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Strategic Alignment Dissertation

The document discusses the challenges of writing a dissertation on the complex topic of strategic alignment between organizational strategies and IT strategies. It notes that strategic alignment encompasses many interrelated elements, and organizations are constantly evolving, making it difficult to maintain relevance in research. Additionally, a strategic alignment dissertation requires extensive research across academic literature, case studies and empirical data that must be synthesized cohesively. The document recommends seeking assistance from HelpWriting.net, which connects students with expert writers who are experienced in navigating the complexities of strategic alignment and can produce high-quality work tailored to dissertation requirements.
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© © All Rights Reserved
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100% found this document useful (2 votes)
79 views

Strategic Alignment Dissertation

The document discusses the challenges of writing a dissertation on the complex topic of strategic alignment between organizational strategies and IT strategies. It notes that strategic alignment encompasses many interrelated elements, and organizations are constantly evolving, making it difficult to maintain relevance in research. Additionally, a strategic alignment dissertation requires extensive research across academic literature, case studies and empirical data that must be synthesized cohesively. The document recommends seeking assistance from HelpWriting.net, which connects students with expert writers who are experienced in navigating the complexities of strategic alignment and can produce high-quality work tailored to dissertation requirements.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Title: The Challenges of Crafting a Strategic Alignment Dissertation

Embarking on the journey of writing a dissertation is a formidable task, and when the subject
revolves around the intricate concept of strategic alignment, the complexity reaches new heights.
Crafting a dissertation on strategic alignment demands a profound understanding of organizational
strategies, coupled with the ability to conduct extensive research and present findings in a coherent
and scholarly manner.

One of the primary challenges that students face when delving into the realm of strategic alignment
is the vastness of the topic itself. Strategic alignment encompasses a broad spectrum of elements,
including organizational goals, IT strategies, business processes, and more. Navigating through this
multifaceted landscape requires a comprehensive grasp of each component and its interconnections.

Moreover, the dynamic nature of the business environment adds an extra layer of complexity to the
dissertation writing process. Organizations are constantly evolving, adapting to market changes,
technological advancements, and competitive pressures. Consequently, maintaining relevancy and
staying up-to-date with the latest trends in strategic alignment becomes a demanding task for
researchers.

The extensive research required for a strategic alignment dissertation involves delving into academic
literature, analyzing case studies, and collecting empirical data. Juggling these diverse sources and
synthesizing them into a cohesive argument requires not only time and effort but also a keen
analytical mind.

To alleviate the challenges associated with writing a dissertation on strategic alignment, students
often seek assistance from professional writing services. Among the various options available, ⇒
HelpWriting.net ⇔ stands out as a reliable platform that offers expert guidance. The platform
connects students with experienced writers who possess the expertise needed to navigate the
complexities of strategic alignment and deliver a well-crafted dissertation.

Choosing ⇒ HelpWriting.net ⇔ ensures that students receive personalized support tailored to their
specific dissertation requirements. The platform's writers are well-versed in the nuances of strategic
alignment, enabling them to provide valuable insights and produce high-quality academic work.

