M W

Page No.
YOUVA
Date:

VARIATiONSIN
PSYCHOLOCleA
ATTRIBUTES
NDIVIDVAL DIfFERENCES
Sodividuol differences. refer to distincheness i variatians
among heohle's chairacteristis ¬p behawioDr hatterns..
SITUATIONISH

-_Styationism is a haincihle uhich Sttes that Situatio rx

y circUm stances outside oneself have the how&r to
inf lvence behaiou.

AsSESS HENT OF PsYCHoLoalCAL

ATTRI8UTES

Assessment is the frst stek in understurding a

hsychalagical cttribute.
Assessment refers to the mecasUemert of hsycholoq ical
attributes of Ondividuals ptheir evaluatian, ofn usina
multhle Methods in tersof certain standaits of comhorison
 M W

Pago No
YOUVA
Date

DOMAINS OF Psy< HoLOalCAL

ATT RIGUTES

TTELLUOENGEHUILILII
Ontelliaenceis the globat, Cahacity' to
undar stand tne uorid, thin kratonally 4
USé oVai lable resour(eS effettively
when fured wit challonges

APTITYDE
APtitude refers to cn individual's unjerljint
hotential far ccuiring Skills

INTEREST is an individuals hrefetence for

engaqino in one or more shecifict activiies
relative to others

PERSONALITY KlA
Persorality rafersto relatively endutin
characteistics of a herson that make himlher
distinct fabm otthers

Valuesure
VALVEs
enduting teliets
KIIIKAI
aboutan ideal mode
of behauiout
 M W

Page No.
YOUVA
Date

atiesent ethad
IPsychalogical Test
fsychalogicad Test is an ojective se Stundardised
ylor behowioural
measue of an individval's mental
Characteristics.

Snteieu

Snvolves Seeking infarmation from a herson Ona one -to-one.

basis

Case stug
Can in -deth studyof individual in teris of his / her
hsychalogicad .cttributes hsychalogical
4 history in the
Context of herhis hsychosocial nhysical environment

obseruation

involves ehlaying Systematic, orqaaised , y objective hxo -

cadunes to record hehawiourl hhenomena occiney natAoly
inreal. time

getf Rehort
A methad in cwhich herson ho vides factuad informstioh
about herself /himself Lor ohinion s, beliefs,etc. thats/he
 MT W F S S

PAgo NÓ
YOUVA
Oate

TNTELL GENCE
Sntelliqence is aa key canstrvct emhloyed to know
how individvals drfer from one cAe cunother. 3t clso
hideS eA cn understundiay of how heohle adaht
their be hauiau accondig to the environ ment taey
|ive in

kelanatiend o dntallyneea
1-cfd Ditionay Plerceiving
lu ederstuinding
Kjhouinsgy
2(1fred Binet (I-Judag coell
RW Reason well

3Wechsler TR Trink rtionaly

AP Act hunfsefug
Qeoleffectively
Chosdner qSternbera Anitelligenh indiwiduolsot onl
dahts to the enuironment but
also oetvely odifies or Shahesi
 M W S S
Page No.
YOUVA
Date:

THEORIES
INTELLIaENGE

Psychametric
Ahhroach Snformation-hrocessing
Alhrocch
Uni or one factor Theoryof Mulihle
theory-Alfred Binet inteliqences
Houard Chardener
Tuo factor theory Triarchic theor.
Choiles sheimn of intelliaence
3 Theoty of juimay
mentoalabilties
Robert Sternber
Thistone PASS Mo del
Level tipLeuel 2 JP DaS, Tack 3
Arthue Jensen nogieri ip kirb
Structue of intelect
2model.a.Pouilford
 M W

Page No
YOUVA
Date

fsychometric Ahhrocch
Considers intelligence os an eagyegate of abilties
exaresses' the in divi duoals nerformonce in terns of a
single index of cogntive abilities.

