A Project Based Lab Report

On

WATER LEVEL INDICATOR USING AURDINO

AND ULTRA SONIC SENSOR

SUBMITTED BY:

I.D NUMBER NAME

180069018 K.JANARDHAN

180069017 K.HARSHA

180069019 K.NITISH

Sec -01 , Batch-17

II/IV BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

Electrical and Electronics engineering

(SEMESTER-IV)

KoneruLakshmaiah Education Foundation

(Deemed to be University)
Vaddeswaram-522 502
April 2020
i
 Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation
ANALOG ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS AND DESING (18EC2103)
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr.K.JANARDHAN-(180069018), Mr.K.HARSHA

VARDHAN- (180069017), Mr.K.NITISH REDDY-(180069019) of section 1
studying II/IV B.Tech in EEE has satisfactorily completed WATER LEVEL
INDICATOR USING ARDUINO AND ULTRA SONIC SENSOR project in
the semester IV during the academic year 2019-2020

Signature of Course Instructor Signature of Course Coordinator

Mr. KASI UDAY KIRAN Mr. KASI UDAY KIRAN

Signature of HOD

Dr.S.V.N.L.Lalitha

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

it is great pleasure for us to express our gratitude to our honorable

president sri. koneru satyanarayana, for giving the opportunity and platform
with facilities in accomplishing the project based laboratory report.

we express the sincere gratitude to our principal PROF

DR.K.SUBBARAO for his administration towards our academic growth.

we express sincere gratitude to HOD-EEE DR.S.V.N.LALITHA for his

leadership and constant motivation provided in successful completion of our
academic semester. we record it as my privilege to deeply thank for providing
us the efficient faculty and facilities to make our ideas into reality.

we express our sincere thanks to our project supervisor MR.K.UDAY KIRAN

for his novel association of ideas, encouragement, appreciation and

intellectual zeal which motivated us to venture this project successfully.

finally, it is pleased to acknowledge the indebtedness to all those who

devoted themselves directly or indirectly to make this project report success.

180069018 K.JANARDHAN

180069017 K.HARSHA

180069019 K.NITISH

iii
 ABSTRACT

water tank overflow is a common problem which leads to the wastage

of water. though there are many solutions to it like ball valves which automatically stop
the water flow once the tank gets full. but being electronics enthusiastic wouldn't you like
an electronic solution for it? so here is a simple and handy diy that will guide you to make
a circuit which will detect the water level and will raise an alarm upon getting the water
tank full or a preset level.
water level indicator is a modern way of measuring the water level using latest

technologies like sensors ,arduino. the main aim of the project is to calculate the water level

at any instant of time and to buzz the buzzer if the tank is filled completely.i would like to use

arduino and ultrasonic sensor to make it possible. this may be useful to conserve water and

helps us not to waste water

iv
 INDEX

S.NO TITLE PAGE NO

1 INTRODUCTION vi

2 AIM OF THE PROJECT vii

3 APPARATUS viii

4 BLOCK DIAGRAM ix

5 PROCEDURE x-xxxvii

6. CODE xxxvii-xl

7 OUTPUT xli-xliii

8 CONCLUSION xliv

v
 INTRODUCTION

the facility requirements in many industries, farms, hostels, hotels, offices include an overhead
tank for water, which is usually fed through an electric pump that is switched off when the tank is filled
up and switched on when it is empty. so, the most common way of knowing when the tank is filled is by
observing when it overflows the brim. depending on the type of liquid being handled, overfilling of such
a tank could lead to a great liquid material losses ranging in the order of thousands of naira per week
depending on the extent of such application. these losses can be prevented if the tank is monitored
automatically by incorporating a feedback.
water level indicator using ultrasonic sensor &arduino is an amazing and very useful project. the
objective of this project is to notify the user the amount of water that is present in the overhead water
tank. this project can be further enhanced to control the water level in the tank by turning it on, when the
water level is low, and turning it off when the water level is high. thus, the arduino water level indicator
helps in preventing wastage of water in overhead tank.
a transmitter circuit and a receiver circuit. the transmitter circuit makes use of an
ultrasonic sensor to measure the water level in terms of distance. this data is sent to the receiver circuit
using rf communication.

