Learning objectives

Periodic Properties & Variations

Let’s start
 1. Need for classification of
elements

2. Evolution of Periodic Table

Why classification of elements was
needed?????

It’s easy to understand things if

they are organised
 Attempts for classification of
ELEMENTS

1. Döbereiner’s Triads

2. Newlands law of Octaves

3. Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

4. The Modern Periodic Table

 Dobereiner’s Triads

When elements are arranged in a group of

three in increasing order of their atomic
masses the atomic mass of the second element
is the average of other two
 Dobereiner’s Triads

Drawbacks of Dobereiner’s triads

❖ Applicable only for some elements

❖ It does not hold good for very low &
very high mass elements
 Newlands law of Octaves

if the elements are arranged according to

increasing atomic weight, those with similar
physical and chemical properties occur after
each interval of seven elements
Merits of Newlands law of Octaves

1. Provided basis for the classification of

elements on the basis of having similar
properties into groups

1. Periodicity as a property was

recognised for the first time

1. Logically based on atomic weight

Demerits of Newlands law of Octaves

1. Several elements into the the same slot

2. Elements with dissimilar properties are
also grouped together
3. New elements yet to be discovered
couldn’t fit in this table
4. Holds true only upto Ca
5. Discovery of noble gases
 Mendeleev’s Periodic table

“The properties of elements are periodic

function of their atomic masses”
 Merits of Mendeleev’s Periodic table

1. Left some blank spaces for elements yet

to be discovered
2. Corrected the atomic mass of some of the
elements like Au & Pt

Demerits of Mendeleev’s Periodic table

1. Position of Hydrogen
2. Increase in atomic mass is not regular
3. No explanation for the cause of periodicity
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 Modern periodic Table
Henry Moseley

The properties of elements are periodic

function of their Atomic Number

Niels Bohr & Bury

Long form of periodic table
● Features of modern
periodic table
● periodicity in properties
● Moseley proposed
That atomic number is the unique and
fundamental property of any element

Arrangement of Elements
● Horizontal rows : Periods - 7
● Vertical columns : Groups -18
 Arrangement of Elements

● Elements are placed in periods

based on number of shells in their
atoms
How to find period of an elements

The Number of shells in the

electronic configuration of the
given element determine its
period

How to find Group of an elements

The number of valence

electrons in the atom
determines the group number
of that atom
Significance of period in periodic table

● It is a row of chemical elements.

● Have the same number of electron shells.

● Each next element in a period has one

more proton and is less metallic than its
predecessor.

Significance of Group in periodic table

● Each vertical column is called a group.

● The elements in each group have the
same number of electrons in the outer
orbital.
 Significance of Group in
periodic table

Those outer electrons are also called

valence electrons.
Sodium and Lithium
Key points about modern
periodic table
Shortest period 1st two elements

Second & third 8 elements

I group :Alkali metals

Second group :Alkaline earth metals

Group 3-12 :transition elements
 Group 13 Group 14
Boron Family Carbon Family
Group 15: Nitrogen Group 16 :Oxygen
Family(Pnictogens) Family(Chalcogens)
 Group 18
Group 17 : Halogens Noble gases
zero group
 Merits of Modern Periodic Table
● Classification is based on the atomic number
which is a more fundamental property of an
element

● The reason for placing isotopes at one place is

justified as the classification is on the basis of
atomic number

● It explains the periodicity of the properties of

the elements and relate them to their
electronic configuration

● The lanthanides and actinides are placed

separately at the bottom of the periodic table
Demerits Modern Periodic Table

● The position of hydrogen is still not

fixed

● The Lanthanides and Actinides have

not been placed in the main body of
the table
 Bridge elements & Diagonal
Relationship

Elements of the 2nd period show

resemblance in properties with the
elements of the next group of the 3 rd
period leading to the diagonal
relationship
 Periodicity

Periodicity refers to the trends for

recurring variations in element
properties with increasing atomic
number.

Periodicity is caused by regular and

predictable variations in element atomic
structure and electronic configuration
Periodic properties of elements

❖ Atomic radius

❖ Ionization energy

❖ Electron affinity

❖ Electronegativity

❖ Metallic and non-metallic character

 Atomic radius

It is the distance of outermost

electron from the nucleus in an atom
 Atomic radius Trend

1. Along a period from left to

right

Atomic radius of elements decreases as

we go from left to right in a period
 Atomic radius Trend

Effective nuclear charge

increases and hence atomic
radius decreases
Along a group from top to bottom
AlongAtomic
a groupradius Trend
from top to bottom

● Since number of shells increases in the

same group from top to bottom .

● Attraction of electrons protons

decreases.

● Atomic radius increases

 Ion

Ion, any atom or group of atoms that

bears one or more positive or negative
electrical charges.
 Ion- Cation

When an atom loses electron(s) its

becomes a cation

Cations are positively charged

 Ion - Anion

When an atom gains electron(s) its

becomes an anion

Anions are negatively charged

 Ionic Radius

Radius of an ion is called ionic

radius
 Ionic Radius trend

It follows almost the same trend

as atomic radius
 Ionic Radius trend

Along a period :
left to right decreases

Along a group :
top to bottom increases
 Ionization energy

It is the minimum amount of energy

required to remove an electron from
outermost shell of an isolated
gaseous atom
 Ionization energy

Trend

Ionization energy across a period

increases as effective nuclear charge
increases while going down the
group ionization energy decreases
Ionization energy

Trend
 Electron affinity

If an electron is added to neutral

atom in gaseous state energy is
released, this energy is called
electron affinity
Electron affinity
 Electron affinity

Left
Right

Period

INCREASES
Electron affinity

Electron affinity
decreases in a group
from top to bottom
Electron affinity
Electron affinity

Trend
 Electronegativity

Tendency of an atom to pull electrons

towards itself from a shared pair in a
covalent bond
 Electronegativity

Trend

From left to right in a period

electronegativity increases and from top
to bottom in a group electronegativity
decreases
 Electronegativity

Left
Right

Period

INCREASES
Electronegativity

Electron affinity
decreases in a group
from top to bottom
Electronegativity

Trend
 Metallic and non metallic
character

Tendency of an element to donate

electrons in a chemical reaction is
called its metallic character

It is the measure of ease with with an

element can donate electrons to other
atoms to form a chemical bond
Metallic and non metallic
character

The opposite tendency of

metallic character is called
Non metallic character
 Metallic and non metallic
character

Trend

Moving in a period from left to

right metallic character character
decreases and non metallic
character increases
Metallic and non metallic
character

Trend
Metallic and non metallic
character

Trend
Metallic and non metallic
character
 Metallic and non metallic
character

Trend

The metallic properties down the group

increases and hence non metallic
character decreases
Summary of periodic Trends
Summary of periodic Trends
Today we learnt

Periodic Properties &

Variations
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