unior one factor theory

tttt t

Accordina to him , intelligence consists of one sil

set of cabilties cohich can be vsed for Solvine
every hroblem in onindividuclsenvirah nen
Two factor theory

>>> Accordina to him Cchoales shectmun] intelligence

Consists

Cheneralfactor La-factorJ which includes mentol

oherctions which ne hrimesy Comymon to
ell herformeutces
Specific factor s5-foctorwhich contuins
Shecific abilties Jhich allawindivduols to excel
in their reshective dormoins feilds. For egs singing
dancing , Cooking cte.
 M W

Page No.
YOUVA
Date

Theory of Primay Mental Abilities

SSy t stotes that intelliqence consists of
hotimary cbilities, independ ent of dach oher
i) verbal Com jarehensiort -
grashingmeaniny
uords y concet ideas
of
ii) Numerical Abilities- Sheed p accUracy in nymerial
ep Comhutotional skils

ii) Shestiol Relotio ns - visualising hater ns forms

iv) Rercehhual sheed Sheed in herceiving detils
v) Wond fluency- ysing woràs fluentuy gfleibly
viD Aemory- ccLuhacy pin teceulling informaion.
vii) Snductive Reosoning - doriving ganerol ules.
from hreaented facts!
Hisrarchiel Modelof Sntelligence.
Level -
tis the associctiue 4ensing nchidh ootaut is mre or lets
Similaa to theiahut [for ea vot leotning fmeron
Level-2
t is alsco called cognitie Coaefence ashich iavalves
higer_order skills as they trensform Hheidut to hrodue an
effective outhut .
 M w TFS S
Page No
YOUVA
Date:

Structure
NTELLES?
Model Comtents
Visual
3 Dimensiong Behavioural
Auditor
lemantic
Syrmbolic.
Products
Rlelohons
Units
bbre 54steme
vications Transfor moti on

* V-BASS
oherations mhicution
lasses
memory recorder
RUSTIC memory retenon
MCD EC ogyition
D\ iveraent
Valuation
Jonveraunt
Content X oherafios XPrsvct
 MT wT F S S
Page No
YOUVA

Structue of Sntellect Hod el Date:

S>> Jt classifies intellectuoal traits cumong 3

dimersions :
Oherations
Contents
hro duct

What the reshondent does

3nclu des cognition, memory recordina , memor retethion,
divergent hoioductiony Convrgent hbductian, ipevaluation.

>>he natuie of materials or information on which

intellectual oherations oe herformed
3>> includes visçaly auditor , Symbolic Cleters nmbersJ
Semartic Lwordsl, behauiouroCiaformoion okout heohle's
behauiourattitds needs]

’ The formin whichuinformation is hocSsed

reshondent.ivi biy the
chsified into..units ,lases, ralatiors , systems jtransfirmaton,
p imhlication
 T W

Page No
YOUVA
Dato

TNFORMATION:
PROCESSIN GH APPROACH

HOWARp
oARDENGR
Accordina to him, Theory of ROBERT
STERNBER
Sntellience is HULTI PLE
nat asingle etty INTELLIGaENE He views
distinct tyhes_af intelliaence ss
intelligence eist - TRIARCHIc the ability to
indehendent of each of odaht to shate
other
Different tynes of intellig
"Antelliaer Eg Select environ
ment to accomhlish
ence interact p Work PASS nes gpas thase of
together to finda aHoselones Society lo cuture
Solution to ahroblem Accordinato him,there
He described : 0e 3tahes of intel
RTYPES eF INTELA.AENCES
> Linguistic Comhonenhal
>Logical- Hatheaticol Exherientia)
to Shotial Contetua
Yo Husical
Godily- Kinesthetic
oSntrahersonad HleRRiDAS,1To.ckiNaghiot
Jnter hersonal Kirb
t Naturalistic > Accordina to this medel, intelectual
.activity invo lues the interdehendcnt funckaning
of three neurological s4tems, called Ahe funct oaal ynits of the brain
These units cereshon sible for >L-oosal/atenhon 2:SimuHoHeSU S/EuCcessiy ehrocessi
3- Plaeninl
 M I W F S S
Page No.
YOUVA
Date

