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COMPARATIVE IN POLICING

Table of Contents

Introduction: Comparative Police System

Lesson 1. Comparative Police System; Defined 2

Lesson2. Four Types of Societies in the world 3

Lesson 3. Criminal Justice in the world 4

Lesson 4 . Theories in Policing system 5

Lesson 5. Theories of Comparative Criminology 5

Lesson 6. Basis of Police System and Type of Police 6

Force
7

Chapter 1. Globalization
Lesson 1. Globalization; Defined 10
Lesson 2. Transnational Crime 12
Chapter 2 . Different Police Organizations
Lesson 1. United Nations 15
Lesson 2. ASEANAPOL 18
Lesson 3. INTERPOL 20
Lesson4. EUROPOL 25
27

Page

Quiz

Quiz

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Chapter 3. Selected Police Models
Lesson 1. Countries with less or no crime 29
Lesson 2. Models of Police System 31
Quiz 49
Chapter 4. Bilateral and International Cooperation Against
Transnational Crime
Lesson 1. UN Convention 50
Lesson 2. ASEAN Achievement in Political 51
Collaboration
Lesson 3. Participation of the PNP in UN 52
Peacekeeping Mission
54
Quiz
DEFINITION OF TERMS 55
COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM

This study covers the different transnational crimes, its nature and effects as well as

the organization of the law enforcement set-up in the Philippines and its comparison of

selected police models and their relation with Interpol and UN bodies in the campaign against

transnational crimes and in the promotion of world peace.

With globalization goes transnational crimes like terrorism, drug trafficking, money

laundering and human smuggling. Transnational crimes cross across borders and the need for

bilateral and international cooperation becomes imperative. It is also essential to study trends

in policing because the speed by which changes affect the lives of people disturbs traditional

values and social arrangements which use dto unite people in pursuing common goals in the past.

This state of anomie (as Merton termed it) or “normlessness” brings about a new breed of

crimes which the police normally is not prepared to face. As e compare our own police system

with other models we would be able to gain insights into how to deal with transnational or

borderless crimes. Besides, best practices may be adopted from other police models in order

to make policing in this country more current and effective.

LESSON 1: COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM: DEFINED

I. Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

a. Cite the important definition involving Comparative Police System
b. Know the methods of comparison

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II. Lesson Proper:

TERMS TO PONDER:
 COMPARATIVE- denotes the degree or grade by which a person, thing, or other entity

has a property or quality greater or less in extent than that of another.

 POLICE- A police service is a public force empowered to enforce the law and to

ensure public and social order through the legitimized use of force.

 SYSTEM- A combination of related elements that is functioning as a whole in order to

achieve a single goal or objective.

 COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM- Process of outlining the similarities and

differences of one police system to another in order to discover insights in the field

of international policing.

The science and art of investigating and comparing the police system of nations. It

covers the study of police organizations, trainings and methods of policing of various

nations.

 COMPARATIVE CRIMINAL JUSTICE- It is subfield of the study of Criminal Justice

that compares justice systems worldwide. Such study can take a descriptive, historical,

or political approach. It studies the similarities and differences in structure, goals,

punishment and emphasis on rights as well as the history and political stature of

different systems. Justice system ng ibat ibang bansa, prosecution.

The three Basic Functions of Criminal Justice System

1. Policing -
2. Adjudication -
3. Correction -
 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE- It involves the study and

description of one country’s law, criminal procedure, or justice (Erika Fairchild). The

different laws of different nations and also the procedure . Comparative criminal
justice system attempts to build on the knowledge of criminal justice in one

country by investigating and evaluating, in terms of another country, culture, or

institution.

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 MODEL SYSTEM- is used to describe the countries being used as topics of

discussion. These countries are chosen not because they are greater than others but

because they are the focus of comparison being studied.

HOW TO COMPARE?

