b) very high ionisation energy Al Al
(c) small size
(d) strong bonding between individual atoms in the solid state Cl Cl Cl
(b) Al Al
16 Which of the following properties is possessed by the
Cl Cl Cl
members of group 13, except B?
(a) are soft metals Al Al — Cl Cl
(b) have low melting point (c) Cl Al
(c) have high electrical conductivity Al Al — Cl Cl
(d) All of the above (d) None of the above
17 Which of the following oxidation state(s) is shown by 22 Consider the following reactions.
Ga, In and Tl? ∆
(a) Only +1 (b) Only +3 4B( s) + 3O 2 ( g ) → I
∆
(c) +3 as well as +1 (d) Only +2 2Al( s) + N 2 ( g ) → II
 Here, I and II are 27 Which of the following elements does not exist in
(a) I → B2 O3 ( s ), II → AlN(g) aqueous medium, as species like tetrahedral
(b) I → B2 O3 ( g ), II → AlN(s) [ M (OH) 4 ]− and octahedral [ M (H 2O) 6 ]3+ ?
(c) I → B2 O3 ( g ), II → AlN(g) (a) Boron (b) Thallium
(d) I → B2 O3 ( s ), II → AlN(s) (c) Gallium (d) Indium
23 Boron trioxide is acidic and reacts with metal oxides 28 BF3 easily reacts with a Lewis base such as NH 3 to
form to complete octet around boron. This can be expressed as
(a) metal borates (b) metal boroxides (a) F3 B + •• NH3 → F3 B ← NH3
(c) metal hydroxide (d) None of these
(b) F3 B + •• NH3 → F3 B → NH3
24 p Al( s) + q HCl( aq ) → rAl 3+ ( aq ) + s Cl − ( aq ) •
(c) • BF3 + NH3 → BF3 → NH3
+ t H 2 (g ) •
(d) • BF3 + NH3 → BF3 ← NH3
The stoichiometric coefficients (p, q, r, s , t) used in
balancing the above reaction are respectively 29 The group 13 elements react with halogens to form
trihalides except
(a) 3, 6, 2, 6, 2 (b) 6, 3, 6, 2, 2 (a) BCl 3 (b) TlI 3
(c) 2, 6, 2, 6, 3 (d) 4, 6, 4, 6, 6 (c) AlCl 3 (d) GaI3
25 2Al( s) + 2NaOH( aq ) + 6H 2O( l) → 2 A + 3H 2 ( g ) 30 Which one of the following elements is unable to
Here, A is form MF63− ion? NEET 2018
+ – –
(a) Na [Al(OH)4 ] ( aq ) (b) Na 2 [Al(OH)4 ] ( aq ) (a) B (b) Al (c) Ga (d) In
Sodium Sodium
tetrahydroxoaluminate (III) tetrahydroxoaluminate (III) 31 Which of the following is not true for boron and
(c) Na + [Al(OH)6 ]– ( aq ) (d) Na[Al(OH)6 ]– ( aq ) aluminium?
Sodium Sodium (a) Hydrogen gas is evolved when they are dissolved in alkali.
hexahydroxoaluminate (II) hexahydroxoaluminate (III)
(b) On heating with oxygen, both form oxide of the type
26 The similarities among the trichlorides, tribromides and M 2O 3.
triiodides of all group-13 elements is/are that they are (c) On heating with nitrogen, both form nitrides of the type
(a) covalent in nature (b) hydrolysed in water MN.
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these (d) Both form acidic hydroxides

TOPIC 3 ~ Some Important Compounds of

Boron and Aluminium
32 Complete the following reaction, 35 The reaction given below is used for the preparation
Na 2 B4O 7 + 7H 2O → 2NaOH + A of orthoboric acid by acidifying an aqueous solution
Here, A is of borax.
(a) orthoboric acid (b) boric acid Na 2 B4O 7 + X + H 2O → Y + B(OH) 3
(c) borax (d) diborane Choose the suitable X for the above reaction.
33 On heating, borax first loses water molecules and swells (a) HCl (b) NaCl (c) NaF (d) F2
up. On further heating it turns into a transparent liquid, 36 On heating, orthoboric acid above 370 K forms ‘X ’
which solidifies into glass like material known as which on further heating yields ‘Y ’. ‘X ’ and Y ’ are
(a) borax wax (b) borax bead respectively
(c) borax liquid (d) None of these (a) boric oxide, metaboric acid
34 Borax is heated in a bunsen burner flame with a (b) metaboric acid, boric oxide
compound X on a loop of platinum wire. A blue (c) paraboric acid, boric oxide
coloured bead of compound Y is formed. (d) boric oxide, paraboric acid
Identify X and Y 37 The industrial scale production of diborane involves
X Y the reaction of BF3 with
(a) Ca(BO2 )2 1 CoO (a) lithium hydride
(b) CoO Co(BO 2 ) 2 (b) sodium hydride
(c) CoO 2 Co(BO 2 ) 2 (c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) CoO CoBO 2 (d) None of the above
38 Which of the following reactions are shown by H H
diborane? B
120°
(b) H 97°
(a) B2 H6 + 2NMe3 → 2BH3 ⋅ NMe3 B 119 pm H
(b) B2 H6 + 6H2 O → 2B(OH)3 + 6H2 134 pm
H H
(c) B2 H6 + 2CO → 2BH3 ⋅ CO
(d) All of the above H H
39 Diborane ( B2 H 6 ) reacts independently with O 2 and (c) H—B B—H
H 2O to produce, respectively. JEE Main 2019 H H
(a) B2 O3 and H3 BO3 (b) B2 O3 and [ BH4 ]− (d) None of the above
(c) H3 BO3 and B2 O3 (d) HBO2 and H3 BO3
41 Which of the following tetrahydridoborate(s) is/are
40 The structure of diborane, B2 H 6 is known as borohydrides?
H H (a) Sodium tetrahydridoborate
 
(a) H— B — B — H (b) Lithium tetrahydridoborate
  (c) Potassium tetrahydridoborate
H H (d) Both (a) and (b)

TOPIC 4 ~ Group-14 Elements : The Carbon Family

(Important Trends and Anomalous Properties of Carbon)
42 Which of the following isotopes of carbon with 48 The hybridisation of the central atom in [SiF62− ],
half-life 5770 yrs is used for radiocarbon dating? [GeCl 6 ]2− , [Sn(OH) 6 ]6− is
12 13 14
(a) 6 C (b) 6 C (c) 6 C (d) None of these
(a) sp 3 d (b) sp 3 d 2
43 The elements of group 13 and 14 respectively, which (c) sp 3 (d) sp 3 d 3
are prepared in small amount and their half-life is
short are 49 Consider the following oxides
(a) flerovium and nihonium (b) nihonium and flerovium GeO, CO 2 , CO, GeO 2 , SiO 2 , SnO 2 , SnO,
(c) nihonium and lead (d) silicon and lead Which of the following option is correct?
44 The small increase in the covalent radii from Si to Pb (a) Acidic — GeO2 , CO, SiO2 ; Neutral— GeO
is due to the presence of Amphoteric— CO2 , SnO, SnO2
(a) half-filled d-orbitals in heavier members (b) Acidic—SnO2 , GeO2 , CO2 ; Neutral— CO, SnO, SiO 2
(b) completely filled d and f-orbitals in heavier members Amphoteric— GeO
(c) presence of completely filled d-orbitals in lighter members (c) Acidic— CO2 , GeO2 , SiO 2 ; Neutral— CO
(d) None of the above Amphoteric— SnO2 , SnO
45 Which of the following is the correct order of first (d) Acidic— GeO, SiO 2 , SnO; Neutral— CO, CO2
ionisation enthalpy of group 14 elements? Amphoteric — SnO2 , GeO2
(a) Si > Ge > Sn > Pb (b) Si > Ge > Sn < Pb 50 Which of the following does not exist?
(c) Si < Ge < Sn < Pb (d) Si < Ge < Sn > Pb (a) PbI4 (b) PbF4
46 The tendency of Ge, Sn and Pb to show +2 oxidation (c) CCl 4 (d) CBr4
state increases in the sequence : 51 Consider the following reaction.
(a) Ge = Sn < Pb (b) Ge < Sn < Pb
(c) Ge > Sn > Pb (d) Ge > Sn = Pb
Cl Cl
47 Which of the following species is not stable? +A
Si + O Si C
NEET (National) 2019 Cl Cl Cl OH –B
H H
(a) [GeCl 6 ]2− (b) [Sn(OH) 6 ] 2− Cl Cl
2− 2−
(c) [SiCl 6 ] (d) [SiF 6 ] Here, A, B and C refer to
 OH OH

(a) A → 3H2O; B → 3HCl; C → Si (c) A → H2O; B → HCl; C → Si

HO OH HO OH
OH (d) None of the above Cl

OH 52 Carbon differs from the rest of the members of its

group due to
(b) A → 2H2O; B → 2HCl; C→ Si (a) its smaller size
Cl Cl
(b) non-higher electronegativity and ionisation enthalpy
OH
(c) non-availability of d-orbitals in C
(d) All of the above