In conclusion, writing a dissertation on strategic alignment is a formidable task that demands a deep
understanding of organizational dynamics, extensive research capabilities, and the ability to
synthesize complex information. For those seeking assistance in navigating these challenges, ⇒
HelpWriting.net ⇔ emerges as a trusted resource to ensure a successful and stress-free dissertation
writing experience.
Be cloud ready with azure and aws the ultimate cloud solutions. Appendix 3: The Three levels of
Strategy within the Fleece’s organisational structure. From this it can be deduced if the IT recourses
and business requirements align, and if not, where visible gaps appear and how these can be closed.
You can either relax and allow some room for creativity or have full control. Be cloud ready with
azure and aws the ultimate cloud solutions. Explain the importance of good human resource
management on projects, especially on information technology projects Define project human
resource management and understand its processes. Conclusively, all encountered literature was in
agreeance that strategic alignment was always desirable (Sabherwal, 2001; Luftman, 2000; Avison,
2004). As such, the company intended to continue to explore further acquisition opportunities. As a
small to medium-sized business, it currently operates with 42 employees. If you interviewed
Grandma, even she would know about it.:). Discuss three (3) options for organizational strategy.
Comparison Between Different Enterprise Architecture. The key theory of the SAM is, to become a
more proficient organisation, the business strategy should be fully aligned with the four strategic
domains: business strategy, IT strategy, organisational infrastructure and IT infrastructure
(Rothchilde, 2006). Moreover, as the business cannot be aware of customers which have not booked,
this too consequently results in poor service and increased wait times for tables. In these page, we
also have variety of images available. This sentence should be the poison for which your purpose
statement is the antidote. While the business is successful, there are numerous operational inhibitors
outlined that prevent The Fleece from maximizing its potential to more effectively achieve its
business goals. Tuan Yang NetCom learning webinar start your network foundations with
ccna(handouts) NetCom learning webinar start your network foundations with ccna(handouts) Tuan
Yang NetCom learning webinar 5 disruptive trends impacting the project management. NetCom
learning webinar 5 disruptive trends impacting the project management. For better management of
business-IT strategic alignment the organizations. Our secure payment gateway ensures that your
transaction is safe and your data is protected. Once these are known, the right measures of success
can be developed and made SMARTI (Specific, Measurable, Acceptable, Realistic, Time-bound and
Inspiring). It makes users and decision-makers more aware of the impact of the accommodation on
the organisational strategy. This may include gap analysis,which will establish the extent to which
environmental factors mightlead to gaps between what could be achieved if no changes were
madeand what needs to be achieved. Appendix 9: Enablers and inhibitors of strategic alignment
(Luftman, 2000). Data analytics has become a huge component of business strategizing a 2017
report by DOMO found 2.5 quintillion bytes of data is globally generated daily (Forbes, 2018).
Johnson argues the functional organisational structure to be more prominently used in small and
medium organisations with a narrow scope, which supports why it is used The Fleece (2012). Current
B2C relationships with regular customers are built and maintained through word of mouth and
casual conversations. It strives on providing service excellence to all customers while maintaining a
nostalgic pub atmosphere with modern interpretations. Lim, MBB, PMP PMP Training - 11 project
risk management PMP Training - 11 project risk management ejlp12 Project Quality Management -
PMBOK6 Project Quality Management - PMBOK6 Agus Suhanto Project Manangement
Introduction Project Manangement Introduction asim78 10.
However, the EPOS system works independently from other areas of the business, therefore tasks
such as stock control and staffing rotas remain a very much manual process (Merlyn, 2011). Such as
pdf, jpg, animated gifs, pic art, logo, black and white, transparent, etc. Communication with the
users about the measured results and their own subjective experiences is crucial. Luftman labels six
important enablers and inhibitors (refer to appendix 9), which presents the key inhibitors of strategic
alignment to be as a result of lack of a close relationship between IT and business (2000). These
strategies define intentions and plans related to overall organizationalconsiderations, such as
organizational effectiveness, and to morespecific aspects of people management, such as resourcing,
learning anddevelopment, reward and employee relations. The Fleece utilises product differentiation
as its main strategic driver, aiming to deliver on its business mission to be the elite eatery in the local
area. Be cloud ready with azure and aws the ultimate cloud solutions. The SAM methodology sorts
the formulated strategy text to achieve the organisational goals into the four strategic management
focus areas. In the practical sense, HR strategy is the concern of the Human Resource Manager and
it is determined by the wider views and strategies of the CEO and the Board of Directors. Hyken
presents the idea that losing customer confidence will result in the loss of a customer. The Strategic
Alignment Model (SAM) was first introduced by Henderson and Venkatraman in 1989 (refer to