SAFARI METHOD – researcher visits another country. Hal. Pupuntahan mo yong bansa
para I obderve yong system nila. Mas maganda kaysa sa isa

COLLOBORATIVE METHOD – researcher communicates with foreign researcher. Pag may

kakilalal ka sa Japan, itatanong mo lang sa kanya kung ano ang policing system nila.
LESSON 2. THE FOUR TYPES OF SOCIETIES

I. Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

a. Discuss the four types of societies
b. Explain their differences

II. Lesson Proper

1. Folk-Communal societies are also called primitive societies.

A folk-communal society has little codification law, no specification among

police, and a system of punishment that just lets things go for a while without

attention until things become too much, and then harsh, barbaric punishment is

resorted to. Classic examples include the early Roman gentles, African and Middle

Eastern tribes, and Puritan settlements in North America (with the Salem “with

trials”). Pinakaunang society na walang specific na laws. Nakadepende sa Trial by

ordeal ang punishment sa panahong ito.

2. Urban-Commercial societies, which rely on trade as the essence of their market

system.
An urban-commercial society has civil law (some standards and customs are

written down), specialized police forces (some for religious offenses, others for

enforcing the King’s Law), and punishment is inconsistent, sometimes harsh,

sometimes lenient. Most of Continental Europe developed along this path. May

specific law pero civil lang. may mga police forces na sila. Kung ang punishment ngayon

ay makukulong bukas ay mamamatay na kasi pabago bago.

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3. Urban-Industrial Societies, which produce which produce most of the goods and

services they need without government interference.

An urban-industrial society not only has codified laws (statutes that prohibit)

but laws that prescribes good behavior, police become specialized in how to handle

property crimes, and the

system of punishment is run on market principles of creating incentives and

disincentives. England and the U.S. followed this positive legal path. Among the three,

this is the best because it ha codified laws. May mga police na specialized na

naghahandle sa mga kaso.

4. Bureaucratic Societies are modern post-industrial societies where the emphasis is

upon technique or the “technologizing” of everything, with the government.
A bureaucratic society has a system of laws (along with armies of lawyers),

police who tend to keep busy handling political crime and terrorism, and a system of

punishment characterized by over criminalization and overcrowding. The U.S. and

perhaps only eight other nations fit the bureaucratic pattern. Juvenile delinquency is

a phenomenon that only occurs in a bureaucratic society. It is a combination of all,

arm forces, lawyers and so on;;

Lesson 3. Types of Criminal Justice Law in the World

I. Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:
a. Discuss the different types of criminal justice in the world
b. Explain their differences
c. Judge what type of criminal justice is the most ideal

II. Lesson Proper

1. COMMON LAW SYSTEM
These are also known as Anglo-American justice, and exist in most

English-speaking countries of the world, such as the U.S., England, Australia, and New

Zealand. They are distinguished by a strong adversarial system where lawyers

interpret and judges are bound by precedent. Common law systems are distinctive in

the significance they attach to precedent (the importance of previously decided

cases). They primarily rely upon oral systems of previously in which the public trial is

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a main focal point. Ang mag iinterpret ay mga lawyers. Naka focus sila sa public trial

at mga previous decision ng ibang mga kaso. Halimbawa, bawal ang magbenta ng illegal

drugs then un ung basis ng kanilang batas.

2. CIVIL LAW SYSTEM

Also know as Continental justice or Romano-Germanic justice, and practice

throughout most of the European Union as well as elsewhere, in places such as Sweden,

Germany, France, and Japan. They are distinguished by a strong inquisitorial system

where fewer rights are granted to the accused, and the written law is taken as gospel

and subject to little interpretation. For example, a French maxim goes like this: “If

judge knows the answer, he must not be prohibited from achieving it by undue attention

to regulations of procedure and evidence. By contrast, the common law method is for a

judge to at least suspend belief until the sporting event of a trial is over. Legal

scholarship is much more sophisticated and elitist in civil law systems, as opposed to

the more democratic common law countries where just about anybody can get into law

school. Romano- Germanic systems are founded on the basis of natural law, which is a

respect for traditional and custom. The sovereigns, or leaders, of a civil law system are

considered above the law, as opposed to the common law notion that nobody is above

the law. It is more on inquisitorial. Nakadepende sa instinct ng judge unlike sa common

law system na kailangan munag mag undergo sa process.