DE T A LS

HHEORY of MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES

HOWARD GARDENER

>> He described s tyhesofSnielliqencesi

1 Linguistic ntelliqence; Skills inualved in the hroductar
yse languaae fluenty se
flexibly
to exhress one?ss
Ee understand others.
thinking
word -Smoit heohle cuh
ahe Sensitive to ditfeyent
Shadesofword mecninsy
carticulate can Crete linguistic
images in theirmind.
exounhle -> hoets oriters.

2Lagical - mathemctice Antlligqthce i

SKills in scierntific thinking noblem solving

- thinklogically critically
angge in absttactakeasoning
Cean mcahihulate Symbols to Solve mathematicalhroblems
xamhles i Scientists p Nobel Prize winners
 W F

Page No.
YOUVA
Date

3 shatial Sntelliaence i
Skills in forming viaual imeaes p haterns -cbilitie s
invalved in forming s simg epe transforming mental
imaaes.
Can asily ropreset the shaticl orld in the ind
exomhles; lots, Seilors , Scwl hto rs , haiánte rs
Architects , SUraeons.

4: Musical Sntelligence
Sensitivty to musicol th ythms ip hatter ns
Cotacity to hoducey creaste s monihulote musical hatterns
Sensitive to Sounds ¬p vibrcstions
" SensitNe to crecct ng nes hatterns of Sounds.
ecnhles : Musicians Sound Enqinesrs, Sinaers,artel
Snstrumentalists

5. Podily kinesthetic Sntelligenei

vsing whole or hortions of the body flexibly

crectively for dishlay Constructisn of hroduct
e hrablenn solving
ecanhl es : Athletess doncers_sactors surgeons,
anasts , Shorfshers on$.
 W T F S S
Page No.
YOUVA
Date:

6 Ontrohersonal Snteligence i
alwaeness of one 's feeling motives p desires.
Own
of one's internal strengths i limitutions
Knowledae
vSing thot Kknouwledqe to effectvely relote to others
have finer sensibilites tegcding their identity ,human
existen ce meaning of life:
exomnles: Philosohhers, shirituel leaders.
: Ínter hersonol Antelliaence :
Sensitivity to Subtle. ashects of other'sbehawiouS
Skill of understoadins the motves, feelings p behawiauks of
atiner heohlea
bond into a comfortuble, srelationshin "Jh others
iCounsellors, hsyChalog ists, holihicicns, socal workers
religious leaders.

g: Nctu ralistic antellig encei

Sensitiyity to the feathes of nostuhal-world Comhlete
Cware ness relationshih cuith the natural
wor|d
Yecognizing the beauty of different shecies of flora p
fowna
useful in makina suble disciminations in the nactucl world
Cxuahlei Huntors foriners, tourists, botonists ,2oalogists,
bird. acthers
 W S S
Page No
YOUVA
Date:

FRIARCHIC
THEORYoF INTELLIhENCE
ICONTEXTUAL SUBTAEORY..
Shecifies the behauiours Cons -
idered intelligents in a harti
Cu las Culta

EXPERTEN TIAL SUBTHEORY

shecifies haw exeriencesctfect intelli
ence s, hou inteltqence fects aher sons
ex heriences.