appendix 4). Luftman labels six important enablers and inhibitors (refer to appendix 9), which
presents the key inhibitors of strategic alignment to be as a result of lack of a close relationship
between IT and business (2000). Project strategic alignment is a method which links an
organization's vision, mission, strategic goals and objectives with those of project and program
management. Additionally, business communication methods of email, phone and word of mouth are
laborious and outdated. PERSPECTIVES. The Classification of Humans The Definition of
Anatomy Structural Levels of Organization The Relationship of Structure to Function The Systems
of the Human Body. As a small to medium-sized business, it currently operates with 42 employees.
The Fleece utilises product differentiation as its main strategic driver, aiming to deliver on its
business mission to be the elite eatery in the local area. Thus, Big Data holds enormous value to
organisations through the ability to develop innovative insights and improve understanding of
problems (Dietrich, et al., 2015). Therefore, to expand this technology further The Fleece could
utilize data analytics and intelligence tools to provide further insight into sales data and help build
customer profiles which will further align the IS and business strategy. Strategy is commonly divided
into three distinctive levels; functional strategy, business strategy and corporate strategy (refer to
appendix 2). An organisation is more than a collection of people who perform certain tasks. Dr.
Hadia Hamdy Magda Hassan Yomna Samir Dina Mehrez. Overnight delivery services Income tax
filling Value added services to hospital customers and redesigning internal organizational processes.
You can block or delete them by changing your browser settings and force blocking all cookies on
this website. As the business strategy formulated by top management is the driver for both
organisation design choices and the logic of IS infrastructure (1993). Consequently, this imposes
major impacts on business procedures and revenue as staff are often too busy to answer the phone or
emails resulting in loss of business and customer dissatisfaction. Inconsistency between criteria and
assessments leads to frustration and lack of engagement. Comparison Between Different Enterprise
Architecture. The use of data analytics within the business would allow The Fleece to establish and
build customer relationships through the acquisition of their purchase data. Aligning IT With
Business Objectives A Critical Survival And Success Factor. An applied SAM is always organisation-
specific although in its self a generic model.
In order to actually achieve the desired end result, it is essential to describe the accommodation
objectives clearly and measurably in the specific organisational context within the available budget
and time frame. A Call for Change. Strategic direction for the future. Design a strong defense
strategy to prevent hackers from evading antivirus so. Furthermore, it allows managing staff to have
a real-time overview of the restaurant. Referring back to Luftman’s enablers and inhibitors (refer to
appendix 9), it is critical that for new IT implementation to be justified that it acts as an enabler to
more effectively reach strategic goals. Building a work breakdown structure Project scheduling
Dependency diagrams Estimating task durations Project organization Types of organizations
Communications infrastructure. Business competencies: IT competencies: Advanced softwares are
implemented in. If you are an existing member, you will need to reset your password before you can
login. With the understanding of the interconnection between education systems and labour market
needs, governments all over the world focus on the creation of strategies that assure proper
alignment of the two elements in order to ascertain success. Additionally, business communication
methods of email, phone and word of mouth are laborious and outdated. More than 40% of newly
recruited engineers left the company within two months, right after the announcement of the
intended relocation of the Engineering Division from Hong Kong to China. Nevertheless, as a
business with high consumer traffic, it utilises an EPOS ordering system in place of the traditional
use of pen and paper. Furthermore, it allows managing staff to have a real-time overview of the
restaurant. Nevertheless, could be prevented through the use of technology. Hyken presents the idea
that losing customer confidence will result in the loss of a customer. We will work on your paper
until you are completely happy with the result. If you want some guidance about that, you can find
an excellent video here. NetCom learning webinar 5 disruptive trends impacting the project
management. More importantly, the system calculates the sum totals of customer bills allowing for
efficient and accurate monetary calculations while reducing the factor of human error. A Strategic
Accommodation Roadmap is a dynamic accommodation planning tool just like there are tools for
budgeting finances. Moreover, the data could be used to strengthen business relationships by
rewarding returning customers with offers and improve customer retention by sending offers to
customers that have not returned to the business in some time. Appendix 10: Strategy Execution
Perspective (Venkatraman, et al., 1993). It could also be argued that The Fleece does persist a cost
differentiation strategy differing from competitor prices being one of the more expensive eateries. A
common definition of workplace strategy is the dynamic alignment of an organisation’s work
patterns with the work environment to enable peak performance and reduce costs. Thus, it is essential
that the business understands its customers to provide superior value and establish long?term