3. SOCIALIST SYSTEMS

These are also known as Marxist-Leninist justice, and exist in many places, such

as Africa and Asia, where there has been a Communist revolution or the remnants of

one. They are distinguished by procedures designed to rehabilitate or retrain people

into fulfilling their responsibilities to the state. It is the ultimate expression of

positive law, designed to move the state forward toward the perfectibility of state

and mankind. It is also primarily characterized by administrative law, where non-legal

officials make most of the decisions. For example, in a socialist state, neither judges

nor lawyers are allowed to make law. Law is the same as policy, and an orthodox

Marxist view is that eventually, the law will not be necessary. Ang nagdedecide sa

issue ng legal system is ung mga non legal officials.

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4. ISLAMIC SYSTEM
Are also known as Muslim or Arabic justice, and derive all their procedures and
practices from interpretation of the Koran.
Nakadepende sa koran

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These are exceptions, however. Various tribes (such as the Siwa in the desert of

North Africa) are descendents of the ancient than the harsher Shariah punishments.

Islamic systems in general are characterized by the absence of positive law (the use

of law to move societies forward toward some progressive future) and are based

more on the concept of natural justice (crimes are considered acts of injustice that

conflict with tradition). Religion plays an important role that Islamic systems, so

much a role that most nations of this type are theocracies, where legal rule and

religious rule go together.

Lesson 4. Theories in Policing System

I. Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:
a. State the theories in Policing System
b. Differentiate the two theories in policing system

II. Lesson Proper:

1. HOMERULE THEORY
 Policemen are servants of the community.
 Effectiveness of policemen depends on the express wishes of the people.


2. CONTINENTAL THEORY
 Policemen are servant of higher authority.
 They just follow the wishes of top official of the government.

Lesson 5. Theories of Comparative Criminology

I. Objective: At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:
a. Explain the theories in comparative criminology

II. Lesson Proper:

According to Scheider (2001), the various theories that exist with empirical

support are the following theories of comparative Criminology:

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POLICING
1. Alertness to Crime Theory is that as a nation develops, people’s alertness to crime is

heightened, so they report more crime to police and also demand the police become more

effective at solving crime problems. Habang umaangat ng country, ung alertness ng mga

tao is mas mataas na din.

2. Economic or Migration Theory is that crime everywhere is the result of unrestrained

migration overpopulationtion in urban areas such as ghettos and slums. Migration ng ibat

ibang lahi.

3. Opportunity Theory is that along with higher standards of living, victims become

more careless of their belongings, and opportunities for committing crime multiply.

Nakadepende sa victims, pag pinababayaan nila ang kanilang mga belongings, doon

nagkakaroon ng mga crime or opportunity to commit a crime

4. Demographic Theory is based on the event of when a greater number of children are

being born, because as these baby booms grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out

of the adolescent identity crisis. Deprivation theory holds that progress comes along

with rising expectations, and people at the bottom develop unrealistic expectations

while people at the top don’t see themselves rising fast enough. Kapag mas maraming bata

ang naipapanganak, ams nagkakaroon ng delinquent acts.

5. Modernization Theory sees the problem as society becoming too complex. Habang na
momodernizea ng isang bansa mas tumataas ung crime rate.
6. Theory of Anomie and Synomie (the latter being a term referring to social cohesion

on values), suggests that progressive lifestyle and norms result in the disintegration of

older norms that once held people together (anomie). Adapting new norms is napapalitan

na yong mga old na gawi or pamamaraan.

