CONDITIONALS ( IF CLAUSES)

TYPE 1 ( REAL PRESENT )

We use type I conditional sentences when we think the

action or situation in
the if- clause is possible.

a) If + Simple present tense, will / can / may / must +

infinitive
if-clause (condition) main clause(consequence/result)

►The action in the if-clause will possibly happen, then

something else will happen.

►We use the present tense in the if-clause to talk about a

possible future action.

If I have time, I will clean my car.

If she studies, she can get good grades.
If it rains, he won't have a walk.

b) If + Simple present, imperative,

if-clause main clause

If you see him, tell him to visit me.

If the phone rings, answer it.
If it rains, don't play in the garden.

c) If + Simple present, Simple present

if-clause main clause
We use this structure when we talk about automatic or
habitual results.
People are happy if their team scores a goal.
If I eat sweets, it makes me thirsty.
If you heat ice, it melts.
A

PUT THE VERBS IN BRACKETS INTO THE CORRECT TENSE

1. If the price is OK, I (buy) ___will buy____________ it.

2. If you (not read) ___don’t read___________ the questions carefully,
you won’t understand it.
3. He will get the card tomorrow if you (post) ___post____________ it
now.
4. Tell him to telephone me if you (see) ___see____________ him.
5. If he (not apologize) ___apologize___________, she won’t go with him.
6. If the baby (cry) ____cries_________, give him some milk.
B

SUPPLY THE SUITABLE FORMS OF THE VERBS IN BRACKETS

1. If there (be) __is____ a good film, we (go) ____can________ to the

cinema this evening.
2. He (stay) ___must stay_____ in bed if he (have) __has___ a
temperature.
3. I (not understand) _can’t understand_ you if you (not speak)
__don’t speak_ Turkish.
4. If he (drink) ____drinks________ too much cola, he (get) __will
get_______ sick.
5. I (not go) ___won’t go_______ out if it (rain) ___rains___________ .
6. That driver (have) ____will have_____ an accident if he (not drive)
__doesn’t drive___ more slowly.
7. The sick man (not get) __won’t get_ better if he (not go) __doesn’t
go_ to hospital.
8. If you (not say) __don’t say_____ “Please”, I (not help) ____won’t
help___ you.
9. If you (tell) ___tell__ lies again, I (not forgive) __won’t forgive___
you.
10. If she (not hurry) __doesn’t hurry___ , she (not catch) ____can’t
catch_ the train.
11. If you (not clean) __don’t clean_______ your teeth every day, your
teeth (decay) ____will decay______ .
12. If you (touch) ___touch______ the wire, you (get) ___will get__ a
shock.
13. If she (go) _goes________ to the doctor, he (give) _will give__ her
some medicine.
14. What ___will ____ you (buy) __buy___ if your father (give) __gives__
you some
more money?
15. How __can_ I (explain) __explain__ it if you (not listen) __don’t
listen____ to me?
16. What _will happen_ (happen) if he (park) parks_ his car in the
wrong place?
17. Dogs __will bark_____ (bark) if they (see) ––see–––––––– cats.
18. Why ___won’t____ you (not come) __come_____ with us if you
(enjoy) _enjoy______ parties?
19. __Can _____ you (see) _see______ him if he (come) _comes______
here after 10 o'clock?
20. __Can_____ she (pass) __pass_____ the exam if she (not study)
_doesn’t study______ hard?

FIND THE END OF THE SENTENCE

( _e_) 1.The traveller can go by bus a) he must go home

and stay in bed.
( _c_ ) 2. She may catch cold b) ask your father.
( _a_ ) 3. If he isn't well, c) if she sits near an
open window.
( _h_ ) 4. If you have a bad toothache, d) if you want to lose
weight.
( _g_ ) 5. Plants grow quickly e) if the train is full.
( _b__ ) 6. If you don't believe what I say, f) I may meet a
friend in the street.
( _j__ ) 7. If I don't wear my glasses, g) if you water them.
( _d_ ) 8. Don't eat spaghetti h) you should go to a
dentist.
( _i__ ) 9. If he doesn't apologize to me, i) I won’t speak to
him any more.
( _f__ ) 10. If I go for a walk, j) I can’t see well.
UNLESS
Unless means if not
• If you don't study hard, you won't pass the exam. = Unless you study
hard, you won't pass the exam.
• If we don't run, we won't catch the train.= Unless we run, we won't
catch the train.

Note: Do not use unless when you talk about a feeling which would
result from
something not happening, e.g. I'll be happy if it doesn't rain.