customer relationships (Ravalad, 1996). Understanding the gaps in IT maturity against business
demand and why they appear. How do hotel linen suppliers contribute to sustainable and eco-
friendly pract. A critical success factor for The Fleece is ensuring that customers satisfied with the
product and service that they receive. Strategic alignment takes on many theoretical interpretations
across literature, however, the question to what is meant by strategic alignment remains quite simple.
The EPOS system helps automate the job functions of staff and collect sales data for the business.
These text fragments are then labelled according to 20 generic ambitions to add value with Real
Estate (RE), Facility Management (FM) and Information Technology (IT). The success of an
organisation is usually not determined by the strength of a strategy, but by the extent to which the
strategy is implemented. The feedback provided to you about alignment probably came alongside
lots of other feedback. More importantly, the system calculates the sum totals of customer bills
allowing for efficient and accurate monetary calculations while reducing the factor of human error.
This is especially present in the food industry, as a customer’s poor experiences can be projected to a
global platform via online reviews (2017). Using our Strategic Alignment Matrix research technique
is one of the first steps in our client analysis to identify vision, strategy, culture, structure, and
direction to determine the desired outcome. Thus, staff would be able to spend more time focusing
on customers within the restaurant, rather than spending time on the phone enabling The Fleece to
achieve its strategic goals. ADDIE Instructional Design Certificate Program (Fully Online). With the
understanding of the interconnection between education systems and labour market needs,
governments all over the world focus on the creation of strategies that assure proper alignment of the
two elements in order to ascertain success. Tasks and activities serve as opportunities to practice
skills taught in preparation to demonstrate it on an evaluation. Make sure that this guarantee is totally
transparent. Additionally, business communication methods of email, phone and word of mouth are
laborious and outdated. An organisation is more than a collection of people who perform certain
tasks. Note that blocking some types of cookies may impact your experience on our websites and the
services we are able to offer. Thus, it is essential that the business understands its customers to
provide superior value and establish long?term customer relationships (Ravalad, 1996). From this it
can be deduced if the IT recourses and business requirements align, and if not, where visible gaps
appear and how these can be closed. There is no gap where plagiarism could squeeze in. Learn to
utilize cisco unified communications for better collaboration( hando. PERSPECTIVES. The
Classification of Humans The Definition of Anatomy Structural Levels of Organization The
Relationship of Structure to Function The Systems of the Human Body. As the only data collected
currently within The Fleece is daily figures enhancing this technology further could provide The
Fleece with crucial business knowledge such as; most popular products, popular products by day,
customer retention rate, average customer spends ext. More importantly, the system calculates the
sum totals of customer bills allowing for efficient and accurate monetary calculations while reducing
the factor of human error. Sabherwal (2001) writes cohesive alignment between organisations IT
resources and strategic goals are rewarded in three ways; by providing vision and direction to react
to new opportunities, by helping to obtain and maintain competitive advantages through Information
Systems (IS), and by increasing return on organizational IT investments. As a small to medium-sized
business, it currently operates with 42 employees. As the business strategy formulated by top
management is the driver for both organisation design choices and the logic of IS infrastructure
(1993). This study reaffirms the supposition that coaching is an effective tool in harnessing employee
employees’ performance. Moreover, the collection of sales data from the current EPOS system and
table bookings data from the online booking system would enable the business to build effective
insights, such as; customer retention rates, best sales items and revenue targets. Marketing objectives
and strategies are the highly significant factors that influence the purchasing behavior of consumers.
The six components of this model, form the building blocks for the strategic alignment maturity
assessment method (2000). Luftman labels six important enablers and inhibitors (refer to appendix
9), which presents the key inhibitors of strategic alignment to be as a result of lack of a close
relationship between IT and business (2000). This article attempts to explain the ADDIE model by
providing different definitions.
Tuan Yang Webinar - Adobe Illustrator Fundamentals - Walkthrough of the Latest Features. People
determine the success and failure of organizations and projects. Moreover, the collection of sales data
from the current EPOS system and table bookings data from the online booking system would
enable the business to build effective insights, such as; customer retention rates, best sales items and
revenue targets. To counteract this issue, the business could incorporate table booking functionality
to the already existing website. Is represented in developing That represented in different Improving
business-to-business, trade-. The use of data analytics within the business would allow The Fleece to