vi
 AIM
The objective of this project is to notify the user the amount of water that is present in the
overhead water tank and don‟t waste water.

vii
 APPARATUS

1.aurdino board uno

2.ultra sonic sensor

3.resistor

4.jumper wires

5.led

6. Water tank

7.bread board

viii
BLOCK DIAGRAMS

ix
 PROCEDURE

INTRODUCTION TO THE ARDUINO BOARD

looking at the board from the top down, this is an outline of what you will see
(parts of the board you might interact with in the course of normal use are
highlighted):

STARTING CLOCKWISE FROM THE TOP CENTER:-

 analog reference pin (orange)

 digital ground (light green)
 digital pins 2-13 (green)
 digital pins 0-1/serial in/out - tx/rx (dark green) - these pins cannot be used for digital
i/o (digitalread and digitalwrite) if you are also using serial communication
(e.g. serial.begin).
 reset button - s1 (dark blue)

x
  in-circuit serial programmer (blue-green)
 analog in pins 0-5 (light blue)
 power and ground pins (power: orange, grounds: light orange)
 external power supply in (9-12vdc) - x1 (pink)
 toggles external power and usb power (place jumper on two pins closest to desired
supply) - sv1 (purple)
 usb (used for uploading sketches to the board and for serial communication between
the board and the computer; can be used to power the board) (yellow)

Digital Pins:-

in addition to the specific functions listed below, the digital pins on an arduino board can be
usedforgeneralpurposeinputandoutputviathe pinmode(), digitalread(),and digitalwrite() comm
ands. each pin has an internal pull-up resistor which can be turned on and off using
digitalwrite() (w/ a value of high or low, respectively) when the pin is configured as an input.
the maximum current per pin is 40 ma.

.serial: 0 (rx) and 1 (tx). used to receive (rx) and transmit (tx) ttl serial data. on the arduino
diecimila, these pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ftdi usb-to-ttl serial chip.
on the arduino bt, they are connected to the corresponding pins of the wt11 bluetooth module.
on the arduino mini and lilypad arduino, they are intended for use with an external ttl serial
module (e.g. the mini-usb adapter).

 external interrupts: 2 and 3. these pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low
value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. see the attachinterrupt() function for
details.
 pwm: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. provide 8-bit pwm output with the analogwrite() function. on
boards with an atmega8, pwm output is available only on pins 9, 10, and 11.
 bt reset: 7. (arduino bt-only) connected to the reset line of the bluetooth module.
 spi: 10 (ss), 11 (mosi), 12 (miso), 13 (sck). these pins support spi communication, which,
although provided by the underlying hardware, is not currently included in the arduino
language.
 led: 13. on the diecimila and lilypad, there is a built-in led connected to digital pin 13. when
the pin is high value, the led is on, when the pin is low, it's off.

xi
 ANALOG PINS:-

in addition to the specific functions listed below, the analog input pins support 10-bit analog-
to-digital conversion (adc) using the analogread() function. most of the analog inputs can also
be used as digital pins: analog input 0 as digital pin 14 through analog input 5 as digital pin
19. analog inputs 6 and 7 (present on the mini and bt) cannot be used as digital pins.

 i2c: 4 (sda) and 5 (scl). support i2c (twi) communication using the wire
library (documentation on the wiring website).

POWER PINS:-

 vin (sometimes labelled "9v"). the input voltage to the arduino board when it's using an
external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the usb connection or other regulated
power source). you can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power
jack, access it through this pin. note that different boards accept different input voltages
ranges, please see the documentation for your board. also note that the lilypad has no vin pin
and accepts only a regulated input.
 5v. the regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other components on
the board. this can come either from vin via an on-board regulator, or be supplied by usb or
another regulated 5v supply.
 3v3. (diecimila-only) a 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board ftdi chip.
 gnd. ground pins.