A REWRITE THESE SENTENCES

1. If you are not careful, you can make mistakes.

Unless you are careful,……
2. If he doesn't wear his coat, he'll catch a cold.
Unless he wears his coat…
3. You'll be late if you don't hurry.
You will be late unless you hurry.
4. If you don't write to me, I will not write to you again.
Unless you write to me I….
5. If she doesn't boil the water, the tea will not be good.
Unless she boils the water….
6. I won't go to İzmir if you don't come with me.
Unless you come with me..
7. You shouldn't give your friends advice if they don't ask for it.
. You shouldn't give your friends advice unless they ask for it.
8. You can't drive a car if you don't have a driving licence.
Unless you have a driving licence you can’t drive a car .

TYPE 2 ( UNREAL PRESENT)

►We use type II to talk about an imaginary situation in the present or
future and
to describe its result.

e.g. If I had a lot of money, I would buy a helicopter.

(But I don't have much money. I'm imagining the situation.)

► We use the simple past tense in the if-clause, but the meaning is
not past;
it is present or future. We imagine the result in the present or future.

► We use type II conditional sentences to give advice,

e.g. If I were you, I wouldn't buy that car.

► We usually use IF + were instead of IF + was for all persons in

written English.
e.g. If I were a queen...

► We can use might or could instead of would in the main clause:

(might = would perhaps, could = would be able to)

If someone found my book, he / she might bring it to me.

If she didn't speak so quickly, I could understand her.

SUPPLY THE SUITABLE FORMS OF THE VERBS IN BRACKETS

1. If he were a reporter, he (interview) _would interview__ the pop

singers.
2. If I had time, I (read) ___would read___ the magazines about
fashion.
3. _Woud ____ you (buy) __buy_______ a good car if you had enough
money?
4. If he knew her address, he (visit) __would visit__________ her.
5. If you (drink) ___drank_______ more milk, you might be stronger.
6. If she (go) ___went_______ on a diet, she would lose weight.
7. If he stopped smoking, he (feel) ___would feel______________ better.
8. If she (have) __had_________ a day off, she would rest at home.
EXERCISES
9. I wouldn't do that if I (be) ____were___________ you.
10. We would go out if it (not / rain) __didn’t rain___________ .
11. She might lose weight if she (take) _took______________ more
excercise.
12. If he were taller, he (wear) __would wear_________ his brother's
trousers.
13. If she were more friendly, we (not / dislike) __wouldn’t
dislike_______ her.
14. If sea water (not / be) _weren’t _____ salty, we would water the
plants with it.
15. If I (have) __had___ an envelope and a stamp, I would post this
letter
immediately.
B

PUT THE VERBS IN BRACKETS INTO THE CORRECT TENSE AND

FORM

She doesn't have an umbrella.

If she (have) …..had.. an umbrella, she (go)…. would go…. out.
1. There isn't a ladder at home.
If there (be) _(was) were_ a ladder at home, I (paint) _would paint__
the ceiling.
2. She is very old.
If she (not / be) _weren’t ______ old, she (walk) __would walk____ up
the steps.
3. I don't have a car.
If I (have) ___had_______ a car, I (not take) __wouldn’t take_____________
a bus.
4. My sister can't wear my dresses.
If she (not / be) ___weren’t ______ fat, she (wear) _ wouldn’t wear ___
my dresses.
5. He has a lot of work at the office tonight.
If he (not / be) _weren’t busy, he (take) _would take__ us to dinner.
6. He doesn't know French.
If he (know) _knew __ French, he (talk) would talk___ to the tourists
in the museum.
7. Tom walks to school every day.
If he (have) _had___ a bicycle, he (not walk) _wouldn’t___ to school.
8. She doesn't have a large house.
If she (have) _had ___ a large house, she (invite) _woud invite____ her
friends.
IMAGINE THE SITUATION AND REWRITE IT USING IF

I don't know his phone number, so I can't phone him.

real situation
If I knew his phone number, I could phone him.
imaginary situation imaginary result

1. He is tired because he is the porter of the hotel.

If weren’t the porter of the hotel, he wouldn’t be tired.
2. She has flu, so she can't go out.
If she didin’t have the flu, she could go out.
3. The park is very far, so we can't walk there.
If the park weren’t very far, we coud walk there.
4. I can't help you because I have a lot of work in the kitchen.
If I didn’t have much work in the kitchen, ı culd help you.
5. Jill doesn't have a bikini, so she can't go swimming.
If Jill had a bikini, she could go swimming.
6. She doesn't lend you any money because you don't talk to her
politely.
If you talked to her politely, she would lend you some money.
7. It's very cold out, so we can't take a walk in the park.
If it weren’t cold out, we could take a walk in the park.
8. I am not rich, so I can't spend much money on travelling abroad.
If I were rich, I could spend a lot of money on travelling abroad.