establish and build customer relationships through the acquisition of their purchase data. They saved
me so many times, I cannot even keep count. Aligning IT With Business Objectives A Critical
Survival And Success Factor. As the only data collected currently within The Fleece is daily figures
enhancing this technology further could provide The Fleece with crucial business knowledge such
as; most popular products, popular products by day, customer retention rate, average customer
spends ext. This would allow customers to book online, reducing staff workload and enabling the
business to capture and collect customer information such an email address and from this send cost-
effective targeted advertising and marketing. Luftman labels six important enablers and inhibitors
(refer to appendix 9), which presents the key inhibitors of strategic alignment to be as a result of
lack of a close relationship between IT and business (2000). As presented in appendix 8, strategic
alignment is the harmonious integration between business recourse and its strategic goals
(Sabherwal, 2001; Luftman, 2000; Avison, 2004). Managerial Activity to Attract, Develop, and
Maintain an Effective Work Force to Fulfill Organizational Goals. Tuan Yang 4 tips to master the art
of adobe in design 4 tips to master the art of adobe in design Tuan Yang Build your Own Business
Application Using Microsoft Power Apps Build your Own Business Application Using Microsoft
Power Apps Tuan Yang Draw IT Network Diagrams Like a Pro Using AutoCAD Draw IT Network
Diagrams Like a Pro Using AutoCAD Tuan Yang Design a strong defense strategy to prevent
hackers from evading antivirus so. This improves employee communication and role knowledge as
staff are grouped together within the same job function. The use of data analytics within the business
would allow The Fleece to establish and build customer relationships through the acquisition of their
purchase data. To be regarded as the top restaurant venue in the local area. The goal of IT alignment
and strategic planning is to ensure a strong and clear relationship between IT investment decisions
and the health care organization’s overall strategies, goals, and objectives. Sabherwal further goes on
to argue that the main inhibitor to achieving strategic alignment is lack of technical understanding by
executives within the workplace (2001). Only then are you ready to start writing your proposal.
Venkatramen, N., Henderson J.C. and Oldach, S. (1993) Continuous strategic alignment: Exploiting
information technology capabilities for competitive success, European Management Journal 11 (2):
139-149. The paper will also explore the two game-changing facets of corporate governance and
strategic planning that did not exist earlier. The effects of cost reduction or realization of asset value
are usually difficult to replicate; however, the so-called soft results of culture and process changes
can be continuously enhanced and improved. Project strategic alignment is a method which links an
organization's vision, mission, strategic goals and objectives with those of project and program
management. It is then checked by our plagiarism-detection software. Sabherwal, R. (2001).
Alignment Between Business and IS Strategies: A Study of Prospectors, Analyzers, and Defenders.
pp.1-27. Both instructors and students should have a consistent understanding of what is going to be
taught and how it will be evaluated. Without alignment, however, this focus can get lost. Make sure
that this guarantee is totally transparent. Project Quality Management BhuWan Khadka Project
Management vs.
The Strategic Alignment Model (SAM) was first introduced by Henderson and Venkatraman in 1989
(refer to appendix 4). Without alignment, it is also challenging to evaluate the effectiveness of
teaching strategies themselves. An organisation is more than a collection of people who perform
certain tasks. Therefore, The Fleece’s only Information system (IS) investment has been through the
purchase of its EPOS system. These strategies define intentions and plans related to overall
organizationalconsiderations, such as organizational effectiveness, and to morespecific aspects of
people management, such as resourcing, learning anddevelopment, reward and employee relations.
The three levels of strategy each relate to different levels within The Fleeces organizational structure,
as presented in appendix 3 (Johnson, et al., 2014). As can be seen from Appendix 11, The Fleece’s
business objectives are primarily customer focused. It could also be argued that The Fleece does
persist a cost differentiation strategy differing from competitor prices being one of the more
expensive eateries. Tuan Yang Webinar - Adobe Illustrator Fundamentals - Walkthrough of the
Latest Features. The six components of this model, form the building blocks for the strategic
alignment maturity assessment method (2000). Porter theorizes that there are two main types of
business strategy; cost leadership and product differentiation (Miles, 2003). Tuan Yang Webinar -
Building the Next-level Hybrid Cloud for The Next Generation of IT. Keep on browsing if you are
OK with that, or find out how to manage cookies. First, instructors outline learning goals for the
program and then create assessments based on the learning objectives. SAM makes the connection
between the hard and the soft aspects of business operations with accommodation visible and
measurable. It uses SMART performance indicators by means of the REN-method. Aligning IT With
Business Objectives A Critical Survival And Success Factor. IT and the business at strategic and
infrastructure levels. It could also be argued that The Fleece does persist a cost differentiation
strategy differing from competitor prices being one of the more expensive eateries. The SAMM