TOPIC 5 ~ Allotropes of Carbon

53 Carbon is able to show allotropic forms due to (c) A → Graphite; B → Fullerene
(a) catenation (b) pπ - pπ bond formation (d) A → Diamond; B → Fullerene
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these 57 Graphite conducts electricity due to highly
54 Which of the following is not an allotrope of carbon? (a) delocalised nature of π-electrons
(a) Diamond (b) Fullerene JIPMER 2019 (b) localised nature of π-electrons
(c) Soot (d) Graphite (c) polarised nature of π-electrons
55 In which of the following allotropes of carbon, each (d) None of the above
carbon atom undergoes sp 3 -hybridisation and linked to 58 Graphite cleaves easily between the layers. Thus, it is
four other carbon atoms by using hybridised orbitals in
(a) soft (b) slippery
tetrahedral fashion?
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d ) None of these
(a) Diamond (b) Graphite (c) Fullerene (d) None of these
59 ‘A’ is an allotrope of carbon made by heating graphite
56 Following are the figures of two different allotropes
in an electric arc in the presence of inert gases such as
of carbon. Identify these allotropes from the
helium or argon.
following options.
14.15 pm It is the only pure form of carbon because they have
smooth structure without having ‘dangling’ bonds.
It is a cage-like molecule. Identify ‘A’.
340 pm

154 pm (a) Diamond (b) Fullerene (c) Graphite (d) None of these
60 C 60 an allotrope of carbon contains JEE Main 2019
(a) 16 hexagons and 16 pentagons
(b) 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons
(c) 12 hexagons and 20 pentagons
(d) 18 hexagons and 14 pentagons
61 Which of the following is obtained by burning
(A ) (B) hydrocarbons in a limited supply of air?
(a) Charcoal (b) Carbon black
(a) A → Graphite; B → Diamond (c) Coke (d) None of these
(b) A → Diamond; B → Graphite

TOPIC 6 ~ Some Important Compounds of

Carbon and Silicon
62 On small scale, pure CO is prepared by dehydration of 63 The mixture of CO and H 2 is known as
(a) stearic acid with HNO3 (a) producer gas
(b) benzoic acid with dil. H2 SO4 (b) synthesis gas
(c) lauric acid with HCl (c) water gas
(d) formic acid with conc. H2 SO4 (d) Both (b) and (c)
64 A mixture of CO and N 2 is known as 74 Choose the correct option regarding A and B for
(a) synthesis gas (b) water gas following reactions.
(c) producer gas (d) All of these 2NaOH
A
65 Carbon monoxide is used as a reductant. It reduces Silica
4HF B
(a) only metal oxides of alkali and alkaline earth metals
(b) all metal oxides (a) A → Na 2 SiO3 , B→ SiF4 (b) A→ NaSiO2 , B→ SiF4
(c) all metal oxides except Al 2 O3 , alkali metal and alkaline (c) A→ Na 2 SiO2 , B→ SiF6 (d) A→ Na 2 SiO3 , B→ SiF6
metal oxides 75 The amorphous form of silica is JEE Main 2019
(d) None of the above (a) tridymite (b) kieselguhr (c) cristobalite (d) quartz
66 When carbon monoxide reacts with water, product 76 Which of the following is extensively used as
obtained is piezoelectric material?
(a) carbonic acid (b) carbon dioxide (a) Crystobalite (b) Solid CO2 (c) Dry ice (d) Quartz
(c) hydrogen (d) Both (b) and (c)
77 Silica gel is used as a/an
67 Main reason of human death by CO poisoning is (a) dehydrating agent (drying agent)
due to (b) dehydrogenating agent
(a) formation of carbon monoxide-haemoglobin complex (c) reducing agent
(b) prevention of haemoglobin in red blood corpuscles (d) oxidising agent
from carrying oxygen around the body
(c) throat chilling
78 Which of these is not a monomer for a high molecular
(d) All of the above
mass silicone polymer? NEET 2013
(a) MeSiCl 3 (b) Me2 SiCl 2 (c) Me3 SiCl (d) Ph SiCl 3
68 In laboratory carbon dioxide is prepared by the
79 Hydrolysis of dimethyl dichlorosilane followed by
reaction of A and B. Here A and B are respectively
condensation polymerisation lead to the formation of
(a) A → dil. HCl B → calcium carbonate
(a) straight chain polymer (b) sheet polymer
(b) A → conc. HCl B → calcium carbide
(c) 3-dimensional polymer (d) None of these
(c) A → dil. HCl B → calcium carbide
(d) A → conc. HCN B → magnesium carbonate 80 Which of the following compounds is used in
cosmetic surgery? NEET (Odisha) 2019
69 Which of the following properties of CO 2 makes it of
(a) Silica (b) Silicates (c) Silicones (d) Zeolites
immense biological and geochemical importance?
81 The basic structural unit of silicates is NEET 2013
(a) Non-poisonous nature
(b) Low solubility in water (a) SiO− (b) SiO4−
4 (c) SiO2−
3 (d) SiO2−
4

(c) It forms carbonic acid on reaction with water 82 The basic structural unit of feldspar, zeolites, mica and
(d) None of the above asbestos is JEE Main 2019
70 H 2CO 3 / HCO 3– buffer system helps to maintain the (a) ( SiO3 )2− (b) SiO2
pH of blood between R
(a) 7.26 to 7.42 (b) 3.26 to 7.42 
(c) (SiO4 )4 − (d) ( Si  O)
n ( R = Me )
(c) 7.26 to 8.00 (d) 7.42 to 7.96 
71 0.03% of carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere R
can be removed by 83 Name the type of the structure of silicate in which one
(a) conversion of CO2 to glucose oxygen atom of [SiO 4 ]4− is shared? CBSE AIPMT 2011
(b) photosynthesis (a) Three dimensional (b) Linear chain silicate
(c) chemical change of CO2 to carbohydrate (c) Sheet silicate (d) Pyrosilicate
(d) All of the above
84 Which of the following is used to convert alcohol to
72 What is the hybridisation of C-atom in CO 2 petroleum directly?
molecule? (a) ZSM-5 (b) Fe2 O3 (c) Cr2 O3 / Al 2 O3 (d) Feldspar
(a) sp 2 (b) sp (c) sp 3 (d) None of these 85 Two elements P and Q react separately with highly
73 95% of earth crust is made up of silica and silicates. electropositive metal to form binary compounds,
Silicon dioxide, commonly known as which upon hydrolysis yield mixture of boranes and
(a) silicate (b) silicon silanes? P and Q respectively are
(c) silica (d) All of these (a) B and Al (b) Si and B (c) B and Si (d) Al and B
CHAPTER 11 > p-Block Elements 305