OTHER PINS:-

 aref. reference voltage for the analog inputs. not currently supported by the arduino software.
 reset. (diecimila-only) bring this line low to reset the microcontroller. typically used to add a
reset button to shields which block the one on the board.

xii
the text of the arduino getting started guide is licensed under a creative commons attribution-
sharealike 3.0 license. code samples in the guide are released into the public domain.

arduino isan open-sourcehardware and software company, projectandusercommunity that

designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building
digital devices. its products are licensed under the gnu lesser general public license (lgpl) or
the gnu general public license (gpl), permitting the manufacture of arduino boards and
software distribution by anyone. arduino boards are available commercially in preassembled
form or as do-it-yourself (diy) kits.

arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. the boards are
equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (i/o) pins that may be interfaced to
various expansion boards ('shields') or breadboards (for prototyping) and other circuits. the
boards feature serial communications interfaces, including universal serial bus (usb) on some
models, which are also used for loading programs from personal computers. the
microcontrollers can be programmed using c and c++ programming languages. in addition to
using traditional compiler toolchains, the arduino project provides an integrated development
environment (ide) based on the processing language project.

the arduino project started in 2005 as a program for students at the interaction design institute
ivrea in ivrea, italy, aiming to provide a low-cost and easy way for novices and professionals
to create devices that interact with their environment using sensors and actuators. common
examples of such devices intended for beginner hobbyists include
simple robots, thermostats and motion detectors.

the name arduino comes from a bar in ivrea, italy, where some of the founders of the project
used to meet. the bar was named after arduin of ivrea, who was the margrave of the march of
ivrea and king of italy from 1002 to 1014

APPLICATIONS:-

 arduboy, a handheld game console based on arduino

 arduinome, a midi controller device that mimics the monome
 ardupilot, drone software and hardware
 ardusat, a cubesat based on arduino.

xiii
 c-stem studio, a platform for hands-on integrated learning of computing, science,
technology, engineering, and mathematics (c-stem) with robotics.
 data loggers for scientific research.
 obduino, a trip computer that uses the on-board diagnostics interface found in most
modern cars
 openevse an open-source electric vehicle charger
 xod, a visual programming language for arduino

SOFTWARE:-
a program for arduino hardware may be written in any programming language with compilers
that produce binary machine code for the target processor. atmel provides a development
environment for their 8-bit avr and 32-bit arm cortex-m based microcontrollers: avr studio
(older) and atmel studio (newer)

IDE:-
the arduino integrated development environment (ide) is a cross-platform application
(for windows, macos, and linux) that is written in the programming language java. it
originated from the ide for the languages processing and wiring. it includes a code editor with
features such as text cutting and pasting, searching and replacing text, automatic
indenting, brace matching, and syntax highlighting, and provides simple one-
click mechanisms to compile and upload programs to an arduino board. it also contains a
message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions and a hierarchy of
operation menus. the source code for the ide is released under the gnu general public license,
version 2.

the arduino ide supports the languages c and c++ using special rules of code structuring. the
arduino ide supplies a software library from the wiring project, which provides many
common input and output procedures. user-written code only requires two basic functions, for
starting the sketch and the main program loop, that are compiled and linked with a program
stub main() into an executable cyclic executive program with the gnu toolchain, also included
with the ide distribution. the arduino ide employs the program avrdude to convert the
executable code into a text file in hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the arduino board
by a loader program in the board's firmware.

pro ide:-

xiv
on october 18th, 2019, arduino pro ide (alpha preview) was released. the system still uses
arduino cli (command line interface), but improvements include a more professional
development environment, autocompletion support, and git integration. the application
frontend is based on the eclipse theia open source ide. the main features available in the alpha
release are:

 modern, fully featured development environment

 dual mode, classic mode (identical to the classic arduino ide) and pro mode (file system
view)
 new board manager
 new library manager
 board list
 basic auto-completion (arm targets only)
 git integration
 serial monitor
 dark mode

SKETCH[EDIT]:-

a sketch is a program written with the arduino ide sketches are saved on the development
computer as text files with the file extension .ino. arduino software (ide) pre-1.0 saved
sketches with the extension .pde.