COMPONENTIAL SUBTHEORY
shecifies the cagnithve hrocesses
that underline all intelliaent behauiayt

META COM PONENTS

KNOWLÉDhE ACQUISITION
PEREORMANC ECoMPONENTS
Control monitor COM.PO N.ENTS Encode combine fo.
e evaluate comhoreinformation .
Cognitive Execute strodegie
procesing as ernbledby
Meta comonevts
 M S

Page No.:
YOUVA
Date:

>>> 3 tyhes of intelli«ences:

iCamhonential Sntelliqence / Analytical Sntelliggncel:
The cclysis of information to solve. hroblems.
Think cnalytically criticcally.
Succeed in shools
This intelliqence has three. Comhonents:
Knodlede Acayuisition:ireshonsible for leaAnin ip
acauisition of the cwys of dting
things
Het 'or Higher order : invalues nleunnira concerning what
to do how o do

c Performance
inwalves actvally doing things
ii Exheriential Antelligence / creative dnteliaentei

invchved in USing hast exheiences creatisely to solve nauel

hroblems
reflectedincrective herfor mence.
integration of dfferent exnerieicesin anoriqincl uwy
to make new discoveries Eo inventions
aquickl find ayt which infor mation is crucial n
situation:
 W T F S S

Page No.
YOUVA
Date:

iii Conteshue Snteliaenceractoal Stelligence

inNolves the atility to decl ith environmentul demonds
encountered_ on a dauly bosis.
Calle d streetSmartnesor business sense.

eosily adoht to their hresent. anvirommert Onl

or select a
fawouabe environment thonthe eisting
the enwironment bo pittheir neets
or
madify
sUCCessful in f

>) functional units of the brcin ase reshorsible for the

follousing
ArousolAtetion

Stote of Aravsod is basicto.cuny behauiouS asithelhs us

in attending to Stimuli

Arousal ep Htention enabe a herson to hrocess nfohmadton.

AnohmUm level ot anousal focuses our otevtiont o the
relevcunt cshects of on roblem
Too mych or too lthe cov So wouldinterfehe, with cttertion
 T W F S S

Page No.:
YOUVA
Date:

SimutcneaUS p Succesive Processing

Snfor motion cen be intearatesd itto your Knouwledae
System eitheri

Simultoaeausly
Simultoneous hOceSsina tuhes hlace when you
herceive the relations aMang yoious concets 4
integrote them into a mecuingful hatexn for cornhretasion,
IEAale- Rouien's hs:ograsive. Matrices test - St helhs usin
grashing the mecning sp ralekionshih betuzen the siven
odstroct figures.
b: (successiwaly
Syccessive fnocessing takes alace when we romember all
theintormotion sericuy So that the yecallof one eands to
+he recoll of cunother
Exoale Laarinaof digits, alhhobets, mutihlicatontobles.
iii Ploanning (essenti fenchue, of itelligence)
is octivatedy oftex the inforrmestion is otended to &
Planing
hrocessed
cllous us to think f the hossible courses of acton imlement
themto rech a toget evaluote their
efectiyenesS.
hese hoOCeSSes Aroual/Atention SimutreouS , SuCessive.
oacassing 4hlanning are interactive ep dynaunie.
 M WT F S S

Page No.
YOUVA
0ate:

CNTINE
ASSES$MENT
YSTM CCASJ

boterg of tests

Consists of Verbal as owell as non - yerbol tas k

measues Cogitive fuwnctions

Sndehend ent of schaoling
between S to 13 ye0rs of

results Cen be use d to remedyCognitiye deficits

of children cwith \easnina
hablems
ENO OF TOPLC
 INTERPLAN OF

AND

Correlotion of Snteliqence :

Correloxtion of
Sntelligence
SVBTECTS Score
Sdentical twins reared together 0. 40
Sdenical twins reoted in diff envir onments O72
fraternal tains rassed together O-60
Silings reoned together Q-50
Siblings reoed ahot O25

Childrens intelliqence, is More Similaa to taeir bidogical

retherthan andotive. hosernts Mouuer, as children
qrow in aae s thaeir intelligenCe lavel tends to moye closer
to that of their adoative. harents

Environmerteal dehivchion loers intelliqence while hich nutrihon y

goodfariy backgrounà p qyualty of sehasling incresases inteliqence
Mersdity s Some.thiny that sets carange ithin chich
anindiwidual's deuelahment is actuolliy shahedby the suhort
fp ohhortunities of the enuionent
 W