SPECIAL TYPES QUESTIONS

I. Statement Based Questions Choose the correct statement(s).
86 Atomic radius of Ga (135 pm) is less than that of (a) Only I (b) I and III
Al (143 pm) because (c) Both II and III (d) All are correct
(a) of the small variation in the inner core of the electronic 91 Which of the following statements is/are correct
configuration regarding gallium?
(b) the presence of additional 10d-electrons which offers I. It has unusually low melting point (303 K).
only poor screening effect for the outer electrons from
II. It exists in liquid state during summer.
the increased nuclear charge in gallium
(c) Both (a) and (b) are correct III. It has a high boiling point (2676 K).
(d) Neither (a) nor (b) is ccorrect The correct option is
87 The correct statements regarding the possible reason (a) Both I and II
for the trend of electronegativity in group-13 elements (b) Both I and III
are (c) Both II and III
(a) similarities in atomic size of the elements (d) All statements are correct
(b) discrepancies in atomic size of the elements 92 Which of the following statements is correct
(c) discrepancies in atomic number of the elements regarding group 13 elements?
(d) similarities in atomic mass of the elements (a) Density increases down the group from B to Ga and
then decreases upto Tl
88 ‘‘Non-metals have higher ionisation enthalpies and (b) Boiling point of gallium is very high (2676 K)
higher electronegativities than metals.” (c) Boron is a soft non-metal
Following are the conclusions taken from the above (d) Melting point of gallium is very high (3030 K)
statement.
93 Which of the following statement is incorrect?
I. Non-metals readily form anions.
(a) The trichlorides of group-13 elements, on hydrolysis
II. Metals readily form cations. form [ M (OH)4 ]−
III. Metals form both anions and cations.
(b) AlCl 3 in acidified aqueous solution forms [Al(H2 O)6 ]3+
IV. Non-metals form both anions and cations. (c) Boron is unreactive in crystalline form
Choose the option that has only correct statements. (d) Boron forms a very thin hydroxide layer on its surface
(a) Only I (b) Only III
94 Which of the following is correct statement?
(c) Both I and II (d) I, II and IV
JIPMER 2019
89 Consider the following statements for p-block (a) Aluminium dissolves in dilute mineral acids but is made
elements. passive by concentrated nitric acid
I. d-orbitals are of higher energy than p-orbitals. (b) Aluminium vessel can be used to storage of NaOH
II. d-orbitals contribute less to the overall stability of the (c) Aluminium chloride does not dissociate in water
molecules. (d) AlF 3 is soluble in anhydrous HF
III. pπ - pπ bonding of the second row elements contribute 95 Which of the following statements is correct for the
more to the overall stability of the molecules. compound Al 2Cl 6 ?
The correct statement(s) is/are I. Six Al — Cl bonds are of same length.
(a) Both I and II II. The angle Al — Cl—Al is 101°.
(b) Both II and III III. Four Al — Cl bonds are of same length and two of
(c) Only I different length.
(d) I, II and III
IV. The angle Cl—Al— Cl is 79° and 118°.
90 Consider the given statements regarding the Choose the correct option.
properties of boron. (a) I, II and III
I. It is a hard refractory solid. (b) II, III and IV
II. It has low melting point and high density. (c) I, III and IV
III. It shows high electrical conductivity. (d) I, II and IV
 96 Consider the following statements : 102 Consider the following statements :
I. In thallium, +1 oxidation state is predominant. I. BBr3 is stronger Lewis acid than BF3 .
II. In thallium, +3 oxidation state is oxidising in nature. II. pπ - pπ back bonding occurs in the halides of boron,
III. Compounds of group 13 elements in +1 oxidation state but not in the halides of aluminium.
are less ionic than those in +3 oxidation state. III. Borazine is less reactive than boron.
The incorrect statement(s) is/are IV. Al is unstable in air and water.
(a) Only I (b) Both II and III The set of incorrect statements is
(c) Both I and II (d) Only III (a) Both I and II (b) Both II and III
s 3+ (c) Both III and IV (b) None of these
97 Standard electrode potential values, E for Al / Al is
3+
–1.66 V and that of Tl / Tl is +1.26 V. Which of the 103 Which of the following statement is incorrect?
(a) All members of group 14 are solids.
following is incorrect regarding the given
(b) Carbon and silicon are non-metals whereas germanium,
information? tin and lead are metals
(a) Tl 3+ is a powerful reducing agent. (c) Melting and boiling points of group 14 elements are higher
(b) Tl 3+ is not only unstable in aqueous solution, but also a than those of corresponding elements of group 13
powerful oxidising agent. Tl + is more stable in solution (d) None of the above
than Tl 3+ 104 Consider the following statements regarding group-14
(c) Al is more electropositive than thallium elements. The incorrect statement is
(d) Al is able to form +3 ion easily (a) these can form halides of formula MX 2 and MX 4
98 Which of the following statements is/are correct for (b) except carbon, all other members can react directly with
borax? halogen under suitable conditions
(a) It is the compound of boron (c) most of the tetrahalides are ionic in nature
(b) It is a white crystalline solid (d) SnF4 and PbF4 are ionic in nature
(c) Its chemical formula is Na 2 B4 O7 ⋅ 10H2 O 105 Consider the following statements.
(d) All of the above I. Sn in +2 oxidation state is an oxidising agent.
99 Which of the following statement is correct regarding II. Pb compounds are stable in +2 state.
diborane? III. Pb compounds act as reducing agent in +4 state.
(a) The two bridged hydrogen atoms and the one boron The correct statement(s) is/are
atoms lie in one plane (a) Only I (b) Only II (c) Only III (d) I, II and III
(b) Out of six B—H bonds, two bonds can be described in
terms of 2-centre-2-electron bonds
106 Consider the following statements.
(c) Out of six B—H bonds, four B—H bonds can be I. GeCl 4 in HCl forms H2 [GeCl 6 ].
described in terms of 3-centre-2-electron bonds II. Trisilyl amine is pyramidal.
(d) The four terminal B—H bonds are 2-centre-2-electron III. SnCl 4 is more stable than SnCl 2 .
regular bonds IV. Ge(OH) 2 is amphoteric.
100 Consider the following statements. The correct statement(s) is/are
I. LiBH4 is used as an oxidising agent in organic synthesis. (a) Both I and IV (b) Both II and III
II. NaBH4 is used as a reducing agent in organic synthesis. (c) Both I and II (d) Both III and IV
The correct statement(s) is/are 107 Which of the following statement is correct for
(a) I is correct isotope of carbon? JIPMER 2019
(b) II is correct (a) Graphite is a conductor of electricity
(c) I and II are correct (b) The carbon atoms of diamond are sp 3 -hybridised
(d) I and II are incorrect (c) Graphite is more stable thermodynamically than diamond
(d) All are correct
101 Which of the following is the application of borax?
108 The major difference between diamond and graphite
I. It is used in the manufacture of pyrex glasses, fibre
glass and glass wool.
is due to the
(a) crystal structure of diamond which is different from that
II. It is used as a flux for soldering metals. of graphite
III. It is used as a constituent of medicinal soaps. (b) combination of graphite with oxygen to form CO2 but
The correct option is not with diamond
(a) Both I and II (b) Both II and III (c) different masses of atoms
(c) Both I and III (d) I, II and III (d) All of the above
109 Consider the following statements about graphite. IV. Charcoal and coke are obtained by heating wood or
I. It has layered structure. coal respectively at high temperatures in the absence of
II. These layers are held by van der Waals' forces and air.
distance between two layers is 340 pm. Choose the correct statements and select the correct option.
III. Each layer is composed of planar hexagonal rings of (a) Only I and II (b) Only III and IV
carbon atoms. (c) I, II and IV (d) II, III and IV
IV. C — C bond-length within the layer is 141.5 pm. 114 Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct
The correct statements are regarding CO?
(a) I, II and III I. It is colourless and odourless gas.
(b) II, III and IV II. It is water soluble.
(c) I, III and IV III. It is water insoluble.
(d) I, II, III and IV IV. It acts as reducing agent.
110 Consider the following statements about C 60 . The correct statement(s) is/are
(a) Only I (b) I, II and IV
I. All the carbon atoms are equal and they undergo
(c) I, III and IV (d) Both I and IV
sp 2- hybridisation.
II. Each C-atom forms three sigma bonds with other three 115 Consider the following statement(s) regarding CO.
carbon atoms. I. CO has oneσ and two π-bonds.
II. CO acts as electron donor.
III. The remaining electron at each carbon is delocalised in
III. CO has one lone pair on its carbon atom.
molecular orbitals, which in turn give aromatic
IV. CO reacts with all metals to produce metal carbide.
character to molecule.
The correct statements are
The correct statements are (a) I, II and III (b) I, II and IV
(a) Both I and II (b) Both II and III (c) I, III and IV (d) Both I and IV
(c) Both I and III (d) I, II and III
116 Consider the following statements.
111 Consider the following statements. I. Highly poisonous nature of CO is because of its ability
I. Graphite has planar hexagonal layers of carbon atoms to form a complex with haemoglobin.
in which each carbon atom undergoes II. Decreased CO2 content of the atmosphere leads to
sp 2 -hybridisation. increase in greenhouse effect.
II. Fullerene have smooth structure having ‘danglings’ III. CO2 has linear shape with dipole moment of1.2µ.
bond. IV. Gaseous CO2 is used as fire extinguisher and in
III. In diamond, each atom is linked tetrahedrally to four manufacture of urea.
other carbon atoms by sp 3- hybridised bonds. Choose the correct statement and select the correct
option.
The correct statement(s) is/are
(a) I and II (b) II and IV (c) I and IV (d) I, II and IV
(a) Both I and III (b) Only III
(c) Both I and II (d) All of these 117 Which of the following statement(s) is/are incorrect
regarding carbon dioxide?
112 Consider the following statements.
(a) Carbon dioxide is acidic in nature.
I. Activated charcoal is used in adsorbing poisonous
(b) Carbon dioxide combines with alkali to form metal
gases, in airconditioning system to control odour.
carbonates.
II. Carbon black is used as black pigment in black ink. (c) It is present in atmosphere to the extent of 0.03% by
III. Diamond is used in jewellery and is measured in volume.
carats. (d) None of the above
The correct statement(s) is/are
118 Which of the following is correct regarding silica?
(a) Only I (b) Only II (c) Only III (d) All of these
I. It is a covalent compound.
113 Consider the following statements : II. It is three-dimensional network solid.
I. Fullerenes was discovered by Kroto, Smalley and III. It is non-reactive in nature.
Curl. IV. It resists attack of halogens.
II. Graphite is used as a dry lubricant in machines running Choose the correct option.
at high temperature. (a) I, II and III (b) II, III and IV
III. Spherical fullerenes are also called bucky sphere. (c) Both II and IV (d) All of these
 119 Correct statements among (I) to (IV) regarding 127 Assertion (A) White fumes appear around the bottle
silicones are : JEE Main 2019 of anhydrous aluminium chloride.
I. They are polymers with hydrophobic character. Reason (R) Anhydrous aluminium chloride is
II. They are biocompatible. partially hydrolysed with atmospheric moisture
III. In general, they have high thermal stability and low to liberate HCl gas.
dielectric strength. 128 Assertion (A) Metal borides are used in nuclear
IV. Usually, they are resistant to oxidation and used as industry as protective shields and control rods.
greases.
(a) I and II (b) I, II, III Reason (R) The boron-10 (10 B) isotope has high
(c) I, II, III and IV (d) I, II and IV ability to absorb neutrons.
129 Assertion (A) The use of aluminium and its
II. Assertion and Reason compounds for domestic purposes is now reduced
considerably.
■ Directions (Q. Nos. 120-138) In the following
Reason (R) Aluminium and its compounds are highly
questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a
toxic in nature.
corresponding statement of Reason (R). Of the
following statements, choose the correct one. 130 Assertion (A) The elements of the group 14 are slightly
(a) Both A and R are correct; R is the correct explanation more electronegative than group 13 elements.
of A. Reason (R) Group 14 elements are larger in size than
(b) Both A and R are correct; R is not the correct group 13 elements.
explanation of A.
(c) A is correct; R is incorrect.
131 Assertion (A) The common oxidation states exhibited
(d) A is incorrect; R is correct.
by the group-14 elements is +2 only.
120 Assertion (A) The heaviest element in each p-block Reason (R) Carbon exhibits both positive and
group is most metallic in nature. negative oxidation states.
Reason (R) The non-metallic character decreases 132 Assertion (A) Except CCl 4 , other tetrachlorides are
down the group. easily hydrolysed by water.
121 Assertion (A) Boron always forms covalent bond. Reason (R) During hydrolysis the central atom can
Reason (R) The small size of B3+ favours formation accommodate the lone pair of electrons from oxygen
of covalent bond. atom of water molecule in d-orbital.
122 Assertion (A) Boron has unusually high melting point. 133 Assertion (A) Heavier elements form pπ - pπ bonds.
Reason (R) Boron has very strong crystalline lattice. Reason (R) Their atomic orbitals are too large. These
123 Assertion (A) On going down the group-13, inert pair diffuse to have effective overlapping.
effect increases. 134 Assertion (A) Graphite conducts electricity.
Reason (R) On going down the group, there is poor Reason (R) Delocalisation of electrons occurs in
shielding effect of intervening d and f -orbitals. graphite.
Due to this, the effective nuclear charge increases 135 Assertion (A) ∆H sf of graphite is taken as zero.
which holds ns-electrons tightly.
Reason (R) Graphite is thermodynamically most
124 Assertion (A) Aluminium shows amphoteric behaviour.
stable allotrope of carbon.
Reason (R) Aluminium does not react with acids and
136 Assertion (A) Buckminster fullerene is a variety of carbon.
alkalies even at moderate temperature.
Reason (R) Buckminster fullerene is abbreviated as C 60 .
125 Assertion (A) AlCl 3 is dimerised through halogen
bridging. 137 Assertion (A) Graphite fibres embedded in plastic
Reason (R) Metal species, Al in AlCl 3 completes its material form high strength, light weight composites.
octet by accepting electrons from bridged halogens Reason (R) The composites are used in products such
and forms, Al 2Cl 6 . as tennis rackets, fishing rods, aircrafts and canoes.
126 Assertion (A) In bivalent state, most of the halides of 138 Assertion (A) PbI 4 is an unstable compound.
group 13 elements are hydrolysed in water. Reason (R) +2 oxidation state of Pb is more stable
Reason (R) These are covalent in nature. than +4 state.
III. Matching Type Questions 142 Match the following columns and choose the correct
option from the codes given below.
139 Match the following columns and choose the correct
option from the codes given below. Column I Column II