a minimal arduino c/c++ program consists of only two functions

 setup(): this function is called once when a sketch starts after power-up or reset. it is used
to initialize variables, input and output pin modes, and other libraries needed in the
sketch. it is analogous to the function main()
 loop(): after setup() function exits (ends), the loop() function is executed repeatedly in the
main program. it controls the board until the board is powered off or is reset. it is
analogous to the function while(1)
blink example

xv
power led (red) and user led (green) attached to pin 13 on an arduino compatible board

most arduino boards contain a light-emitting diode (led) and a current limiting resistor
connected between pin 13 and ground, which is a convenient feature for many tests and
program functions.[63] a typical program used by beginners, akin to hello, world!, is "blink",
which repeatedly blinks the on-board led integrated into the arduino board. this program uses
the functions pinmode(), digitalwrite(), and delay(), which are provided by the internal
libraries included in the ide environment. this program is usually loaded into a new arduino
board by the manufacturer.

#define led_pin 13 // pin number attached to led.

void setup() {
pinmode(led_pin, output); // configure pin 13 to be a digital output.
}

void loop() {
digitalwrite(led_pin, high); // turn on the led.
delay(1000); // wait 1 second (1000 milliseconds).
digitalwrite(led_pin, low); // turn off the led.
delay(1000); // wait 1 second.
}

LIBRARIES[EDIT]

the open-source nature of the arduino project has facilitated the publication of many free
software libraries that other developers use to augment their projects.

xvi
 This is an Arduino Uno

the uno is one of the more popular boards in the arduino family and a great choice for
beginners. we'll talk about what's on it and what it can do later in the tutorial.

xvii
 This is a screenshot of the Arduino IDE.

believe it or not, those 10 lines of code are all you need to blink the on-board led on your
arduino. the code might not make perfect sense right now, but, after reading this tutorial and
the many more arduino tutorials waiting for you on our site, we'll get you up to speed in no
time!

you will learn

in this tutorial, we‟ll go over the following:

 what projects can be accomplished using an arduino

 what is on the typical arduino board and why

xviii
  the different varieties of arduino boards
 some useful widgets to use with your arduino

suggested reading

arduino is a great tool for people of all skill levels. however, you will have a much better time
learning along side your arduino if you understand some basic fundamental electronics
beforehand. we recommend that you have at least a decent understanding of these concepts
before you dive in to the wonderful world of arduino.

xix
Power (USB / Barrel Jack)
every arduino board needs a way to be connected to a power source. the arduino uno can be
powered from a usb cable coming from your computer or a wall power supply (like this) that
is terminated in a barrel jack. in the picture above the usb connection is labeled (1) and the
barrel jack is labeled (2).

the usb connection is also how you will load code onto your arduino board. more on how to
program with arduino can be found in our installing and programming arduino tutorial.

note: do not use a power supply greater than 20 volts as you will overpower (and thereby
destroy) your arduino. the recommended voltage for most arduino models is between 6 and
12 volts.

Pins (5V, 3.3V, GND, Analog, Digital, PWM, AREF)

the pins on your arduino are the places where you connect wires to construct a circuit
(probably in conjuction with a breadboard and some wire. they usually have black plastic
„headers‟ that allow you to just plug a wire right into the board. the arduino has several
different kinds of pins, each of which is labeled on the board and used for different functions.

 gnd (3): short for „ground‟. there are several gnd pins on the arduino, any of which
can be used to ground your circuit.
 5v (4) & 3.3v (5): as you might guess, the 5v pin supplies 5 volts of power, and the
3.3v pin supplies 3.3 volts of power. most of the simple components used with the
arduino run happily off of 5 or 3.3 volts.
 analog (6): the area of pins under the „analog in‟ label (a0 through a5 on the uno) are
analog in pins. these pins can read the signal from an analog sensor (like
a temperature sensor) and convert it into a digital value that we can read.
 digital (7): across from the analog pins are the digital pins (0 through 13 on the uno).
these pins can be used for both digital input (like telling if a button is pushed) and
digital output (like powering an led).
 pwm (8): you may have noticed the tilde (~) next to some of the digital pins (3, 5, 6,
9, 10, and 11 on the uno). these pins act as normal digital pins, but can also be used
for something called pulse-width modulation (pwm). we have a tutorial on pwm, but
for now, think of these pins as being able to simulate analog output (like fading an led
in and out).

xx
  aref (9): stands for analog reference. most of the time you can leave this pin alone. it
is sometimes used to set an external reference voltage (between 0 and 5 volts) as the
upper limit for the analog input pins.