E LOOK AT THE SITUATION AND GIVE ADVICE USING THE PROMPTS

GIVEN

I live with my parents in a big house with a large garden outside the
city. The house is very old and there aren't any plants in the garden.
The walls around the garden are broken down. It is difficult to go to
town every day. I don't have a car because I don't have a driving
licence, so I'd like to sell the house.

not sell - house; repair - walls around the garden; paint - rooms;
change - furniture; grow - trees and flowers; invite - friends and give -
parties;
get - driving licence; go - town by car
e.g. If I were you, I wouldn't sell the house.
If I were you , I would repair the walls around the garden.
If // , I would paint the rooms.
If … // , I would change the furniture.
If ..// , I would grow trees and flowers .
If // , I’d invite friends and give parties.
If // . , I’d get a driving license
If // , I would go to town by car.
F
READ ABOUT JANE AND THEN COMPLETE THE SENTENCES

Jane lives in a small farm in the country. Every day she collects
eggs and tries to sell them in the town market. It is not easy to take
her eggs to town. The town is very far from her house, so she can't
walk. There isn't a bus to town in the early morning on the market
day, so she can't go by bus. She can't drive her father's car because
he doesn't let her drive it. She has got a bicycle, but riding a bicycle
is rather dangerous for her and for the eggs. She can't take a taxi,
because taxis are expensive. So she has to carry the baskets to the
station and catch the 6 o'clock train.

►She could walk if the town weren’t very far from his house_ .

►She _would go by bus if there _were/was a bus to town in the early

morning on the market day.

►She _would drive_ her father's car, if he ___let her drive___ it.

►She__ would ride her bicycle__ if it _ weren’t _ _dangerous for her

and for the eggs.

►She _would take_ a taxi if _they weren’t __ expensive.

As long as, provided (that)

We use as long as and provided/providing (that) to mean on condition that.

As long as and provided/providing (that) all mean “if, but only if”. We can use
the
same tenses as in the first and second conditional sentences. They are
stronger
than if.
e. g. You can go out, provided that it stops raining. (= You can go out,
only if it stops
raining).
e. g. She can go to the party as long as she comes back before ten.
(= She can go to the party only if she comes back before ten.)

A MATCH A WITH B
A. B.
(.f...) 1. I can lend you some money a. provided that I have time.
(.a..) 2. I’ll phone her this morning b. as long as you hit it.
(.c.) 3. We will take a taxi c. provided that we miss the
school bus.
(..e..) 4. I will let her take my umbrella d. provided that they offered
him a good salary.
(..b..) 5. The dog will bite you e. as long as she is careful
with it.
(..d..) 6. He’d take the job f. as long as you pay me next
week.

COMPLETE THESE SENTENCES USING PROVIDED (THAT)/AS LONG AS

OR UNLESS

1. She’ll buy a car ___as long as/provided that_________ it isn’t very

expensive.
2. You can stay in this room _as long as/ provided that___________ you
don’t smoke.
3. I won’t go shopping __unless__________ you come with me.
4. He won’t go to the party ____unless________ he gets an invitation
card.
5. _Unless___________ you speak slowly, the tourist won’t understand
you.
6. I’ll take the dog for a walk ___as long as/provided that_________ it
isn’t raining.

D REWRITE these sentences USING PROVIDED (THAT) OR AS LONG AS

IN PLACE OF IF AND UNLESS
1. We’ll play football in the afternoon unless it rains.
We …………………………..provided that it doesn’t rain.
2. You can stay up late if you do your homework first.
You .. ………………………..as long as you do your HW
3. He won’t feel cold unless he takes his coat off.
He …………………as long as he doesn’t take his coat off
4. I’ll let you stay with us unless you make a noise and cause
trouble.
I ……………………………as long as you don’t make a noise……
5. You won’t get a headache if you don’t play computer games too
much.
You …………………………….providing that you don’t play……. .
6. She will lose weight unless she eats cake and ice-cream.
She……………………..providing that she doesn’t eat…….

Type 3 ( UNREAL PAST)

IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
If + past perfect, could/would might+ have + past participle
If I had studied, I would have passed the exam. ( But I didn’t study)

►We use type III to talk about past events or situations which did not happen.
The speaker dreams or imagines a different past event,

► If I had run, I would have caught the bus. (But I didn't run, so I
didn't catch
the bus.)