assesses where an organisation situates in terms of strategic alignment. Webinar - Adobe Illustrator
Fundamentals - Walkthrough of the Latest Features. Only then are you ready to start writing your
proposal. Aligning IT With Business Objectives A Critical Survival And Success Factor. Project
strategic alignment is a method which links an organization's vision, mission, strategic goals and
objectives with those of project and program management. RADM Tom Cullison, MC, USN Deputy
Surgeon General of the Navy 1 December 2008. If you can’t secure approval before writing a much
larger draft, make sure you model your purpose statement after other successful dissertations
supervised by your chair. The Fleece management and business owners have no professional
technical background, therefore, it could be assumed that their lack of technical understanding is
largely the reason as to why manual methods are predominantly used. PMI Strategic Plan Overview
- Linda Vella, PMP PMI Volunteer Participation - Karen Tate, MBA, PMP Community
Transformation Project - Linn J Wheeling, CAE. As the business strategy formulated by top
management is the driver for both organisation design choices and the logic of IS infrastructure
(1993). Management involves setting goals and allocating scarce resources to achieve them.
Distinctive capabilities or core competences describe what the organizationis specially or uniquely
capable of doing. Therefore, The Fleece’s only Information system (IS) investment has been through
the purchase of its EPOS system. Business governance: The IT governance Creating an IT
Governance unit to. Learning Organisation adapted from Peter Senge's 5th Discipline - Philosophy.
Space expansion: cultural considerations, long term perspectives, and spiritu. A Call for Change.
Strategic direction for the future. Such as pdf, jpg, animated gifs, pic art, logo, black and white,
transparent, etc. Keep tweaking the project until the chart tells you everything lines up. Referring
back to Luftman’s enablers and inhibitors (refer to appendix 9), it is critical that for new IT
implementation to be justified that it acts as an enabler to more effectively reach strategic goals. A
2016 report by AYTM found that 25% of all dinners asked regularly make online reservations (Pilon,
2016). It is, therefore, the requirement of the business owners to understand the strategic aims of the
business and it is of their control whether the business will take the required technical steps to
achieve strategic alignment. The aspects examined are cloud computing and social media corporate
governance may be developed and executed differently than IT governance, and this means that
separate efforts must be applied. The three levels of strategy each relate to different levels within The
Fleece’s organizational structure, as presented in appendix 3 (Johnson, et al., 2014). Coherence
between strategic ambitions and the assets mix of Real Estate, Facility Management and Information
Technology. At level 1 there are no established processes and the needed communication to attain
alignment is lacking (Luftman, 2003). Thus, Big Data holds enormous value to organisations through
the ability to develop innovative insights and improve understanding of problems (Dietrich, et al.,
2015). Therefore, to expand this technology further The Fleece could utilize data analytics and
intelligence tools to provide further insight into sales data and help build customer profiles which
will further align the IS and business strategy. A recent study by EPSILON found that 90% of
customers found personalization appealing, while 80% said they were more likely to do business
with a company that offers personalized approaches (Patel, 2017). Conversion Process. Exporting to
Environment. Outputs. Organization as Input-Output system. Is represented in developing That
represented in different Improving business-to-business, trade-. Since these providers may collect
personal data like your IP address we allow you to block them here. This would allow customers to
book online, reducing staff workload and enabling the business to capture and collect customer
information such an email address and from this send cost-effective targeted advertising and
marketing. Project strategic alignment is a method which links an organization's vision, mission,
strategic goals and objectives with those of project and program management. The balanced
scorecard (refer to appendix 11) can be used as a strategic alignment visionary tool for those with
limited technological backgrounds (Balakian, 2017). As a small to medium-sized business, it
currently operates with 42 employees. This would be achieved through autotomizing business
functions and creating a joint Information System (IS) to collectively develop valuable business
insights and increase business efficiency (Merlyn, 2011). Both students and teachers will experience
greater success in the program if they know where they are headed. This gives both the hard
economic and the soft social aspects a place within the context of how an organisation wants to
stand in society and be recognized by the relevant stakeholders. Strategy is commonly divided into
three distinctive levels; functional strategy, business strategy and corporate strategy (refer to
appendix 2). This would allow customers to book online, reducing staff workload and enabling the
business to capture and collect customer information such an email address and from this send cost-
effective targeted advertising and marketing. This would be achieved through autotomizing business
functions and creating a joint Information System (IS) to collectively develop valuable business
insights and increase business efficiency (Merlyn, 2011).

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