LESSON 8:

GRAPHIC MATERIALS

Objectives

At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to:

1. List the types of graphic materials;

2. Identify the advantages and limitations of using graphic materials, and

3. Explain how to effectively utilize printed materials.

GRAPH

The term graphic comes from the Greek word graphein which means "to write" "to draw" or " to
represent by lines". Graphics are instructional materials which present summarized information and
ideas through drawings, words, pictures, and symbols. Grapics are generally abstract.

Drawings and Illustrations

Are nonphotographic reconstractiona representation of reality,etched or drawn by an illustrator, like the

teachee or students. Illustrations can be in black or white or in full color. Illustrations serves a variety of
functions, such as:

1. Giving faces to character in a story;

2. Displaying a number of examples of an item described in a texbook;

3. Visualizing stepawise sets of instructions in a technical manual;

4. Communicating subtle thematic tone in narrative;and

5. Making a reader laugh or smile.

Drawings and Illustrations as Teaching Aid

Advantages

1. Drawing and illustrations could be prepared ahead of time by having it drawn on the board and
covered until the class starts.

2. Drawings and illustrations can be easily prepared once materials are available. They are also easy yo
utilize they do not require special equipment.

3. They are less detailed; hence,learners can easily understand their message.

Limitations

1. Drawings could be subject to misinterpretations.

2. Technical expertise in drawing could be needed to produce good drawings and illustrations.

Utilization Guideline

Although technical skills is a requisite in drawing, a good amount of practice could enhance basic
drawing skills.

Charts

Are instructionalmaterials which present relationships such as chronologies, quantities,and hierarchies.

They usually appear as tables and flowcharts, and present a combination of pictorial, graphic, numerical
or verbal materials

Different Types of Charts

- The most common type of charts, named primarily because of their functions and appearances;are:

Show

1. Flowcharts or Process Charts

a sequence, procedure, or a flow of a process

2. Classification of Charts

Show the classification or categorization of objects or events

3. Tabular Charts

Show data, usually numerical and are presented in columns.

4. Organizational Charts

Show the structure or chain of command in organization such as a company, corporation oe government
department. Lines show the interrelationship of data.

5. Stream or Tree Charts

Show the relationships of data as shown in hierarchy.

6. Desktop project

Show and explain yourweb, app or software projects using these gadget templates.

7. Timeline Charts

Illustrate the chronological relationships between events.

CHARTS AS TEACHING

ADVANTAGES

1. Charts can presented summariea of information.

2. Charts can be easily made by students. These can be easily beacuse they do not require special
equipment.

3. Charts can be moved with ease from one place to another.

Limitations

1. Charts cannot show motion.

2. Big charts can be cumbersome to handle.

3. Charts can be outdated.

Timeline

1. Plan well to make sure charts fit the lesson.

2. Parts of the chart should be clear, neat, and detailed enough for vivid viewing.

3. Avoid crowding the graphics to be shown.

4. When identifying a portion, a pointer could be used.

5. In presenting the chart, attach it on the wall, rather than holding it.

Diagrams

Although considered as charts, these consist of lines and symbols that show the relationships or key
features of process, an object or an area. Diagrams could be very abstract such as construction
blueprints or very simple such as diagrams showing relationships of verbs, subject or other parts of
speech in English grammar class.

Different Types of Diagrams

1. Venn diagram -shows areas of overlap between elements.

2. Cycle diagram- Shows a process with a continuous cycle.

3. Radial Diagram-shows relationships of a core element

4. Pyramid diagram- shows foundation-based relationship

5. Target diagram- show steps toward a goal.

DIAGRAMS AS TEACHING AID

ADVANTAGES

1. Like charts, diagrams shows relationships of a large amount of data in a condensed form.

2. Diagrams are easy to use because they do not require special equipment.

Limitations

ideas rely heavily on symbolic means, hence could be difficult to understand.

Utilization Guidlines

1. Diagrams work best in summarizing ideas; hence preliminary background information should be well
discussed prior to use of the diagram.

2. Teach symbolism to further comprehend the relationships in a diagram.

Graphs- are instructional materials which represent numerical data. Graphs also illsurate relationships
among units of data and trend in the data. Graphs could be produced from tabular charts, or could be
easily made throughcomputer spreadsheet applications, such as

Different Tpyes of Graphs

Line Graphs

These are used frequently in plotting relationships between changes in a set of data , usually over a
period of time.