Lesson 6. The Basis of Police Systems & Types of Police Force

I. Objective: At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

a. Explain the two basis of police system
b. Differentiate the two types of Police Force II. Lesson Proper:
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 Continental Policing - Traditional in nature as is it based its crime control efficiency to

the number of arrests and people being put to jail for punishment. Punishment is the sole

instrument of crime control. Na higher number of arrest na higher the effectiveness.

 Modern System- uses measurement of crime control efficiency and

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effectiveness based on the absence of crime or low crime rate. Police omnipresence

is considered as the tool or instrument in crime prevention. Pag walang crime then mas

effective ung mga police.

TYPES OF POLICE FORCE

 Centralized Police- A country with only one recognized police force which operates

entire that country. It uses a centralized system of policing. Philippines is an example of

centralized police because the Philippine National Police has one central office with many

regional, provincial and local branches throughout the country. Ito ung nasa atin na.

 Decentralized Police- refers to a system where police administrations and

operations are independent from one state to another . It is more applicable to
countries with federal government.
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CHAPTER 1

GLOBALIZATION

LESSON 1. GLOBALIZATION

I. Objective: At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

a. Know what is globalization
b. Examine the Threats and Opportunities brought by globalization

II. Lesson Proper

Globalization is a package of transnational flow of people, production, investment,

information, ideas, and authority. It is a process of interaction and integration among the

people, companies, and government of different nations, as process driven by international

trade and investment and aided by information technology. Accdg. to Alison Brysk

Globalization is the growing interpenetration of states, markets, communication, and ideas.

Jan Aart Scholte has argued that at least five broad definitions of globalization can be found
in the literature. Process by which people in the move easily across the globe. Integration of.

1. Globalization as Internationalization-cross border relations between countries.

(national economies). It describes the growth in international exchange and

interdependence.

2. Globalization as Liberalization- process of removing government-

imposed restrictions on movements between countries in order to create an “open”,
“borderless” world economy.
3. Globalization as Universalization - process of spreading various objects and

experiences to people at all corners of the earth. Sharing ideas to develop and improve

products.

4. Globalization as Westernization or Modernization- globalization is understood as a

dynamic, whereby the social structures of modernity are spread the world over,

normally destroying pre- existent cultures and local self- determination in the

process.

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5. Globalization as Deterritorialization - entails a reconfiguration of geography, so

that social space is no longer wholly mapped in terms of territorial places, territorial

distances and territorial borders.

Positive effects of Globalization

 Help us communicate better, stay healthier

Globalization Negative Effects

 Sweatshop – there are employers that employed at low wage

 Brain Drain – The departure of professional in other country for high salary.
 Effects on Environmental degradation -

 Food Security -
 Effect on disease -
 Drug Illicit Goods Trade -

Effects of Globalization in Law Enforcement

Every law enforcement agency in the world is expected to be the protector of

the people’s rights.
Globalization has great impact on every human right.

The emergence of an international regime for security and protection of human rights,

growing transnational social movement networks, increasing consciousness and information

politics have the potential to address both traditional and emerging forms of law violations.

Open international system should free individuals to pursue their rights, but large numbers

of people seem to be suffering from both long standing state repression and new denials of

rights linked to transnational forces like international terrorism and other acts against

humanity. If there is a movement of people, there is movement on products.

The challenge of globalization is that unaccountable flow of migration and open markets

present new threats, which are not amenable to state-based human rights regimes, while the

new opportunities of global information and institutions are insufficiently accessible and

distorted by persistent state intervention.

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Threats on Law Enforcement

1. Increasing volume of human rights violations evident by genocide or mass killing

2. The underprivileged gain unfair access to global mechanisms on law enforcement

and security.
3. Conflict between nations
4. Transnational criminal networks for drug trafficking, money laundering, terrorism, etc.

Opportunities for Law Enforcement

1. Creation of International tribunals to deal with human rights problems.

2. Humanitarian interventions that can promote universal norms and link them to the

enforcement power of states.