Column I Column II A. Orthoboric acid 1. Na 2B4O7 ⋅ 4H2 O

(Element) (Electronic configuration) B. Borax 2. Na 2B4O7 ⋅ 10H2O
A. In 1. [He] 2s2 2 p1 C. Kernite 3. H3BO3
B. Tl 2. [Ne] 3s2 3 p1
Codes
C. B 3. [Ar] 3 d 10 4s2 4 p1
A B C A B C
D. Ga 4. [Kr] 4 d 10 5s2 5 p1 (a) 1 2 3 (b) 3 2 1
E. Al 5. [Xe] 4 f 14 5 d 10 6s2 6 p1 (c) 2 1 3 (d) 1 3 2
143 Match the following columns and choose the correct
Codes
option from the codes given below.
A B C D E
(a) 1 2 3 4 5 Column I Column II
(b) 4 5 1 3 2 A. A poisonous gas 1. Phosgene
(c) 2 3 5 1 4
B. Abrasive 2. White lead
(d) 5 4 3 2 1
C. An ore of tin 3. Cassiterite
140 Match the following columns and choose the correct
option from the codes given below. D. A white pigment 4. Diamond

Column I Column II Codes

(Element) (Density/g cm −3at 298 K) A B C D A B C D
A. Ga 1. 11.85 (a) 2 1 3 4 (b) 4 3 2 1
B. In 2. 5.90 (c) 1 4 3 2 (d) 3 2 4 1
C. Al 3. 2.70 144 Match the species given in Column I with the
D. B 4. 7.31 properties mentioned in Column II and choose the
E. Tl 5. 2.35 correct options from the codes given below.
Codes Column I Column II
A B C D E A. BF4− 1. Oxidation state of central atom is +4
(a) 2 4 3 5 1
(b) 3 5 1 4 2 B. AlCl 3 2. Lewis acid
(c) 2 5 4 1 3 C. SnO 3. Can be further oxidised
(d) 1 4 3 2 5 D. PbO2 4. Tetrahedral shape
141 Match the following columns and choose the correct
option from the codes given below. Codes
A B C D A B C D
Column I Column II (a) 4 2 3 1 (b) 1 3 2 4
(Element) (Electronic configuration)
(c) 1 2 3 4 (d) 3 1 2 4
A. Ge 1. [Xe] 4 f 14 5 d 10 6s2 6 p2
145 Match the following columns and choose the correct
B. Sn 2. [Kr] 4d 10 5s2 5 p2 option from the codes given below.
C. Pb 3. [Ar] 3d 10 4s2 4 p2 Column I Column II

D. Si 4. [Ne] 3s2 3 p2 A. H2 + CO 1. Zeolite

B. N2 + CO 2. Producer gas
E. C 5. [He] 2s2 2 p2
C. Aluminosilicate 3. Synthesis gas
Codes D. Kieselghur 4. Filtration of plants
A B C D E
(a) 5 4 3 1 2 Codes
(b) 3 2 1 4 5 A B C D A B C D
(c) 4 3 1 2 5 (a) 2 1 3 4 (b) 2 3 1 4
(d) 2 1 5 4 3 (c) 3 2 1 4 (d) 3 2 4 1
310 Master The NCERT > CHEMISTRY (Vol-I )