RESET BUTTON

just like the original nintendo, the arduino has a reset button (10). pushing it will temporarily
connect the reset pin to ground and restart any code that is loaded on the arduino. this can be
very useful if your code doesn‟t repeat, but you want to test it multiple times. unlike the
original nintendo however, blowing on the arduino doesn't usually fix any problems.

POWER LED INDICATOR

just beneath and to the right of the word “uno” on your circuit board, there‟s a tiny led next to
the word „on‟ (11). this led should light up whenever you plug your arduino into a power
source. if this light doesn‟t turn on, there‟s a good chance something is wrong. time to re-
check your circuit!

TX RX LEDS

tx is short for transmit, rx is short for receive. these markings appear quite a bit in electronics
to indicate the pins responsible for serial communication. in our case, there are two places on
the arduino uno where tx and rx appear -- once by digital pins 0 and 1, and a second time next
to the tx and rx indicator leds (12). these leds will give us some nice visual indications
whenever our arduino is receiving or transmitting data (like when we‟re loading a new
program onto the board).

MAIN IC

the black thing with all the metal legs is an ic, or integrated circuit (13). think of it as the
brains of our arduino. the main ic on the arduino is slightly different from board type to board
type, but is usually from the atmega line of ic‟s from the atmel company. this can be
important, as you may need to know the ic type (along with your board type) before loading
up a new program from the arduino software. this information can usually be found in writing
on the top side of the ic. if you want to know more about the difference between various ic's,
reading the datasheets is often a good idea.

xxi
VOLTAGE REGULATOR

the voltage regulator (14) is not actually something you can (or should) interact with on the
arduino. but it is potentially useful to know that it is there and what it‟s for. the voltage
regulator does exactly what it says -- it controls the amount of voltage that is let into the
arduino board. think of it as a kind of gatekeeper; it will turn away an extra voltage that might
harm the circuit. of course, it has its limits, so don‟t hook up your arduino to anything greater
than 20 volts.

THE ARDUINO FAMILY

arduino makes several different boards, each with different capabilities. in addition, part of
being open source hardware means that others can modify and produce derivatives of arduino
boards that provide even more form factors and functionality. if you‟re not sure which one is
right for your project, check this guide for some helpful hints. here are a few options that are
well-suited to someone new to the world of arduino:

ARDUINO UNO (R3)

the uno is a great choice for your first arduino. it's got everything you need to get started, and
nothing you don't. it has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as pwm
outputs), 6 analog inputs, a usb connection, a power jack, a reset button and more. it contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a usb
cable or power it with a ac-to-dc adapter or battery to get started.

xxii
LILYPAD ARDUINO

this is lilypad arduino main board! lilypad is a wearable e-textile technology developed
by leah buechley and cooperatively designed by leah and sparkfun. each lilypad was
creatively designed with large connecting pads and a flat back to allow them to be sewn into
clothing with conductive thread. the lilypad also has its own family of input, output, power,
and sensor boards that are also built specifically for e-textiles. they're even washable!

xxiii
REDBOARD

at sparkfun we use many arduinos and we're always looking for the simplest, most stable one.
each board is a bit different and no one board has everything we want -- so we decided to
make our own version that combines all our favorite features.

the redboard can be programmed over a usb mini-b cable using the arduino ide. it'll work on
windows 8 without having to change your security settings (we used signed drivers, unlike
the uno). it's more stable due to the usb/ftdi chip we used, plus it's completely flat on the
back, making it easier to embed in your projects. just plug in the board, select "arduino uno"
from the board menu and you're ready to upload code. you can power the redboard over usb
or through the barrel jack. the on-board power regulator can handle anything from 7 to 15vdc.

xxiv
ARDUINO MEGA (R3)

the arduino mega is like the uno's big brother. it has lots (54!) of digital input/output pins (14
can be used as pwm outputs), 16 analog inputs, a usb connection, a power jack, and a reset
button. it contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a
computer with a usb cable or power it with a ac-to-dc adapter or battery to get started. the
large number of pins make this board very handy for projects that require a bunch of digital
inputs or outputs (

xxv
RESISTOR:-

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical

resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce
current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and
terminate transmission lines, among other uses. High-power resistors that can
dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat, may be used as part of motor
controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed
resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or
operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as
a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity,
force, or chemicalactivity.

