PROBLEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN TOOLS Until now the theory of problem-solving (Newell and Simon, 1972) has mainly emphasized the search of solutions within a problem'space. From this viewpoint, problem-solving capability (intelligence) should be seen as the possession of adequate logic, which allows making the search more efficient. The first thing to be done in order to solve an ill- structured problem is to formulate it in a well-structured way. Once we know how to construct (and transform) representations of ill-structured problem domains, we can simply apply the existing knowledge about search through problem spaces to be able to solve all types of problems. Definition of Terms Abstract A well-structured problem formulation in order to tackle a complex problem domain. General representations constructed to analyze, hierarchically organized, as well: as a systems of distinctions, securing the survival of an agent with respect to his situation. Abstract is preliminary variation-selection model outlined combining theoretical, computational and empirical-psychological approaches for solving a problem domain. Abstraction is a design activity that makes use of models first before implementation. This is a process of building simple structures out of the available data, which are often inconsistent, ambiguous, unclear and changeful in manner. This is also the act of separating the inherent qualities or properties of something from the actual physical object or concept to which It belongs.Chapuer? Programming Language,» Iil-structured problem can be characterized, first, by th presence of a “problem” or a situation which is to be changed in some way. The absence of the structure needed for efficient search, constraints in walle defined goal(s), problem-states, operators, heuristic criteria, . IPO Chart Known as Input-Process-Output Chart. IPO links the Input and Output and specifies what input data go Into a process and what output Is generated as an outcome. Narrative Program logic Is described and communicated through words. Procedures and instructions are narrated which may be numbered to Indicate sequence or order. Algorithm is a mathematical narrative or logical step-by-step procedure of solution in solving a particular problem, Flowchart Is a diagram that uses standard ANSI (American National Standards Institute) symbols to show the step-by-step processing activities and decision logic | > ee (Chapter 2 1 PROBLEM ANALYSIS The Program Plan int provides 2 the bluep! The program Pian te ing problems. It systematic approach to computer programm! consists of several important sub-steps. ‘The first step Is to define the problem. In this step the problem is examined carefully to determine what questions poet be answered before attempting to solve the problem. from this sub-step the required output of the program Is determined. ‘The next step Is to assemble all given data and to assign variable names to those quantities, which are unknown. All Unnecessary Information should be discarded because many problems contain Information which has no meaning to the Solution. From this sub-step, the available data are derived. ‘The next step Is to discover relationships among data and to express the relationship as equation. The equations are needed in solving problems. Siso arranged In order of Importance so that the proper Sequence of the solution may be determined. From this sub- step, the processing requirements are determined Example of an IPO chart: Example of a Program Plat Create a program plan that will compute for an ‘employee’s weekly net pay and will generate the employee's pay slip similar to the one below: f ys Payroll Period J June 10- 25, 2013 7 INPUT PROCESS ouTPUT FIRST NUMBER TO GET THE SUM - ADD FIRST NUMBER TO SECOND FIRST NUMBER Employee Name: Juan Dela Cruz SECOND SECOND NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER Regular Hours worked: 56 hrs. i Regular rate: P 50.00 PRINT THE SUM suM { Basic Salary for the Week: P 2,800.00 Overtime Hours rendered: 15 hrs. | Overtime Pay: P 1,125.00 Fig 1.0 Input-Process-Output (IPO) P 3,925.00 Figure 1.0 demonstrates an example where two (2) P 588.75 numbers are accepted and added together as thelr Sum. 3,336.25 10 tyChapter 2 Programming Language } 4 employee name, regular hours worked, and overtime hours rendered are to be entered from the keyboard. Overtime pay is one and one-half times the regular rate while tax is set at 15 % of the gross. The payroll period, ‘Solution: Program Plan: a. Required Output: Payroll Period MM-DD-YYYY Employee Name: KKK KHHHHKKK Regular Hours worked 99 Regular rate _P 99.99 Basic Salary for the Week P 9,999.99 Overtime Hours rendered 99 Overtime Pay P 9,999.99 Gross Pay: P9,999.99 Less: Tax P.9,999.99 Net Pay: P. 9,999.99 b. Available Input Payroll Period = PPeriod Employee Name = EName Regular Hours Worked = RHWorked Regular Rate = RRate Overtime Hours Rendered = OHRendered yaene c. Processing Requirements 1. Net Pay = Gross pay - Tax 2. Gross pay = Basic Salary of the Week + Overtime Pay 3. Tax = Gross Pay *.15 4. Basic Salary = RHWorked * RRate 5. Overtime Pay = OHRendered * RRate * 1.50 12Chapter 2 : Programming Language 1 Algorithm This refers to the narrative step-by-step solution to the problem. Using ordinary English language, the solution or the steps how to transform the problem's input Into an output Is discussed. In planning the algorithm, an IPO chart can be used. An \ pe cart is divided into three columns: Input, Process and jutput. Most algorithms begin with an instruction that enters the Input data Into the computer. The input data are listed in the Input column of an IPO chart. After the instructions to enter the Input items, the next set of instructions process the input typically by performing some calculations on some processing items. Processing items represent an intermediate value that the algorithm uses when processing the Input into the output. These steps are entered In the Processing column of an IPO chart. Algorithms usually end with an instruction either to print or display or store the output items which are listed In the Output column of the of the IPO chart. Example Algorithm: Problem: Compute the area (A) of the circle with the given radius (r) and a constant value of pi =3.14159 (p). Algorithm: 1. Input the radius. Lao hed vuln (n) 2. Compute the area using the formulaA =pxr. = ung . 