NCERT & NCERT Exemplar

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
NCERT 155 Which of the following oxides is acidic in nature?
146 An aqueous solution of borax is (a) B2 O3 (b) Al 2 O3 (c) Ga 2 O3 (d) In 2 O3
(a) neutral (b) amphoteric 156 The geometry of a complex species can be understood
(c) basic (d) acidic from the knowledge of type of hybridisation of
147 Boric acid is polymeric due to orbitals of central atom. The hybridisation of orbitals
(a) its acidic nature of central atom in [B(OH 4 )] − and the geometry of the
(b) the presence of hydrogen bonds complex are respectively
(c) its monobasic nature (a) sp 3 , tetrahedral
(d) its geometry
(b) sp 3 , square planar
148 The type of hybridisation of boron in diborane is (c) sp 3 d 2 , octahedral
(a) sp (b) sp 2 (c) sp 3 (d) dsp 2 (d) dsp 2 , square planar
149 Which of the following is true for elements of 157 Boric acid is an acid because its molecule
group 14? (a) contains replaceable H+ ion
(a) Only exhibit oxidation state of + 4 (b) gives up a proton
(b) Exhibit oxidation state of + 2 and + 4
(c) accepts OH− from water releasing proton
(c) Form M 2− and M 4+ ions (d) combines with proton from water molecule
(d) Form M 2+ and M 4− ions
158 In the structure of diborane,
150 What are the states of hybridisation of carbon in (a) All hydrogen atoms lie in one plane and boron atoms lie
CO 2−
3 , diamond and graphite respectively? in a plane perpendicular to this plane
(a) sp 2 , sp 3 , sp 2 (b) sp 2 , sp 2 , sp 3 (b) 2 boron atoms and 4 terminal hydrogen atoms lie in the
2 3
(c) sp , sp , sp 3
(d) sp 3 , sp 3 , sp 2 same plane and 2 bridging hydrogen atoms lie in the
perpendicular plane
(c) 4 bridging hydrogen atoms and boron atoms lie in one
NCERT Exemplar plane and two terminal hydrogen atoms lie in a plane
151 The element which exists in liquid state for a wide perpendicular to this plane
range of temperature and can be used for measuring (d) All the atoms are in the same plane
high temperature is
(a) B (b) Al
159 A compound X , of boron reacts with NH 3 on heating
(c) Ga (d) In to give another compound Y , which is called
inorganic benzene. The compound X can be prepared
152 Ionisation enthalpy (∆ i H kJ mol −1 ) for the elements by treating BF3 with lithium aluminium hydride. The
of group 13 follows the order compounds X and Y are represented by the formulae
(a) B > Al > Ga > In > Tl (a) B2 H6 , B3 N3 H6 (b) B2 O3 , B3 N3 H6
(b) B < Al < Ga < In < Tl
(c) BF3 , B3 N3 H6 (d) B3 N3 H6 , B2 H6
(c) B < Al > Ga < In > Tl
160 Catenation i.e., linking of similar atoms depends on
(d) B > Al < Ga > In < Tl
size and electronic configuration of atoms. The
153 The exhibition of highest coordination number tendency of catenation in group 14 elements follows
depends on the availability of vacant orbitals in the the order
central atom. Which of the following elements is not (a) C > Si > Ge > Sn (b) C >> Si > Ge ≈ Sn
likely to act as central atom in M F63− ? (c) Si > C > Sn > Ge (d) Ge > Sn > Si > C
(a) B (b) Al 161 The most commonly used reducing agent is
(c) Ga (d) In (a) AlCl 3 (b) PbCl 4 (c) SnCl 4 (d) SnCl 2
154 Which of the following is a Lewis acid? 162 Dry ice is
(a) AlCl 3 (b) MgCl 2 (a) solid NH3 (b) solid SO2
(c) CaCl 2 (d) BaCl 2 (c) solid CO2 (d) solid N2
163 Silicon has a strong tendency to form polymers, like 165 Cement, the important building material is a mixture
silicones. The chain length of silicon polymer can be of oxides of several elements. Besides calcium, iron
controlled by adding and sulphur, oxides of elements of which of the
(a) MeSiCl 3 (b) Me 2 SiCl 2 group(s) are present in the mixture?
(c) Me 3 SiCl (d) Me 4 Si (a) Only group-2
164 Quartz is extensively used as a piezoelectric material, (b) Only groups-2, 13 and 14
it contains ......... . (c) Only groups-2 and 13
(a) Pb (b) Si (c) Ti (d) Sn (d) Only groups-2 and 14

Answers
> Master NCERT With MCQs
1 (a) 2 (b) 3 (b) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (a) 7 (a) 8 (b) 9 (d) 10 (c)
11 (a) 12 (d) 13 (d) 14 (c) 15 (d) 16 (d) 17 (c) 18 (b) 19 (b) 20 (b)
21 (b) 22 (d) 23 (a) 24 (c) 25 (a) 26 (c) 27 (a) 28 (a) 29 (b) 30 (a)
31 (d) 32 (a) 33 (b) 34 (b) 35 (a) 36 (b) 37 (b) 38 (d) 39 (a) 40 (b)
41 (d) 42 (c) 43 (b) 44 (b) 45 (b) 46 (b) 47 (c) 48 (b) 49 (c) 50 (a)
51 (a) 52 (d) 53 (c) 54 (c) 55 (a) 56 (b) 57 (a) 58 (c) 59 (b) 60 (b)
61 (b) 62 (d) 63 (c) 64 (c) 65 (c) 66 (d) 67 (b) 68 (a) 69 (b) 70 (a)
71 (d) 72 (b) 73 (c) 74 (a) 75 (b) 76 (d) 77 (a) 78 (c) 79 (a) 80 (c)
81 (b) 82 (c) 83 (d) 84 (a) 85 (c)

> Spcial Types Questions

86 (b) 87 (b) 88 (c) 89 (d) 90 (a) 91 (d) 92 (b) 93 (d) 94 (a) 95 (b)
96 (d) 97 (a) 98 (d) 99 (d) 100 (b) 101 (d) 102 (c) 103 (b) 104 (c) 105 (b)
106 (a) 107 (d) 108 (a) 109 (d) 110 (d) 111 (a) 112 (d) 113 (c) 114 (c) 115 (a)
116 (c) 117 (d) 118 (d) 119 (d) 120 (a) 121 (c) 122 (a) 123 (a) 124 (c) 125 (a)
126 (d) 127 (a) 128 (a) 129 (a) 130 (c) 131 (d) 132 (a) 133 (d) 134 (a) 135 (a)
136 (b) 137 (b) 138 (a) 139 (b) 140 (a) 141 (b) 142 (b) 143 (c) 144 (a) 145 (c)

> NCERT & NCERT Exemplar Questions

146 (c) 147 (b) 148 (c) 149 (b) 150 (a) 151 (c) 152 (d) 153 (a) 154 (a) 155 (a)
156 (a) 157 (c) 158 (b) 159 (a) 160 (b) 161 (d) 162 (c) 163 (c) 164 (b) 165 (b)
312 Master The NCERT > CHEMISTRY (Vol-I )

Hints & Explanations

4 (b) The compounds formed by the highly reactive B+ << Al + < Ga + < In + < Tl +
non-metals with highly reactive metals are generally (order of + 1oxidation state)
ionic because of large differences in their
The presence of two oxidation states in p-block elements
electronegativities.
is due to the inert pair effect.
The compounds formed by non-metals are covalent
Because of the presence of poor shielding d and
because of small differences in their electronegativities.
f -orbitals, as we move from Ga to Tl, effective nuclear
8 (b) Boron forms [BF4 ] − , while aluminium forms charge of these elements increases so as to hold the
[AlF6 ]3− as it expands its covalency beyond four by valence ns2 electrons tightly. It causes difficulty to the
utilising 3d-orbitals for bond formation.
ionisation of ns2 -electrons and it remains inert, only
10 (c) Carnallite is KCl ⋅MgCl 2 ⋅ 6H2 O. It is not a mineral of
np1 -electrons ionises to give + 1oxidation state.
boron.
19 (b) In a trivalent state, the number of electrons around
11 (a) Aluminium is the most abundant metal and the third
most abundant element in the earth’s crust (8.3% by the central atom of group 13 elements in a molecule will
mass) after oxygen (45.5%) and Si (27.7%). be only six because sharing of only three electrons is
possible.
12 (d) The atomic radii as well as ionic radii increases on
20 (b) BCl 3 (Lewis acid) reacts with NH3 (Lewis base) to
moving down the group 13 elements because of the
successive addition of one extra shell of electrons. form an addition product. The complete reaction is
However, there is an anomaly in case of atomic radius. shown below.
Atomic radius of Ga is lesser as compared to that of Al. H
N— H
Gallium (Ga) with electronic configuration, Cl H
[Ar]18 3d 10 4 s2 4 p1 has extra d-electrons which do not B— Cl + NH3 B
Cl Cl Cl
screen the nucleus effectively. Consequently, electrons Cl
of Ga are more attracted by nucleus. Addition product
Thus, the increasing order of atomic radii of the group 24 (c) Aluminium dissolves in dil. HCl and liberates
13 elements is B (85 pm) < Ga (135 pm) < Al (143 pm)
dihydrogen.
< In (167 pm) < Tl (170 pm).
The complete reaction is given below.
13 (d) The ionisation enthalpy values as expected from the
2Al( s ) + 6HCl( aq ) → 2Al ( aq ) + 6Cl − ( aq ) + 3H2 ( g )
3+
general trends, do not decrease smoothly down the ( p) (q) (r ) (s) (t )
group.
Hence, the stoichiometric coefficients ( p , q , r, s, t ) are
The decrease from B to Al is associated with increase in
2, 6, 2, 6, 3 respectively.
size. The observed discontinuity in the ionisation
enthalpy values between Al and Ga, and that between In 26 (c) The trichlorides, tribromides and triiodides of all the
and Tl are due to the inability of d-and f-electrons, which group-13 elements are covalent in nature and they are
have low screening effect, to compensate the increase in hydrolysed in water.
nuclear charge down the group. Species like tetrahedral [ M (OH)4 ]− and octahedral
14 (c) Let, us consider the electronegativity values of the [ M (H2 O)6 ]3 + , except in boron, exist in aqueous medium.
given elements,
27 (a) Species like tetrahedral [ M (OH)4 ]− and octahedral
Group-1 Group-2 Group-13 Group-19 [ M (H2 O)6 ] 3 + does not exist in case of boron due to
Period 2 ⇒ Li Be B C non-availability of d orbitals for expanding its covalency.
(1. 0) (1. 5) (2. 0) (2. 5)