3. Transnational professional network and cooperation against transnational crimes.

4. Global groups for conflict monitoring and coalitions across transnational issues.

Effects of Globalization on Human Rights

The effect of globalization on state- based human rights violations will depend on the

type of state and its history. In newly democratizing countries with weak institution and elite

controlled economies, the growth of global markets and economic flows tends to destabilize

coercive forces but increase crime, police abuse and corruption.

Terms to Ponder:

Global Policing- indicate those forms of policing that fully global in scope.

International Policing- indicate those types of policing that are formally directed by

institutions usually responsible for international affairs.

Transnational Policing- pertains to all forms of policing that transgress national borders.

LESSON 2. TRANSNATIONAL CRIME

I. Objective

a. Discuss the Different Transnational Crime

b. Assess the global and national security risks posed by transnational

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II. Lesson Proper

Transnational Crimes refers to a crime that takes place across national borders. It is a
term that has been used in comparative and international criminal justice study in recent years to
reflect the complexity and enormity of global crime issues. It is defined by the United Nations (UN)
offences whose inception, proportion and/or direct or indirect effects involve in more than one
country.

Examples of Transnational Crimes

1. Money Laundering- the concealment of the origins of illegally obtained money, typically
by means of transfers involving foreign banks or legitimate businesses. Gagawa sila ng
legal na business galling sa illegal na pera. Kumbaga galling sa shubu ung pera tas
magtatayo ng grocery.
2. Drug Trafficking- is the commercial exchange of drugs and drug paraphernalia. This
includes any equipment used to manufacture illegal drugs or use them. Transnational
crime kasi it affects other countries.
3. Terrorism-

4. Human Trafficking- the illegal movement of people, typically for the purposes of forced
labour or commercial sexual exploitation. Pagpapalusot ng taong walang visa sa ibang
bansa. Dumadaan sa backdoor.
5. Cyber Crime- are generally defined as any type of illegal activity that makes use of

the Internet, a private or public network, or an in-house computer system. Common na

nakukumit ng mga bata sa nagyon.

6. Terrorism- the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to

intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in
furtherance of political or social objectives. (FBI, 1997)

The unofficial or unauthorized use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political
aims. The term terrorism comes from French terrorisme, “terror”, “great fear”, “dread”, related to
the Latin verb “terrere”, to frighten. The use of the word first appeared in January 1795 in the
The Times.

CHARACTERISTICS OF TERRORISM

 Premeditated or planned

 Politically motivated

 Aimed at civilians

 Carried out by sub- national groups

International Crimes- defined as crimes against the peace and security of mankind (Adler, Mueller,
and Laufer, 1994). The UN has identified the following as international crimes.

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Aggression (by one state against another)

Treat of aggression
Genocide (destroying a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group)
Terrorism
Drug trafficking
CHAPTER 2

Different Police Organization

1. ASEAN Chiefs of Police- on 1998 (Aseanapol) was established. The multinational Police

force of ASEAN. It was established through the meetings of Chiefs of Police of its

members, back in 1981 in Manila, Philippines from October 21 until October 23, 1981.

The permanent secretariat was agreed on 2008 and began operations in 2010 in Kuala

Lumpur, Malaysia. All the chief of police.

2. Europol- It means European Police Office or Europol. Europol is the European Union’s

criminal intelligence agency. It became fully operational on July 1, 1999. Europol only

acts on request at present.

3. IACP- (International Association of Chiefs of Police) the world’s oldest and largest non-

profit membership organization of police executives, with over 20,000 members in over

80 different countries. IACP’s leadership consists of the operating chief executes

of international, federal, state and local agencies of all sizes.

4. Interpol-(International Criminal Police Organization) It began in 1923, and at the same

time its name was International Criminal Police Commission. In 1956, its name

became International Criminal Police Organization. Slowly, the name of this

international organization became famous as Interpol. Now, Interpol is the second

biggest international organization; the United Nations is the first.

