Unit 9 Around us

Introduction page 105 Exam practice: Multiple choice

3
1
KEY
POSSIBLE ANSWERS 1 D  2 C  3 C  4 C  5 B  6 A
Extreme weather conditions create difficulties precisely
because they are extreme and so the human body has Word building
to find ways to adapt in order to survive. For example,
extreme heat can make it difficult for people to work or 4
sleep. It can create an increased risk of skin problems and
KEY
some infectious diseases.
compete: competition
Extreme cold can cause hypothermia so people have
erupt: eruption (x8)
to wear many layers of warm clothes. Travelling can
evacuate: evacuation
be hazardous. Some machines cannot work at low
fascinate: fascination
temperatures.
migrate: migration
2 populate: population (x3)
They are all formed with the suffix -tion, added to the root
POSSIBLE ANSWERS
verb.
a Flooding would probably affect more people because
more people have their homes near rivers than in or 5
near forests. Flooding destroys lives and property. Many
KEY
people drown or are injured in floods. Sewage can
act: active (x3) system: systematic
come to the surface of streets and so on and this can
danger: dangerous volcano: volcanic (x3)
cause illnesses. Mosquitoes and other such disease-
destroy: destructive
carrying creatures thrive in still, wet conditions. Homes
and vehicles are damaged or destroyed. Electrical 6
plants and other facilities may be disrupted.
Fires destroy animals and plants. Many trees, which are KEY
so necessary for our environment, can be destroyed. a scientific  ​b migration  ​c systematic  ​d fascination  ​
b Flooding can be avoided by controlling the flow e devastation  ​f active
of water into rivers, and by the careful planning of
buildings, taking their effect on the environment into Over to you
account. 7 Students’ own answers.
Forest fires can be avoided by increasing restrictions
on what people can do in dry areas, such as lighting
camp fires. But sometimes the fires can be started Grammar page 108
by lightning, which is unavoidable. People can also
try to avoid forest fires by building homes well away Relative clauses
from woodland. Keeping strips of land free of trees 1
in forested areas can limit the spread of a fire; and KEY
ensuring that there are adequate supplies of water to a which; which / that b who / that
douse fires in high-risk areas can also help to limit the
damage fires cause. Fire alarms, fire hydrants and so on 2
must always be kept in good condition.
KEY
3 Students’ own answers. The speaker has one sister in sentence b.
The speaker has more than one sister in sentence a.
Reading and Use of English The information in the relative clause is essential in
sentence a.
Part 5 page 106
3
Think ahead KEY
a defining  ​b non-defining  ​c non-defining  ​
1 d non-defining  ​e defining  ​f defining
KEY
a 2  b 3  c 2