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic

circuits andare ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as
discrete components canbe composed of various compounds and forms.
Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits.

xxvi
WATERTANK:-

A water tank is a container for storing water. Water

tanks are used to provide storage of water for use in many
applications, drinking water, irrigation agriculture, fire
suppression, agricultural farming, both for plants and livestock,
chemical manufacturing, food preparation as well as many other

uses

sensors
with some simple code, the arduino can control and interact with
awidevarietyof sensors thingsthatcanmeasure light, temperature, degreeofflex, pressure, proxi
mity, acceleration, carbon monoxide, radioactivity, humidity, barometric pressure, you name
it, you can sense it!

xxvii
just a few of the sensors that are easily compatible with arduinoshields

additionally, there are these things called shields -- basically they are pre-built circuit boards
that fit on top of your arduino and provide additional capabilities -- controlling
motors, connecting to the internet, providing cellular or other wireless
communication, controlling an lcd screen, and much more.

a partial selection of available shields to extend the power of your arduino

xxviii
HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor

ULTRASONIC SENSOR HC SR04

xxix
 ULTRASONIC SENSOR HC SR04 PIN DIAGRAM

ULTRASONIC SENSOR PIN CONFIGURATION

PIN PIN DESCRIPTION

NUMBER NAME

1 VCC THE VCC PIN POWERS THE SENSOR, TYPICALLY WITH

+5V

2 TRIGGER TRIGGER PIN IS AN INPUT PIN. THIS PIN HAS TO BE

KEPT HIGH FOR 10US TO INITIALIZE MEASUREMENT BY
SENDING US WAVE.

3 ECHO ECHO PIN IS AN OUTPUT PIN. THIS PIN GOES HIGH FOR
A PERIOD OF TIME WHICH WILL BE EQUAL TO THE
TIME TAKEN FOR THE US WAVE TO RETURN BACK TO
THE SENSOR.

4 GROUND THIS PIN IS CONNECTED TO THE GROUND OF THE

SYSTEM.

HC-SR04 SENSOR FEATURES

 operating voltage: +5v

 theoretical measuring distance: 2cm to 450cm
 practical measuring distance: 2cm to 80cm
 accuracy: 3mm
 measuring angle covered: <15°
 operating current: <15ma
 operating frequency: 40hz

you can buy hc-sr04 ultrasonic sensor from here.

xxx
equivalent distance measuring sensors

us transmitter receiver pair, ir sensor module, ir sensor pair, ir analog distance sensor,

hc-sr04 ultrasonic sensor - working

as shown above the hc-sr04 ultrasonic (us) sensor is a 4 pin module, whose pin names are
vcc, trigger, echo and ground respectively. this sensor is a very popular sensor used in many
applications where measuring distance or sensing objects are required. the module has two
eyes like projects in the front which forms the ultrasonic transmitter and receiver. the sensor
works with the simple high school formula that

distance = speed × time

the ultrasonic transmitter transmits an ultrasonic wave, this wave travels in air and when it
gets objected by any material it gets reflected back toward the sensor this reflected wave is
observed by the ultrasonic receiver module as shown in the picture below

now, to calculate the distance using the above formulae, we should know the speed and time.
since we are using the ultrasonic wave we know the universal speed of us wave at room
conditions which is 330m/s. the circuitry inbuilt on the module will calculate the time taken
for the us wave to come back and turns on the echo pin high for that same particular amount
of time, this way we can also know the time taken. now simply calculate the distance using a
microcontroller or microprocessor.

xxxi
 how to use the hc-sr04 ultrasonic sensor

hc-sr04 distance sensor is commonly used with both microcontroller and microprocessor
platforms like arduino, arm, pic, raspberry pie etc. the following guide is universally since it
has to be followed irrespective of the type of computational device used.