3. Print the area (A). ~ aces Se CL ry om. Now, using the above given example that would create a per program plan to compute the area and perimeter of a rectangle. Based on the specifications given, let us create the IPO chart. | 14(Chapter 2 Programming Language | Al \ Solution: ‘Input Processing Output Formulas: 1 Length (L) LxW Area (A), | ‘width (W) 2(L+W) Perimeter (P) t where: ‘area | Perimeter Algorithm: 1. Compute the Area by multiplying the Length and width of the rectangle; 2. Add the value of Length to the Width of the rectangle; 3. Then multiple It by two(2) ‘ to obtain it’s Perimeter ‘The following are helpful hints a programmer may consider in planning an algorithm. 4. Before writing an algorithm, consider whether you have already solved a similar problem. If you have, you can use the same solytion, often with little modification to solve the current problem. 2. If you have not solved similar problem, consider whether you can use a portion of an existing algorithm ‘to solve. the current problem, - 7 you have not solved a similar problem, ahd If you cannot use a portion ‘of an existing problem, solve the problem manually, ‘noting each step you take to do so. Example No. 2 for Algorithm Instructions: Create a program plan and an algorithm for the following cases. 1. A man knows that the gasoline tank of his car holds 24 gallons and that his car averages 18.3 miles per gallon. He starts with a full tank and drives at 45 miles per hour. Find the volume of the gasoline left in the tank at any given time a The volume of the gasoline left In the tank Required Output ‘Available Full Tank = Volume = 24 gallons input ‘Average miles per gallon = 18.3 miles/gallons (amg) sroCessIn: Fwerage gasoline consumption = amg * time Procsirements Volume Consumed = Speed/Average Gasoline Consumption at any given time Volume Remaining = Full Tank - Volume Consumed ‘Algorithm ‘Start Enter time (t) \ To obtain the average gasoline consumption at any given time, multiply amg by (t), call It as (Avat) To obtain the volume consumed, divide the car’s speed by Avgt, name It as (V2) To compute the remaining gasoline subtract (V2) from (V1), gos ype all It as (VRemaining) 6.__ Stop FLOWCHART AND FLOWCHARTING SYMBOLS Flowchart Is also known as “Process Flow Charts” which was introduced in 1921 by Frank Gilbert, and it was used by ‘Allan H. Mogensen to train business people. With the proper use of flowchart you can represent the solution to the simple to complex problems. Types of FLOWCHART: 1. Program flowchart A plan of attack showing the detailed steps required In the solution to a given problem. It Is a graphical representation of the operations required carrying out a data processing. Flowchart Is also defined as pictorial representation of the structure and sequence of operations Involved in the solution to a problem. 2. System flowchart Is a System Development modeling tool, used to diagram and document design of a new system and present an overview of the entire system, Including data flow (point of Input, output and storage) and processing activities. This flowchart Is used to show in general terms what Is to be accomplished by the program. . 16noes Programming Language 1‘ * \- FLOWCHARTING SYMBOLS Before drawing the flowchart one must understand the different symbols used In flowcharting. There are many symbols used In flowcharting, for uniformity and best practices, It should be agreed upon that the following symbols be used: FUNCTION TERMINATOR/TERMINAL. Used to Indicate the beginning and ending of a flowchart or routine. . PREPARATION/INITIALIZATION. Used to initialize work areas such as counters, accumulators, or array. OFF PAGE CONNECTOR is used to connect separate pages of a flowchart ON-PAGE CONNECTOR Is used to Indicate the point of which transfer of yy Programming Language SYSTEM FLOWCHART SYMBOLS FUNCTION OR PREDEFINED PROCESS SUBROUTINE denotes a sequence of steps which are separate from the main flowchart REPORT/ DOCUMENT Is used to print results, reports, or messages. MANUAL INPUT (KEYBOARD) is used to enter data manually. DISPLAY shows results on the screen, CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) STORED DATA or saved data SEQUENTIAL ACCESS STORAGE read data In sequence. control. DIRECT DATA data can be inputted DECISION Is used to test a condition, mannually which will be either TRUE or FALSE. SYMBOL INPUT/OUTPUT Is used to indicate where data are entered and also where results are written. This symbol is used when 1/0 device name Is not given. ‘ 2 INTERNAL STORAGE Is used for storing/saving data. T FLOW LINES Is used to Indicate the 559 sequence in which instruction is executed. i MERGE symbol used for combining set of data or separating data. ANNOTATION | indicates remarks or comments. 0 AROAOLUWE ~ DAA eASE TE fre Souk 17 182 Programming Language} '° rogram flowchart yt <> a) Example ofap ES