CLIMATE – Average weather condition in an area or region.

FACTORS THAT AFFECTS CLIMATE

CLIMATE ZONES
 Since earth is tilted in it’s axis, the regions on Earth receives
varying amount of thermal energy.
 Areas that absorb more heat has a warmer climate compared to
the polar regions
(WHY IS THE EQUATOR THE WARMEST?)
 Because it receives the most direct sunlight
 The polar zone / region receives the least amount of solar
radiation
(WHY IS IT COLDER IN THE WINTER THAN IN THE SUMMER?)
 The Earth is tilted toward the sun in the summer and is away in
the winter

DISTANCE FROM THE SEA

 Areas near bodies of water experience moderate to mild climate
condition.
 Coastal areas have a lower temperature range than thon inland.
 Warm waters rises to the cooler regions and cooler waters moves
towards the warmer regions.
(HOW DO OCEANS AFFECT THE CLIMATE OF AN AREA?)
 The solar radiation is absorbed by the ocean
 Ocean currents act much like a conveyor belt.
 The ocean helps distribute heat around the globe.

TOPOGRAPHY
 It is the physical attribute, surface, shapes and features of an area.
(WHICH PART OF THE MOUTAIN HAS MORE VEGETATION?)
 The prevalence of rain on windward sides of islands promotes the
growth of vegetation whereas the leeward side flora is acclimated
to a drier climate.
 The air is colder in the windward side than the leeward side.

ALTITUDE AND LATITUDE

LATITUDE – Is the distance (N or S) from the equator.
ALTIDUTE – Is the distance fron sea level to the reference point.
 THE ALTITUDE DECREASES AS THE TEMPERATURE DECREASES.
 THE HIGHER YOU GO ABOVE SEA LEVEL, THE COLDER IT GETS.
(WHY DOES LATITUDE CAUSE TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES?)
 It is due to the curve of the earth and the distance from the
equator.
 EL NINO PHENOMENON
 Climate pattern that describes the unusual warming of surface
water in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
LA NINA
 Refers to the periodic or unusual cooling of ocean surface
temperatures in the central and east-central equatorial pacific.
 Typically, La Nina events occur every 3 to 5 years or so, but on
occasion can occur over successive years
CLIMATE CHANGE
 A long term change in the average weather patterns that have
come to define earth’s climate.
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
 A process by which heat from the sun is absorbed by the
greenhouse gases resulting it to trap heat inside the earth’s
atmosphere
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY – Is the heat that comes from within the Earth.
Geo – Earth
Therme – Heat
GEOTHERMAL POWERPLANTS – Uses heat from within the Earth to
generate steam which is used to create electricity

TYPES OF GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT

 Steam-based power plant: A steam-based power plant uses high-
temperature steam from geothermal energy to generate
electricity. This type of power plant is the most commonly-used
geothermal power plant.
 Binary-cycle power plant: A binary-cycle power plant utilizes a
secondary working fluid, such as isobutane or ammonia, to
generate electricity from low-pressure steam.
 Dry-air power plant: A dry-air power plant takes advantage of
the temperature difference between humid air and dry air to
generate electricity without using water.
LOCATIONS THAT ARE A GOOD SOURCE OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
 GEYSERS
 HOT SPRINGS
 STEAM VENTS
Here are the six key steps of how geothermal energy works:
1. Geothermal energy is extracted from hot spots in the Earth's crust,
typically near volcanic vents or hot springs.
2. The heated water is pumped through a heat extractor which turns
the water into steam.
3. The steam is used to spin a turbine, which generates electricity.
4. The steam is then cooled and recondensed into water, which is
pumped back into the ground.
5. The heat from the ground is extracted again and the cycle continues.
6. The generated electricity is distributed to users.

ADVANTAGES OF USING GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

 ENVIROMENTALLY FRIENDLY
 RENEWABLE
 HUGE POTENTIAL
 SUSTAINABLE / STABLE
 HEATING AND COOLING
 RELIABLE
 NO FUEL REQUIRED
DISADVANTAGES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
 LOCATION REQUIRED
 TOXIC GASES CAN BE RELEASED WHEN DRILLING
 EARTHQUAKES
 HIHG COST
 SUSTAINABILITY
STAR
 A star is a luminous spheroid of plasma held together by
self gravity
SUN
 The sun in our solar system is also a star.
(WHY DO STARS APPEAR TO MOVE IN THE SKY)
 It is because earth is rotating on it’s axis, which makes day
and night.
CONSTELLATIONS
 A group of stars that appear to form a pattern in the sky
 It’s names are derived from persons and animals which it
resembles
HOW DO EARLY PEOPLE USE THE CONTELLATIONS
1. FOR NAVIGATION IN THE SEA
2. TO LOCATE THE OTHER STARS
3. TO KEEP TRACK OF THE CALENDAR
VOLCANOES
VOLCANO - an opening in the earth’s surface where molten rocks, smoke. Gases,
and ashes are erupted.
CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOES BASED ON VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
ACTIVE VOLCANO - A volcano that has had at least one eruption during the past
10,000 years.
INACTIVE VOLCANO- A volcano that has not erupted for the past 10,000 years.
CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOES BASED ON SHAPE
SHIELD
 Formed by the accumulation of lava that oozes out from the volcano.
 Since non-viscous lava can flow freely, a broad, slight domed structure that
resembles a warrior’s shield is formed.
CINDER
 Built from ejected lava fragments.
 They have steep a steep slope, wide crater and are the most abundant of
the three major types.
COMPOSITE / STRATOVOLCANOES
 A large, nearly perfect sloped structure formed from alternate solidification
of both lava and pyroclastic deposits.
 It has a highly viscous or thick, slow moving lava.
CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOES BASED ON VOLCANIC ERUPTION
PHREATIC OF HYDROTHERMAL
 Is a steam-driven eruption as the hor rocks come in contact with water.
 It is a short-lived, characterized by ash columns but may be an onset of a
larger eruption.
PHREATOMAGMATIC
 Is a violent eruption due to the contact between water and magma.
STROMBLIAN
 A periodic weak to violent eruption characterized by fountain lava.
VULCANIAN
 Characterized by tall eruption columns that reach up to 20km high with
pyroclastic flow.
PLINIAN
 Excessively explosive type of eruption of gas and pyroclastics.
THREE PRIMARY FACTORS AFFECTING THE VOLCANOES’ ERUPTIVE STYLE OF THE
SHAPE OF A VOLCANO
 MAGMA’S TEMPERATURE
 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
 AMOUNT OF DISSOLVED GASES
Viscosity-Property of the material’s resistance to flow
HOW TEMPERATURE OF MAGMA AFFECTS IT’S VISCOSITY
 The viscosity of magma affects its temperature
 The higher the temperature of magma, the lore it’s viscosity gets.
 As lava flows, it cools and begins to harden it’s ability to flow decreases and
eventually its stops.
HOW THE COMPOSITION OF MAGMA AFFECTS IT’S VISCOSITY
 The magma that contains less silica is relatively fluid and travels far before
solidifying.
HOW THE AMOUNT OF GASES CONTANED IN THE MAGMA AFFECTS ITS VISCOSITY
 Gas dissolved in magma tends to increase its ability to flow.
 The loss of gases makes magma more viscous, forming a dome or a
columnar.