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 4 Vocabulary page 110
KEY
In sentences a and e, who / which can be replaced with Think ahead
that. 1 Students’ own answers.
5 2
KEY KEY
a where  ​b when  ​c why The article says that greenhouse gas emissions (carbon
The relative pronoun can be left out of sentence c. dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons and nitrous oxide) and
tropical deforestation are to blame for climate change.
6
KEY Dependent prepositions
The sentences with whom are more formal than the
sentences with who. You use whom, not who, immediately 3
after a preposition. KEY
7 consequences for; responsible for; leads to
KEY
4
a Tornadoes, which are commonly known as ‘twisters’ in
the USA, are a common phenomenon in the American KEY
Midwest. agreement on; anger at; ban on; cure for; damage to; effect
b Scientists and amateur tornado chasers alike flock to on; respect for; tax on; threat to
Oklahoma, Texas and Kansas in the months of May and a cure for c respect for
June when tornadoes are most likely to occur. b threat to d tax on
c Eric Rasmussen, who is a world authority on tornadoes,
does most of his work here where 78% of the world’s 5
tornadoes occur. KEY
d The scientists whose mission it is to find out more about a to, to   ​b of, to   ​c of, to, for   ​d for
tornadoes can only predict where they might form.
e The people who / that go in search of the tornadoes 6
often have a wasted journey. KEY
f The damage that / which a tornado causes can be appeal to insist on
immense. believe in invest in
g One of the worst recorded events was in March 1925, complain about result in
when nearly 700 people lost their lives. contribute to sympathize with
h On that day the Midwest was hit by seven tornadoes, depend on
affecting an area that / which covered over 320 km.
i Rescue workers found buildings where people had lived 7
and worked completely demolished. KEY
j No one yet knows the reason why there has been such a a 3 on each other for survival
big increase in the number of tornadoes in the last few b 5 to the destruction of the tropical rainforest
years. c 1 in recycling schemes
Relative pronouns can be omitted in sentences a and f. d 2 about pollution
(Note: in sentence a ‘which are‘ would need to be e 4 with people who live near big airports
omitted.)
8 Exam practice: Key word transformation
KEY 8
The farmers were more responsible than the weather
KEY
for the devastation of the Great Plains. They dug up the
1 a ban on cars
grass, and this meant there was nothing to anchor the soil,
2 to make an investment in
which turned to dust during hot weather and was blown
3 be incapable of changing
away by strong winds.
4 result in a saving of / result in you saving
5 have a negative effect on
Exam practice: Open cloze 6 is anger about / at / over plans
9
KEY
1 by  ​2 and  ​3 for  ​4 there  ​5 which  ​6 as  ​7 in  ​
Speaking Part 1 page 112

8 of
Think ahead
1 Students’ own answers.

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 2 Listening Part 4 page 113
KEY
a breezy; close; dull; freezing; humid; overcast; showery Think ahead
b cosmopolitan; bustling; dull; historic; industrial;
provincial; sprawling; vibrant 1
Other adjectives for the weather: cold, dry, hot, stormy, KEY
unpredictable, windy, wintry, etc. a & b Students‘ own answers.
Other adjectives for towns / cities: busy, historic, c Air travel has a negative effect on the environment
interesting, sleepy, etc. because aircraft engines emit noise, disturbing wildlife
3 and natural habitats, and have high levels of CO2
emissions, which contribute to the greenhouse effect.
KEY
The ways to reduce this are discussed in the audio and
a See audioscript below for examiner’s questions and
include improving the efficiency of airplane engines
candidates’ answers.
so they consume less fuel and also using alternative,
b Students’ own answers.
more environmentally-friendly fuels. Environmental
Audioscript 2•07 protection groups suggest that fuel should be taxed to
Examiner Where are you from, Manoulis? make flying more expensive so that people will fly less
Manoulis I come from Athens in Greece. in future: at the moment, flying is the fastest growing
Examiner First we’d like to know something about you. form of travel. They also recommend that governments
Clara, what kind of weather do you like best? should encourage people to travel less and choose
Clara I like hot, sunny weather best. alternative forms of transport.
Examiner Why?
Clara Because I like doing things outside, like going to the Exam practice: Multiple choice
beach with my friends or just sitting in an open-air café 2
having a cola and chatting to them. Things like that.
KEY
Examiner Manoulis, how do you spend your free time
1 C  ​2 B  ​3 B  ​4 A  ​5 A  ​6 C  ​7 B
when the weather is bad?
Manoulis If it’s cold and wet, I don’t usually go out. I stay at
home and maybe watch a DVD, play my guitar or listen to
Travel collocations
music in my room. But if the weather has been bad for a 3
few days, I’ll probably go out – shopping or to the cinema
– ’cos I’ll be bored staying at home. KEY
Examiner Clara, what’s your hometown like? board: get on
Clara I live in Barcelona. It’s a very cosmopolitan city. Parts disembark: get off
of the city are very modern, but it also has a historic old land: touch down
quarter with narrow streets. You can find all sorts of small
4
shops, bars and restaurants there. It’s a vibrant city with
plenty to do and see. KEY
Examiner Manoulis, how has your town changed in recent a touched down / landed
years? b disembark; board
Manoulis It looks much nicer than it used to because the c get on; get off
local council have cleaned all the old buildings. And the
town centre has been pedestrianized so it’s much nicer to 5
go shopping there now. They’ve also built another multi- KEY
storey car park so parking in the town centre is easier than disembark: a plane; c ship
it used to be. land: a plane
Examiner Thank you. touch down: a plane
board: a plane; b bus; c ship; d train
Pronunciation
Writing Part 2 – Report page 114
4
KEY Think ahead
a DVD (rise), guitar (rise), music (fall)
b shops (rise), bars (rise), restaurants (fall) 1
5 KEY
a water heating: C lighting: D
KEY
cooking: A appliances: E
a eat (rise); TV (rise); homework (fall)
space heating: B
b milk (rise); sugar (rise); rice (fall)
c starters (rise); main (rise); dessert (fall)