Bar Graphs

These consist of bars, either horizontally or vertically, which are useful in presenting comparisons of
data.
Circle or Pie Graphs

These are used to show how a whole is devided in part and the relationship of the parts.

Picture Graphs or Pictographs

These are use pictures to represent and compare numerical data instead of bars or line.

Graphics as Teaching Aid

Advantages

1. Graphs are made to summarize data hence, facilitate understanding.

2. Graphs which are colorful are more appealing than tables.

Limitations

1. Graphs can be easily misinterpreted.

2. Because these employ numerical data, graphs could be undwrstanding for some students.

Utalization Guidline

Symbolism in graphs should be taught by teachers to facilitate understanding of graphs.

POSTERS

Posters are materials which combine images, lines, colors, and words. These materials intend to catch
and hold viewer's attention to present a brief, persuasive message. Posters may be obtained from a
variety of sources. These can also be prepared by teachers and students.A good poster is simple and
should be able to convey a messagequickly. It should be attractive, pleasing to the eye, and with good
color and design. Posters are used in schools largely to announce events, to enhance classroom
appearance, to promote campaigns or issues, and to remind students of events and projects.

Advantages

1. Posters can be easily prepared by teachersand students.

2. Posters can easily convey a message.

3. Because of its color, posters can easily catchattention.

Limitation

Posters can portray different interpretations.

Utilization Guidelines

1. Posters should be bold and simple.

2. Posters should be pleasing to the eyesand should incorporate elements of dynamism and shock.

3. Posters should have limited text and keywords should stand out by means of type size or position.

CARTOONS AND STRIP DRAWINGS

Cartoons are colorful line drawings with exaggerated features or symbols that provide humor or satire.
They usually appear in ewspapers, periodicals, and textbooks. Cartoons also include comic strips or strip
drawings, which is a sequence of closely related drawings intended to entertain and caricatures in
newspaper editorials that are intended to make important social and political comments. They can be
often used by teachers to make or reinforce a point of instruction. Strip drawings can be used to arouse
interest, develop vocabulary and other reading skills, and serve as springboards to lessons.

CARTOONS AS TEACHING AID

Advantages

1. Strip drawings can be easily read and understood; thus encourages reading .

2 Cartoons satisfy children's idea of art.

3. Aside from verbal cues, cartoons and strip drawings contain illustrations.

Limitations

1. In interpreting cartoons and strip drawings, there is a tendency to focus only

on the colorful drawings rather than on the words accompanying them.

2. Pictures or drawings are usually exaggerated, which could lead to misinterpretations.

Utilization Guidelines

1. Although cartoons can be used for young learners, these can be moreeffective for older ones who
could understand the message for which theyare intended.

2. Cartoons must not contain so many details.

MAPS AND GLOBES

Maps are instructional materials which represent the Earth's or portion of the Earth's surface. Globes,
on the other hand, are spherical models of the Earth. However, even though a globe is three-
dimensional, it can be classified as a "graphic" because of the use of symbols, words, and drawings.

Classification of Maps

Maps could be classified as:

1. Physical maps- Emphasize terrain and topographical concepts

2. Political maps- Emphasize man-made phenomena such as state, city or provincial boundaries or
location of highways or railroads or government buildings.

3. Special purpose maps- These are the maps used for peculiar purposes like those presenting amount
of rainfall, population distribution, and travel routes.

Classification of Globes

Globes can be classified as:

1. Political globes- show location and boundaries of cities, provinces, and other man-made structures.

2. Physical-political globes- Show some political features but emphasize land elevations and ocean
depths.

3.Special purpose globes- These are globes constructed for specific purposes such as satellite globes,
celestial globes, and physical relief globes.

MAPS AND GLOBES AS TEACHING AID

Advantages

1. Maps and globes provide a concrete visualizationof the features of the earth, a country or
community.

2. Maps and globes provide opportunities to learnabout people, geographical influences, and places.

Limitation

Maps and globes require a higher level of background information or experience.

Utilization Guidelines
1. Give enough time for pupils to have their first look on maps or globes.

2. Teach symbols necessary to further comprehend maps and globes.