► If she hadn't slept early, she would have watched the horror film.
(But she slept early, so she didn't watch the horror film.)
We are imagining the opposite of what really happened.

►Notice: The verb in the if-clause is in the past perfect. Here the time
is past.
The past perfect tense describes an imaginary past action.

A SUPPLY THE SUITABLE FORMS OF THE VERBS IN BRACKETS

We would have played basketball if it (not rain) …hadn’t rained…..

1. If she had studied hard, she (pass) __would have passed____ her
exams.
2. I (miss) _would have missed___ the train if I hadn't hurried.
3. If he hadn't drunk all the cans of beer, he (not/be) _wouldn’t have
been__ sick.
4. If there (not be) _hadn’t been__ an open window, the burglar would
never have got in the house.
5. Would you have married me if we (meet) _had met___ five years
ago?
6. If they had known your address, they (visit) _would have
visited____ you.
7. If the driver (be) __had been__ more careful, he wouldn't have had
the accident.
8. If she (not spend) _hadn’t spend____ all her time in front of the
television, she would have finished her homework before dinner.

B READ THE SITUATION AND COMPLETE THE SENTENCE

I lost my passport, that's why I couldn't go abroad.

If I (not lose) hadn’t lost my passport I (go) would have gone abroad.

1. I didn't understand the question, so I couldn't answer it.

If I (understand) __had understood___ the question, I (answer)
__would have answered____ it.

2. My father didn't have much money two years ago.

If my father (have) __had had ___ a lot money, he (buy) _would have
bought___ a
bigger house.

3. I didn't know she was coming at 5 p.m.

If I (know) _had known __ she was coming at 5 p.m., I (meet) _would
have met____
her at the airport.

4. You didn't ask me to help you.

If you (ask) __had asked____ me to help you with your homework last
night,
I (help) _would have helped____ you.

5. I couldn't learn the last unit yesterday.

If I (not / sit) __hadn’t sat___ at the back of the class yesterday, I
(hear)
__could have heard___ better and (learn) __could have learnt___ the
lesson.

6. John called his mother when he arrived at Paris.

If he (not call) _hadn’t called__ his mother, she (get) __would have
got___ worried about him.

7. She didn't come to my party. If she (come) _had come__ , she

(meet) _would have met___ all my school friends.

8. There were few people at the meeting, that's why they cancelled
it.
If there (be) had been__ a lot of people at the meeting, they (not
cancel) _wouldn’t have cancelled__ it.

PUT IF OR UNLESS INTO THE SPACES

a)
1. The students will go to the beach tomorrow _unless__ it rains.
2. They will never get there on time ___unless_______ the bus leaves
soon.
3. ____If_____ you forget her address, you can find it in the phone
book.
4. You will never pass your exam ___if_______ you don't work harder.
5. ___Unless______ you run, you will miss the bus.
b)
1. She's very lazy. She'd pass __if_______ she studied hard.
2. They wouldn't be able to go to the concert _unless_______ they
could borrow some money.
3. I wouldn't buy a car ___unless________ it had air bags.
4. She wouldn't spend all that money ___if________ she weren't very
rich.
5. We wouldn't have gone out _______unless_____ it had stopped
raining.

K
 PUT THE VERBS IN BRACKETS INTO THE CORRECT TENSE AND
FORM
(THE SIMPLE PAST, PAST PROGRESSIVE, PAST PERFECT TENSE,
PERFECT CONDITIONAL)

Yesterday afternoon, John (go) __went___ fishing in the river. He

(stand) __stood_______ on the side of the river and (throw)
_threw________ the fishing line with a worm into the river. Then he
(see) __saw____ another man who (fish) __was fishing___ on the other
side of the river. The man on the other side (have) __had____ a lot of
fish in his basket, which he (catch) _had caught__ since morning.
John (get) __got__________ bored while he (stand) ___was
standing___________ , so he (begin / eat) _______began to eat___________
a sandwich. Suddenly he (feel) _felt_______ something at the end of
the line. He (smile) _____was smiling_____ while he (pull) _was
pulling____ it slowly and carefully.
But what a nasty surprise! At the end of the fishing line a big old
shoe (appear) _____appeared___ . In the evening when he (come)
_came________ home, he (say) _said_______ to his wife, “If I (be)
________had been_________ on the other side of the river, I (catch)
___would have caught___________ a lot of fish.”