Period 3 ⇒ Al 28 (a) The monomeric trihalides of elements of group 13,

(1. 5) being electron deficient, are strong Lewis acids. Boron
Be and Al show diagonal relationship which is based on trifluoride (BF 3 ) easily reacts with Lewis base such as
z* NH3 to complete its octet around boron. This can be
their same value ( Z * is effective nuclear charge, expressed as shown below :
r
r = atomic radius) F3 B + •• NH3 → F3 B ← NH3
So, they have similar electronegativity. 29 (b) The elements of group 13 react with halogens to form
18 (b) The stability order of + 3 and + 1oxidation states of trihalides (except TlI3 ). Tl forms TlI instead of TlI 3 .
group 13 elements will be : The reaction is given below :
B3 + > Al 3 + > Ga 3 + > In 3 + >> Tl 3 + 2E ( s ) + 3 X 2 ( g ) → 2EX 3 ( s ) [X = F, Cl, Br, I]
(order of + 3 oxidation state)
30 (a) Boron belongs to 2nd period of the periodic table It gets hydrolysed readily to give boric acid.
2 2 1
with electronic configuration 1s , 2s , 2 p . It does not B2 H6 + 6H2 O → 2H3 BO3 + 6H2 ↑
have vacant d-orbitals, thus it cannot increase its Borane Orthoboric acid Dihydrogen

covalency above four. 40 (b) The correct structure of diborane is given in option
Therefore, boron (B) is unable to form MF63 − ion. The (b). The four terminal hydrogen atoms and the two boron
elements like aluminium (Al), gallium (Ga) and indium atoms lie in one plane. Above and below this plane,
(In) have vacant 3d-orbitals, thus they can increase their there are two bridging hydrogen atoms.
covalence above four and form MF63 − ion. 41 (d) Boron forms a series of hydridoborates; the most
important one is the tetrahedral [BH4 ] − ion.
31 (d) Boron forms acidic hydroxide B(OH) 3 , while Al Tetrahydridoborates of several metals are known.
forms amphoteric hydroxide Al(OH) 3 . Lithium and sodium tetrahydridoborates are also known
32 (a) The complete reaction is shown below : as borohydrides.
Na 2 B4 O7 + 7H2 O → 2NaOH + 4H3 BO3 43 (b) Nihonium (Z = 113) and flerovium (Z = 114) are
Borax Orthoboric acid prepared only in small amounts. Their half-life is short
(A ) and their chemistry has not been established yet.
So, A is orthoboric acid. 44 (b) There is a considerable increase in covalent radius
33 (b) On heating borax, it first loses water molecules and from C to Si, thereafter from Si to Pb a small increase in
swells up. On further heating, it turns into a transparent radius is observed. This is due to the presence of
liquid, which solidifies into glass like material known as completely filled d and f -orbitals in heavier members.
borax bead. 45 (b) There is a small decrease in ∆ i H from Si to Ge to Sn
The corresponding reaction is given below : and slight increase in ∆ i H from Sn to Pb. This is the
∆ ∆ consequence of poor shielding effect of intervening
Na 2 B4 O7 ⋅ 10H2 O → Na 2 B4 O7 → 2NaBO2 + B2 O3
Sodium d and f -orbitals and an increase in size of the atom.
metaborate Boric
anhydride 46 (b) The tendency of Ge, Sn and Pb to show +2 oxidation
34 (b) The borax bead test can be used to identify transition state increases on moving from Ge to Pb. Thus, the
metals as their metaborates have characteristic colours. correct sequence is Ge < Sn < Pb. It is because of inert
When borax is heated in a bunsen burner flame with pair effect, due to which ns2 electrons of valence shell
CoO(X) on a loop of platinum wire, a blue coloured are unable to participate in bonding.
Co(BO 2 ) 2 (Y) bead is formed. 47 (c) [SiCl 6 ] 2− is not stable and does not exist because
Therefore, X and Y are CoO and Co(BO 2 ) 2 respectively (i) six large chloride ions cannot be accommodated
and the correct option is (b). around Si 4+ due to limitation of its size.
35 (a) The complete reaction is shown below : (ii) interaction between lone pair of chloride ion and
Na 2 B4 O7 + 2HCl + 5H2 O → 2NaCl + 4B(OH)3 Si 4+ is not very strong.
‘X ’ ‘Y ’
On the other hand, due to presence of d-orbital in Si,
So, X is HCl. Ge and Sn they form species like [SiF 6 ] 2− , [ GeCl 6 ]2−
36 (b) On heating, orthoboric acid above 370 K forms and [ Sn ( OH )6 ]2− . Hence, option (c) is correct.
metaboric acid, HBO2 which on further heating yields 50 (a) PbI4 does not exist because Pb—I bond, initially
boric oxide, B2 O3 . formed during the reaction, does not release enough
∆ ∆ energy to unpair 6s2 electrons and excite one of them to
H3 BO3 → HBO2 → B2 O3
Metaboric acid Boric oxide higher orbital to have four unpaired electrons around
(X ) (Y ) lead (Pb) atom.
37 (b) The industrial scale production of diborane involves 51 (a) The complete reaction is given below :
the reaction of BF3 with sodium hydride as shown below : Cl Cl
450 K –HCl
2BF3 + 6NaH → B2 H6 + 6NaF Si + O Si
Cl Cl H H Cl OH
39 (a) Diborane ( B2 H6 ) reacts independently with O2 and
Cl Cl
H2 O to produce B2 O3 and H3 BO3 respectively. Diborane OH
is a colourless, highly toxic gas, having boiling point +3H2O(A)
180 K. Because of its inflammable nature. It catches fire Si
HO OH –3HCl (B)
spontaneously when exposed to air and burns in oxygen
releasing an enormous amount of energy as : OH
Silicic acid (C )
B2 H6 + 3O2 → B2 O3 + 3H2 O + 1976 kJ/mol
Hence, A is 3H2 O, B is 3HCl and C is silicic acid.
54 (c) Diamond, graphite and fullerene are crystalline 73 (c) Silica (SiO2 ) is a major constituent present in earth
allotropes of carbon. Whereas, soot is not an allotrope of crust and it occurs in many crystallographic forms such
carbon. as quartz, cristobalite, tridymite etc.
55 (a) Diamond has a crystalline lattice. In diamond, each 74 (a) The complete reactions are given below :
carbon atom undergoes sp 3 -hybridisation and linked to
2NaOH
four other carbon atoms by using hybridised orbitals in Na2SiO3 + H2O
tetrahedral fashion. The structure extends in space and SiO2 A
4HF
produces a rigid three dimensional network of carbon atoms. (Silica) SiF4 + 2H2O
B
56 (b) The figures A and B represent diamond and graphite
respectively. Hence, A and B are Na 2 SiO3 and SiF4 respectively.
60 (b) C60 is aromatic allotrope of carbon containing 12 75 (b) Silica occurs in nature in several amorphous and
crystalline forms. Kieselguhr is the amorphous form of
pentagons and 20 hexagons. It is a fullerene having a
silica. Quartz, tridymite and cristobalite are crystalline
shape like soccer ball and called Buckminster fullerene.
forms of silica.
62 (d) On small scale, pure CO is prepared by dehydration
76 (d) Quartz is used as piezoelectric material which is
of formic acid with conc. H 2 SO 4 at 373 K. Concentrated
used in making clock, modern radio etc.
H2 SO4 is a dehydrating agent. So, it removes water from
HCOOH as shown below : 77 (a) Silica gel is used as dehydrating agent as it removes
373 K
moisture from the atmosphere.
HCOOH → H2 O + CO
Formic acid Conc. H 2SO 4 78 (c) Me 3 SiCl is not a monomer for a high molecular mass
64 (c) Mixture of CO and N2 is known as producer gas silicone polymer because it generates Me3 SiOH when
subjected to hydrolysis which contains only one
which can be prepared as follows : reacting site.
1273 K
2C( s ) + O2 ( g ) + 4 N2 ( g ) → 2CO( g ) + 4 N2 ( g ) Hence, the polymerisation reaction stops just after first
Producer gas step as shown below :
65 (c) CO reduces all metal oxides except Al 2 O3 , alkali and Me Me
alkaline earth metal oxides. A few reduction reactions  
are given below : Me  Si  OH + HO  Si  Me →
− H 2O
 
Fe2 O3 ( s ) + 3CO ( g ) → 2Fe ( s ) + 3CO2 ( g )
Me Me
∆
ZnO( s ) + CO ( g ) → Zn ( s ) + CO2 ( g ) Me Me
 