Page No
YOUVA
Date

"ASSESSHENT
Stalliyene
AJfyed Binet Theodore Siman- first
atemht to formally messne intelliqence
LBinet -Simon Scale]

Mental Qge CMAJ is a mebsise of a hersons intell

ectuol jevelahment relative to hechle of her /his
ge grouh
Chranatogical Age CCAJ is the biological age from birth

defined as being too mentodaae

Retesdotian was defined
yeuns belo uw the chronalaqical oge
Lby willioam Stern in 191]
telliaence Quathert C1qvefers to merntal 'oge dividesd
by chaonaloqical ce multihlied by lo0The numter
multihler to saioidthe decimal

MA CA,Q l00
MA ZA 1QSl00
MA <CAig 1Q Sl00
 M W S S
Page No.
YOUVA
Date

Atove
130
verg
swherior
22-2/.

suherio
z0-130

High
ouraae
500/.

Low
Averee

Borderline

Sntellectua
disadled Below t0

CLASSI¾LCATION AF PEOPLE
ONTHE BAS)S oFLQ

- For ekunhle , a 10 yeo-old child! cuitha mental age of

12 would hae a lQ Of 120i210 \o0, whereos
the soume child with on MA of ould hwe an LQ of

The Scores of most heoh le tend to foll in the vmidle tongf

pf the distributon Only a few neoh le hawe cither.
Nerg high very locd Scores
 M W

Page No.
YOUVA
Date

The freqvencg distribution for the 1Q Scores tends

to, ahhroximate abell- shohed cuve , colled the
normal cuwe.This tahe of dstri btion is symmetrical
chound the central valve called the mecn

Meon 1Q Score in a hohulotion is loo

Peohle with lQ ScoreS in the rarge of o -lo hawe

normalintelligence
Those with lQ below to ce Sushected to hawe
intellectuol disa.bility' uhile hersons cith 1Q
above L30 one Consideredto have exeetional tolents

NORMAL CURVE PATTE RN

SHOWLNG DISTRIBUTION OF 1Q
ScoRES IN TAE POPULTION

ofPersonS Ayercae High aweroae

Borderline;
Sntelletvat
Defi iency -Suherior
Very suherior
No

MEAN
 W

PAge No
YOUVA
Date

These children
children foce who shaw intellectual
enooUs drfficuty deficency re'intelectually
in leouning even disabled?
very Simhle
Sklls of
Different tevels
binteletual disability
TNTELLECTUAL Mid Lra- 55 to 69|
DEFICIENCY Moderate [IQ
40 to 54]
Severe Ga-25 toF
>frofoundCbelocJ
25 Ia]

The AmericcAn Asscocietion on Metal DeficiencyLAAMDI

views intellectueal disability cs f significontly sub -awercae
qeneral intellectuel funtionina existing conc urretly
with deficits in adantive behuiou imnifested dtina
the develohnental ae. 33fea
featues of this defintion:

Sigificantly subzoweraage intelectal fincioing intelketallydisabiel kaig

LQ below 0
Adajtiue behauiour ahcrsons Calpucity obe.indehcadeat 4deal
effectively with one's enyironnent
 T W T S S
Page No.
YOUVA
Date

Taught to work fp function wth shecicl atention

Some censt be trained recqie institutional coe thann
out their lives

Diferet lerels of ittellectual disability

develohment slower than their

MILD heers
Io 55 -6) however can tunction quite
indehendenty
halds ats ip foumi lies.

Jaa tehind their heers in lcnquoge

p motor skills.
MoDERATE Coun be trained in self - Cae
Simhle socícl e Communication
Skils
need moderate.deqree of suner
onin everydy tusks
isionin

SEVERE
[rÍ25-34] incahasle of managyng
PROfoUND need onstent Cane for heir
Lbelo25I entire lives