power the sensor using a regulated +5v through the vcc ad ground pins of the sensor. the
current consumed by the sensor is less than 15ma and hence can be directly powered by the
on board 5v pins (if available). the trigger and the echo pins are both i/o pins and hence they
can be connected to i/o pins of the microcontroller. to start the measurement, the trigger pin
has to be made high for 10us and then turned off. this action will trigger an ultrasonic wave at
frequency of 40hz from the transmitter and the receiver will wait for the wave to return. once
the wave is returned after it getting reflected by any object the echo pin goes high for a
particular amount of time which will be equal to the time taken for the wave to return back to
the sensor.

the amount of time during which the echo pin stays high is measured by the mcu/mpu as it
gives the information about the time taken for the wave to return back to the sensor. using
this information the distance is measured as explained in the above heading.

APPLICATIONS

 used to avoid and detect obstacles with robots like biped robot, obstacle avoider robot, path
finding robot etc.
 used to measure the distance within a wide range of 2cm to 400cm
 can be used to map the objects surrounding the sensor by rotating it
 depth of certain places like wells, pits etc can be measured since the waves can penetrate
through water

xxxii
BREAD BOARD:-

What is Breadboard?

A breadboard is a circuit board that is used to make temporary circuits. It is a

device having electronics and test circuit designs. The electronic elements inside the
electronic circuits can be interchanged by inserting the terminals and leads into holes and
later connecting it with the help of appropriate wires. The device has stripes of metal
below the board that connects the holes placed on the top of the board. The connections of
the breadboard are mostly temporary and the elements can further be reassembled and
reused without any damage. Breadboards are generally used in electrical engineering.
Engineers make use of breadboards in order to test different products made by them.
Using breadboard is the most efficient way of testing and also they are cost effective. They
can be reused again and again for the purpose of testing. Today, starting from tiny analog,
digital circuits to big complicated CPU‟s everything can be tested with the help of this.

Breadboards earlier were made of copper wires or terminal

strips. These days it is made up of white plastic and is a breadboard that can be plugged.
Breadboards are solderless and they are made of two kinds of strips i.e. terminal and bus
strips. Terminal strips help in holding the electronic elements while the bus strip is used to
power electric power to all the electronic components. You can find manufacturers selling
solderless breadboards very easily, some manufactures sell the bust and terminal strips
separately and some sell it together

Breadboard Basics:

A breadboard is a circuit which if of a temporary nature used for the purpose of testing
and prototyping circuits. It is easy to prototype circuits with the help of breadboards
because it is fast and easy. Breadboards are generally used to test circuits. As this device
have holes in it. In order to form a circuit, wires are inserted simply inside the holes. An
advantage of using a breadboard is that the positions of the wires can be changed if they
are placed in a wrong order. In the below diagram you can see alphabets are used in order
to identify vertical columns and numbers are used in order to identify vertical columns.

xxxiii
 .
Breadboard Connections:

A breadboard as mentioned before is used to make temporary circuit for testing and other
purposes. The advantage of using a breadboard for testing is that connection can be
changed if they are wrong. Also the parts of the circuit do not get damaged and can easily
be reused. A breadboard generally consists of lots of holes so that wires can easily be
pushed in. testing for almost every electronic projects starts from the breadboard. The
breadboard has many tiny sockets likes holes arranged in a 0.1 grid. The leads that most
elements have can easily be pushed inside these holes. The ICs are pushed inside across to
the gap with their dot on the left. Standard wires cannot be used for breadboard as they get
damaged easily and hence they require single core plastic coated wires that have 0.6mm
diameter. Standard wires if used can also lead to damage of the board .

xxxiv
JUMPER WIRES

jumper wires are used for making connections between items on your breadboard and your
arduino‟s header pins. use them to wire up all your circuits!

buy jumper wires from amazon, sparkfun, adafruit, or newark.

USB CABLE

IMAGE COURTESY OF SPARKFUN ELECTRONICS

xxxv
this is a standard a-b usb cable. it can be used to connect your computer to arduinos that use a
full-sized b-type usb connection, such as the uno and mega2560.

buy a usb cable from amazon, sparkfun, or adafruit.