66 (d) The reaction of CO with H2 O is as follows : Me  Si  O  Si  Me [Final product (dimer)]
CO + H2 O → CO2 + H2  
Me Me
So, the products obtained are carbon dioxide and
hydrogen. 79 (a) The reaction of hydrolysis of dimethyl dichloro
silicone followed by condensation polymerisation is
68 (a) In laboratory, CO2 can be prepared by the reaction
given below :
of dil. HCl and CaCO3 as shown below : CH3
H3 C Cl 2H O 
CaCO3 ( s ) + dil.2HCl ( aq ) → CaCl 2 ( aq ) + CO2 ( g ) Si → HO — Si — OH
2
(B ) ( A)
+ H2 O( l ) H3 C Cl 
71 (d) 0.03% of carbon dioxide present in atmosphere can CH3
be removed by photosynthesis, which is a process of
conversion of atmospheric CO2 to carbohydrate like  Polymerisation
↓
glucose.
 CH3  CH3
The overall chemical change can be expressed as shown  
 
below :  
— O ——
 Si — O — Si —
   
hν
6CO2 + 12H2 O → C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 + 6H2 O
Chlorophyll
 CH3  n CH3
72 (b) The CO2 molecule is shown below : Silicone (straight chain polymer)
π π 80 (c) Silicones are synthetic organosilicon polymers
O == C == O
containing repeated R2 SiO units. It is used in surgical and
The C atom in CO2 possesses sp-hybridisation due to the cosmetic implants. They are also used as low temperature
presence of 2π bonds. (Q 2π bonds) lubricants, in making waterproof clothes and paper, etc.
81 (b) The basic structural unit of all silicates is the (c) Boron is a hard non-metal.
tetrahedral SiO44− . (d) Melting point of Ga is unusually low (i.e. 303 K).
It is represented as shown below : 93 (d) Statement (d) is incorrect. It’s correct form is as
follows :
O– O–
–
O
– Aluminium forms a very thin oxide layer on its surface
O which protects the metal from further attack by oxygen.
Si O –
– Rest other statements are correct.
O –
O=O
O O– = Si 94 (a) Statement (a) is correct, while the other statements
Structure of SiO4 ion
4– are incorrect. Corrected form are as follows :
(b) Aluminium vessel cannot be used to store NaOH.
82 (c) The basic structural unit of feldspar, zeolites, mica
NaOH reacts with Al as follows :
and asbestos is ( SiO4 )4− . These all are silicates. All
2NaOH + 3Al → 2NaAlO 2 + 3H 2 + 2H 2 O
silicates involve two types of Si—O bonds.
Thus, NaOH cannot be stored in a vessel made of Al.
(i) Terminal Si—O bonds in which oxygen is bonded to
(c) Aluminium chloride dissociates in water.
a silicon and not other atom.
(d) AlF 3 is insoluble in anhydrous HF.
(ii) Bridging Si—O—Si bonds in which oxygen is
bonded to two silicon atoms. 95 (b) Statements II, III and IV are correct, while statement
σ I is incorrect. It’s correct form is as follows :
O–
The structure of Al 2 Cl 6 is shown below :
Si Cl Cl Cl
O–