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 2 b Shopping is done in out-of-town supermarkets by most
people.
KEY
c could
a False. Whatever type of light bulb you have, the rule is
that the longer the light is on, the more energy it uses. 7
The energy used to switch a light on and off is less than
that of leaving it on, so switching lights off when you KEY
leave the room saves energy. a If more solar panels were installed, less electricity would
b True. About 90% of the energy traditional incandescent be used from non-renewable resources like coal, natural
light bulbs use is given off as heat, and only about 10% gas and oil.
results in light. b Fast-food outlets should be obliged by councils to clear
c False. Traditional light bulbs are much cheaper to buy up the packaging that people drop.
than the other two. LED lights are the most expensive c One way money can be saved and the environment
to buy but last much longer. Generally speaking, all helped is by turning down the thermostat on your
energy-saving light bulbs last 10 times longer than heating / by having the thermostat on your heating
traditional light bulbs but more importantly use up to turned down.
80% less electricity. d Metal cutlery should be used instead of disposable
d True. And it costs twice as much if you wash the clothes cutlery, which is usually plastic.
in hot water compared with washing them at 30 °C. e Your tap water could be filtered if you don’t like the
e False. Modern energy-efficient dishwashers can use up taste.
to 35% less water and use less energy as long as you f Your old computer shouldn’t be thrown away. It can be
run them with a full load. recycled by certain companies.
f False. You can save up to 10% on your energy bills by
switching these off at the plug. If left on standby, they
use around 80% of their full power.
Unit 9 Review page 116

g False. The screensaver uses just as much energy as 1

when you are working, so if you are leaving your desk,
KEY
e.g. for a meeting, the best thing to do is to switch off
1 D  ​2 A  ​3 C  ​4 D  ​5 A  ​6 C  ​7 D  ​8 B
your computer screen (monitor).
2
Writing a report
KEY
3 Mount Vesuvius, which is situated near the Bay of Naples,
is one of the world’s most famous active volcanoes. The
KEY
Romans, who believed it to be extinct, built the city of
Typical features of a report: formal language, Pompeii in its shadow. The violent eruption which / that
headings, bulleted lists (but not always), suggestions, took place in AD 79 proved them wrong.
recommendations The eruption, which happened when no one was
4 expecting it, has gone down as one of the worst in
recorded history. It happened during the daytime when
KEY people were going about their daily lives.
1 d  ​2 c  ​3 a  ​4 e The remains of the 2,000 inhabitants of Pompeii who /
that did not escape lay forgotten for centuries. When
5
excavation began in the eighteenth century, the remains
KEY were found of a much-loved family dog whose collar bore
a Yes, it is appropriately formal and informative, with a an inscription saying that he twice saved his owner’s life.
suitable format. It takes its reader into account in an
appropriate manner. 3
b Yes, it answers both parts of the question. KEY
c The headings make the report easy to follow, as do a in  ​b at  ​c to  ​d of; of   ​e to  ​f on
the numbered lists (although these could be better
constructed as paragraphs).

Impersonal language
6
KEY
a … cars are used … Public transport is greatly under-used
… fruit and vegetables bought are imported … have the
food delivered … these would not need to be flown … All
the above recommendations could be implemented …

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