9V BATTERY

IMAGE COURTESY OF SPARKFUN ELECTRONICS

use a 9v battery with your arduino projects to provide a higher-current power supply for
things like motors. you can also feed 9v power into your arduino‟s dc barrel jack using 9v
battery clip with a jack to get a regulated 5v from the internal regulator.

buy a 9v battery from amazon, sparkfun, adafruit, or newark.

9V BATTERY CLIP

IMAGE COURTESY OF SPARKFUN ELECTRONICS

xxxvi
use a 9v battery clip to easily connect your 9v battery to your arduino. use one with leads to
connect your battery directly to a breadboard or the vin pin on the arduino. you can also buy
a clip with a barrel jack for plugging directly into the arduino‟s barrel jack (shown above)

buy a 9v battery clip with a barrel jack connector from amazon, adafruit or sparkfun.
buy a 9v battery clip with leads from newark.

RED LED

IMAGE COURTESY OF SPARKFUN ELECTRONICS

an average 5mm red led has a 2v forward voltage drop, and a forward current of 20ma. don‟t
forget to use a current-limiting resistor when you connect an led to your arduino!

buy red leds from amazon, sparkfun, adafruit, or newark.

xxxvii
 CODE
// Arduino programming

#define trigpin 7
#define echopin 6
int led1 = A0;
int led2 = A1;
int led3 = A2;
int led4 = A3;
int led5 = A4;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(trigpin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echopin, INPUT);
pinMode(led1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(led2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(led3, OUTPUT);
pinMode(led4, OUTPUT);
pinMode(led5, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(led1, LOW);
digitalWrite(led2, LOW);
digitalWrite(led3, LOW);
digitalWrite(led4, LOW);
digitalWrite(led5, LOW);
delay(1000);
}
void loop()
{
int duration, distance;
digitalWrite(trigpin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(1000);
digitalWrite(trigpin, LOW);
duration = pulseIn(echopin,HIGH);
distance = ( duration / 2) / 29.1;
Serial.println("cm:");
Serial.println(distance);
if( (distance > 0) && (distance <= 10) )
{
digitalWrite(led1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(led2, HIGH);
digitalWrite(led3, HIGH);
digitalWrite(led4, HIGH);
digitalWrite(led5, HIGH);
} else
if( (distance > 10) && (distance <= 20) )
{
digitalWrite(led1, LOW);
digitalWrite(led2, HIGH);
digitalWrite(led3, HIGH);

xxxviii
digitalWrite(led4, HIGH);
digitalWrite(led5, HIGH);
} else
if( (distance > 20) && (distance <= 30) )
{
digitalWrite(led1, LOW);
digitalWrite(led2, LOW);
digitalWrite(led3, HIGH);
digitalWrite(led4, HIGH);
digitalWrite(led5, HIGH);
} else
if( (distance > 30) && (distance <= 40) )
{
digitalWrite(led1, LOW);
digitalWrite(led2, LOW);
digitalWrite(led3, LOW);
digitalWrite(led4, HIGH);
digitalWrite(led5, HIGH);
} else
if( (distance > 50) && (distance <= 60) )
{
digitalWrite(led1, LOW);
digitalWrite(led2, LOW);
digitalWrite(led3, LOW);
digitalWrite(led4, LOW);
digitalWrite(led5, HIGH);
} else
if( distance > 60 )
{
digitalWrite(led1, LOW);
digitalWrite(led2, LOW);
digitalWrite(led3, LOW);
digitalWrite(led4, LOW);
digitalWrite(led5, LOW);
}

xxxix
 CONNECTIONS
ULTRA SONIC SENSOR CONNECTION WITH AURDINO

1. Vcc 5v pin

2. Trig 19th pin

3. ECHO- 20th pin

4. Gnd -gnd pin

xl
 OUTPUT
1. AFTER CONNECTIONS ARE COMPLETED

xli
xlii
xliii
 CONCLUSION

In this project we came to know the working of Arduino, its hardware /

software features and its applications as to where it is currently being used.
We have also learnt how to write sketches for Arduino in its own IDE
(software). Developing new ideas with Arduino is endless. The possibilities of
using an Arduino to learn and develop new ideas are infinite. Though it does
have its own limitations, it is a great tool that can be used in learning.

xliv