20

22
6

1
101°

pm

pm
O– O– σ σ Al Al 118°

°
79
2–
Tetrahedral structure of SiO 4 anion Cl Cl Cl
In SiO4−
4 ion, each Si atom is bonded to four oxygen The six Al—Cl bonds are not of the same length.
atoms tetrahedrally. 96 (d) Statement III is incorrect.
83 (d) In pyrosilicates, two SiO4−
4 tetrahedrons share a It’s correct form is as follows :
corner oxygen atom as shown below : The compounds of group-13 elements in +1 oxidation
–O O– state, as expected from energy considerations, are more
ionic than those in +3 oxidation state.
–O O O–
O = (oxygen atom) Rest other statements are correct.
–O O–
= Si (silicon) 97 (a) Statement (a) is incorrect.
–
Si2 O6 anion of pyrosilicate It’s correct form is as follows :
7
Tl 3+ is a powerful oxidising agent.
84 (a) The zeolite ZSM-5 is used to convert alcohols
Thus, Tl + is more stable in solution than Tl 3+ .
directly into gasoline.
Rest other statements are correct.
85 (c) P and Q are boron and silicon, as they yield boranes
and silicanes respectively. 99 (d) Statement (d) is correct, while other statements are
incorrect. Corrected form are as follows :
86 (b) The electrons in d-orbitals cannot screen the nucleus
(a) The four terminal hydrogen atoms and the two boron
effectively and hence effective nuclear charge of Ga (It
atoms lie in one plane. Above and below this plane,
contains 10 electrons) is greater in magnitude than that
there are two bridging hydrogen atoms.
of Al. So, electrons of Ga experience greater force of
attraction than Al and hence atomic radius of Ga is lesser (b) The four terminal B  H bonds are regular
than that of Al. 2-centre-2-electron bonds.
(c) The two bridged (B  H  B) bonds are different and
90 (a) Statement I is correct regarding the properties of
can be described in terms of 3-centre-2-electron bonds.
boron, while the statements II and III are incorrect.
Corrected form are as follows : 100 (b) Statement II is correct, while statement I is incorrect.
It’s correct form is as follows :
II. Boron has high melting point and low density.
LiBH4 is used as reducing agent in organic synthesis.
III. Boron shows low electrical conductivity.
102 (c) Statements III and IV are incorrect.
92 (b) Statement (b) is correct, while other statements are
It’s correct form are as follows :
incorrect. Corrected form are as follows :
III. Borazine is more reactive than boron.
(a) Density of the group-13 elements increases down the
IV. Aluminium is stable in air and water.
group from boron to thallium.
Rest other statements are correct.
103 (b) Statement (b) is incorrect. Silicones have many useful properties :
It’s correct form is as follows : (i) They repel water and form watertight seals.
Carbon and silicon are non-metals, germanium is (ii) They are heat resistant because of constancy of
metalloid, whereas tin and lead are soft metals with low properties over a wide range of temperature (−100°
melting points. to 250° C).
Rest other statements are correct. (iii) Silicones are non-toxic.
104 (c) Statement (c) is incorrect. (iv) Silicones are biocompatible because these do not
It’s correct form is as follows : support microbiological growth and these have high
Most of the tetrahalides are covalent in nature. gas permeability at room temperature.
Rest other statements are correct. (v) They are resistant to O2 , O3 and UV-radiation.
105 (b) Statement II is correct, while statements I and III are (vi) Silicones are formulated to be electrically insulative.
incorrect. Corrected form are as follows : (vii) Silicone grease is typically used as a lubricant for
I. Sn in +2 oxidation state is a reducing agent. brake components in automobiles, since it is stable at
high temperature, is not water soluble and is a
III. Pb compounds act as oxidising agent in +4 state. odourless viscous liquid.
106 (a) Statements I and IV are correct, while II and III are
120 (a) The heaviest element in each p-block group is the
incorrect. Corrected form are as follows : most metallic in nature as the non-metallic character
II. Because of sp 2 -hybridisation trisilyl amine is planar. decreases down the group.
III. SnCl 2 is more stable than SnCl 4 due to inert pair effect. Thus, both A and R are correct and R is the correct
108 (a) The major difference between diamond and graphite explanation of A.
is due to the crystal structure of diamond which is 121 (c) Boron always forms covalent bond because of its
different from that of graphite. small size. B never forms B3+ ion.
111 (a) Statements I and III are correct while statement II is Thus, A is correct but R is incorrect.
incorrect. It’s correct form is as follows : 123 (a) On moving down the group, due to poor shielding
Fullerene are the only pure form of carbon because they effect of intervening d and f-orbitals, the increased
have smooth structure without having ‘dangling’ bonds. effective nuclear charge holds electrons tightly
113 (c) Statement I, II and IV are correct, while statement (responsible for inert pair effect) and thereby, restricting
III is incorrect. It’s correct form is as follows : their participation in bonding. As a result of this, only
p-orbital electron may be involved in bonding. So, inert
Spherical fullerenes are also called bucky balls in short. pair effect increases on going down the group 13.
114 (c) Statements, I, III and IV are correct while statement Thus, both A and R are correct and R is the correct
II is incorrect. It’s correct form is as follows : explanation of A.
CO is water insoluble. 124 (c) Aluminium dissolves in mineral acids and aqueous
115 (a) Statements I, II and III are correct, while IV is alkalies. Thus, Al shows amphoteric character.
incorrect. It’s correct form is as follows : Thus, A is correct and R is incorrect.
CO reacts with certain metals when heated to form metal 125 (a) Since, d-orbitals are available in Al the maximum
carbonyls. covalence can be expected beyond 4. Thus, AlCl 3 is
116 (c) Statements I and IV are correct while statements II dimerised through bridged halogen, to form Al 2 Cl 6 .
and III are incorrect. Corrected form are as follows : Al completes its octet by accepting electrons from
II. Increase in combustion of fossil fuels and halogens present at bridge.
decomposition of limestone for cement manufacture Thus, both A and R are correct and R is the correct
increases CO 2 content of the atmosphere. This may explanation of A.
lead to increase in greenhouse effect.
126 (d) In trivalent state most of the halides of group 13 are
IV. In CO 2 molecule, carbon atom undergoes hydrolysed in water as they are covalent in nature.
sp-hybridisation. Two sp-hybridised orbitals of
carbon atom overlap with two p-orbitals of oxygen Thus, A is incorrect but R is correct.
atoms to make two sigma bonds while other two 127 (a) White fumes appear around the bottle of anhydrous
electrons of carbon atom are involved in pπ- pπ aluminium chloride because anhydrous aluminium
bonding with oxygen atom. This results in its linear chloride is partially hydrolysed with atmospheric moisture
shape with no dipole moment. to liberate HCl gas. Moist HCl appears white in colour.
119 (d) Silicones are polysiloxanes with general chemical Thus, both A and R are correct and R is the correct
formula, [ R2 SiO]n , where R is an organic group such as : explanation of A.
 CH3 ,  C2 H5 ,  C6 H5 etc.
128 (a) The boron-10 (10 B) isotope has high ability to 146 (c) Borax is a salt of strong base (NaOH) and weak acid
absorb neutrons and therefore, metal borides are used in (H3 BO3 ), therefore, its aqueous solution is basic in nature.
nuclear industry as protective shields and control rods. 147 (b) Boric acid is polymeric due to the presence of
Thus, both A and R are correct and R is the correct hydrogen bonds. (as it has polar O  H bonds).
explanation of A.
148 (c) In B2 H6 , each boron atom is sp 3 -hybridised.
129 (a) The use of aluminium and its compounds for
domestic purposes is now reduced considerably because 149 (b) Due to inert pair effect, elements of group-14 exhibit
of toxic nature of aluminium and its compounds. oxidation states of + 2 and + 4.
Thus, both A and R are correct and R is the correct 151 (c) In gallium, the crystal structure is different, i.e. each
explanation of A. Ga-atom has one close neighbour at a distance of 2.43 Å
and six more distant neighbours at distance between 2.70
130 (c) Group 14 elements are actually smaller in size than
Å to 2.79 Å suggesting that Ga consists of almost
group 13 elements. Group 14 elements are slightly more
discrete Ga 2 molecule. That’s why, its melting point is
electronegative than the latter.
the lowest. Ga exists as liquid from 30°C upto 2000°C
Thus, A is correct but R is incorrect. and hence, it is used in high temperature thermometry.
131 (d) The common oxidation states exhibited by the 152 (d) On moving from B to Al, the ionisation enthalpies
group-14 elements are +4 and +2. decreases as expected and this decrease is due to an
Thus, A is incorrect but R is correct. increase in atomic size and shielding effect.
132 (a) Except CCl 4 , other tetrachlorides are easily On moving from Al to Ga, the ionisation enthalpy
hydrolysed by water because the central atom can increases slightly, because on moving from Al to Ga,
accommodate the lone pair of electrons from oxygen both nuclear charge and shielding effect increases. Due
atom of water molecule in d -orbital. to poor shielding by d-electrons in Ga, effective nuclear
Thus, both A and R are correct and R is the correct charge on valence electron increases resulting in d-block
explanation of A. contraction, that’s why ionisation enthalpy increases.
133 (d) Heavier elements do not form pπ- pπ bonds because On moving from Ga to In, again there is slight decrease
in ionisation enthalpies due to increased shielding effect
their atomic orbitals are too large and diffuse to have by additional ten 4d electrons, which outweighs the
effective overlapping. effect of increased nuclear charge.
Thus, A is incorrect but R is correct. On moving from ln to Tl, ionisation enthalpy again
134 (a) In graphite, each carbon atom in hexagonal ring increases because fourteen 4f electrons shield valence
undergoes sp 2 -hybridisation and makes three sigma electrons poorly (order of shielding effect s > p > d > f )
bonds with three neighbouring carbon atoms. Fourth and so effective nuclear charge increases, consequently
electron forms π −bond. Due to delocalisation of this ionisation enthalpy increases.
fourth electron, graphite conducts electricity. 153 (a) The lowest atomic number among the given is of boron.
Thus, both A and R are correct and R is the correct Boron has atomic number 5 and does not have vacant
explanation of A. d-orbital. The element M in the complex ion MF63− has a
135 (a) Graphite is thermodynamically most stable allotrope coordination number of six. Boron can show maximum
of carbon and therefore, ∆ f H s of graphite is taken as zero. coordination number of 4 due to absence of d-orbitals.
Thus, B cannot form complex of the type M F63− .
Thus, both A and R are correct and R is the correct
explanation of A. 154 (a) Alkaline earth metals form ionic chloride whereas
136 (b) Buckminster fullerene is a variety of carbon, which aluminium chloride is covalent. Despite of sharing
is abbreviated as C60 . electrons with chlorine, the octet of aluminium is
incomplete. To complete the octet, it needs electrons and
Thus, both A and R are correct and R is not the correct
thus, acts as a Lewis acid as shown below :
explanation of A.
137 (b) Due to layered structure of graphite, graphite fibres 13 Al = 2, 8, 3 and 17 Cl = 2, 8, 7
embedded in plastic material form high strength, light Cl
weight composites. The composites are used in products |
such as tennis rackets, fishing rods, aircrafts and canoes. Cl  Al  Cl
Thus, both A and R are correct and R is not the correct ↑
Incomplete octet
explanation of A.
155 (a) The acidic nature of oxides changes from acidic to
138 (a) Due to inert pair effect, +2 oxidation state of Pb is basic through amphoteric on moving down the group as
more stable than + 4 oxidation state. That is why, PbI4 is shown below :
an unstable compound.
B2 O,3 Al 2 O3 and Ga 2 O3 , In 2 O3 and Tl 2 O3
Thus, both A and R are correct and R is the correct 123 144 42444 3 1442443
explanation of A. Acidic Amphoteric Basic
 −
 OH  (ii) Diborane can be prepared by the reduction of BF3
 |  with lithium aluminium hydride in diethyl ether.
156 (a) Structure of B(OH)−4 is HO  B  OH 
  4BF3 +3LiAlH4 → 2B2 H6 + 3AlF3 + 3LiF
|
  (X )
 OH  160 (b) The tendency to form long open or closed atom
[B(OH)4 ]− contains four bond pairs and no lone pairs. chains by combination of some atoms among themselves
3
Thus, the hybridisation of central atom is sp and the is known as catenation. The catenation is maximum in
carbon and decreases down the group as shown below :
geometry of the complex is sp 3 .
C > > Si > Ge ≈ Sn > Pb
157 (c) Lewis acids are the substances in which octet is
incomplete and hence, they accept electrons. Boric acid This is due to high bond energy of C — C bonds. Down
is a monobasic weak acid. It does not liberate H+ ion but the group, size increases and electronegativity decreases,
accept electrons from OH− ion, i.e. behaves as Lewis thereby, the tendency to show catenation decreases.
acid as shown below : 161 (d) Reducing agents are those substances, which reduces
H3 BO3 + H2 O → [B(OH)4 ]− + H+ other substances and itself gets oxidised.
In SnCl 2 , Sn exists in +2 oxidation state, thus acts as a
or, B(OH)3 + 2H2 O → [B(OH)4 ]− + H3 O+ strong reducing agent. i.e.
158 (b) In diborane, there are 12 valence electrons, SnCl 2 + 2FeCl 3 → 2FeCl 2 + SnCl 4
three from each boron atoms and six from the six SnCl 2 + 2CuCl 2 → 2CuCl + SnCl 4
hydrogen atoms. The geometry of B2 H6 can be
162 (c) Carbon dioxide can be obtained as a solid in the form
represented as shown below :
of dry ice by allowing the liquefied CO2 to expand rapidly.
H H H
163 (c) Silicon has a strong tendency to form polymers like
silicones. The chain length of silicon polymer can be
B B controlled by adding Me 3 SiCl which blocks the ends as
shown below :
H H H
Bonding in diborane CH3 CH3
The four terminal hydrogen atoms and two boron atoms n HO—Si—OH + HO—Si—CH3
lie in one plane. Above and below the plane, there are
two bridging hydrogen atoms. Each boron atom forms CH3 CH3
four bonds even though it has only three electrons. The –H2O Polymerisation
terminal B  H bonds are regular bonds but the bridge
B  H bonds are different. Each bridge hydrogen is CH3 CH3
bonded to the two boron atoms only by sharing of two
electrons. Such covalent bond is called —O—Si—O—Si—CH3
3-centre-2-electron bond or a multicentre bond or
CH3 n CH3
banana bond.
Silicone
159 (a)
(i) Reaction of ammonia with diborane gives initially 164 (b) Quartz (crystalline form of silica, SiO2 ) is extensively
B 2 H6 ⋅ 2NH3 , which is formulated as : used as a piezoelectric material as it contains Si.
[BH2 (NH3 )2 ] + [BH4 ] − . On further heating, it gives 165 (b) Cement is a product obtained by combining a
borazine, B 3 N3 H6 as shown by the reaction given material rich in lime. The average composition of
below : Portland cement is given below :
3B2 H6 + 6NH3 → 3[BH2 (NH3 )2 ] + [BH4 ] − CaO (50 – 60%) SiO2 (20 – 25%)
Diborane
(X )
473
 K
→ 2B 3 N3 H6 + 12H2 Al 2 O3 (5 – 10%) Fe2 O3 (1 – 2%)
Borazine SO3 (1 – 2%) MgO (2 – 3%).
(Y )
Thus, it contains elements of group 2 (Ca, Mg),
Borazine has cyclic structure and is isoelectronic Group 13 (Al) and group 14 (Si).
with benzene and thus called inorganic benzene.