5. UN (United Nations) - the League of Nations was the international organization

responsible for ensuring peace and cooperation between world nations. It was founded

in 1919 “to promote international cooperation and to achieve peace and security”.

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LESSON 1. UNITED NATION

I. Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you will

be able to:
a. Know the history and principle of United Nations
b. Know the organizational Structure with their functions

III. Lesson Proper

Prior to the United Nations (UN), the League of Nations was the International

organization responsible for ensuring peace and cooperation between world nations. It was

founded in 1919 “to promote international cooperation and to achieve peace and security.” The

term “United Nations” was coined in 1942 Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt in the

Declaration by United Nations.The UN officially came into existence on October 24, 1945

after the ratification of the Charter of the United Nations.

The principles of the UN as explained in the Charter are to save future generations

from war, reaffirm human rights, and establish equal rights for all persons. In addition, it also

aims to promote justice, freedom and social progress for the peoples of all its member states.

Organization of the United Nations

1. UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY- this is the main decision-making and representative

assembly in the UN through its policies and recommendations.

2. UN SECURITY COUNCIL- the most powerful branches in the organization. It has

power to authorize the deployment UN member states militaries, can mandate a

ceasefire during conflicts, and can enforce penalties on countries if they do not comply

with given mandates.

3. INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE- located in The Hague, Netherlands. This

branch is responsible for the judicial matters of the UN. Pinaka korte ng mga nations.

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4. THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL- is a branch that assists the General

Assembly in promoting economic and social development as well as cooperation of

member states.

5. SECRETARIAT- the branch of UN headed by the Secretary General. Its main

responsibility is providing studies, information, and other data when needed by other

UN for their meetings.

UNITED NATIONS MEMBERSHIP

To become a member of the UN a state must accept both peace and all obligations

outlined in Charter and willing to carry out any action to satisfy those obligations. The final

decision on admission to the UN is carried out by the General Assembly after

recommendation by the Security Council. By accepting ung mga laws.

FUNCTIONS OF THE UNITED NATIONS

1. The main function of the UN is to maintain peace and security for all its member

states. Though the UN does not maintain its own military, it does have peacekeeping

forces which are supplied by its member states. On Approval of the UN Security

Council, these peacekeepers are often sent to regions where armed conflict has

recently ended to discourage combatants from resuming

fighting.

2. It aims to protect human rights and provide humanitarian assistance when needed. In

1948, the General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a

standard for its human rights operations. The UN currently provides technical

assistance in elections, helps to improve judicial structures and draft constitutions,

train human rights official, and provides food, drinking water, shelter and other

humanitarian services to peoples displaced by famine, war, and natural disaster.

3. It plays an integral part in social and economic Development program. This is the

largest source of technical grant assistance in the world.

UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL

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When a complaint concerning threat to peace is brought it, the Council’s first action is

usually to recommend to the parties to try to reach agreement by peaceful means. In some

cases, the Council itself undertakes investigation and mediation. It may appoint special

representatives or request the Secretary General to so or to use his good offices. It may

set forth principles for a peaceful settlement. Pay may mababalitaan ang Un na may away, pag

aayusin by reaching to an agreement.

When a dispute leads to fighting, the Council’s first is to bring it an end as soon as

possible. On many occasions, the Council has issued cease-fire directives which have been

instrumental in preventing wider hostilities. It also send United Nations peace- keeping
forces to help reduce tensions in troubled areas, keep opposing forces apart and create
conditions of calm in which peaceful settlements may be sought. The council may decide on

enforcement measures, economic sanctions (such as trade embargoes) or collective military

action.

A member State against which preventive or enforcement action has been taken by

the Security Council may be suspended from the exercise of the rights and privileges of

membership by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council. A

member state which has persistently violated the principles of the Charter may be expelled

for the United Nations by the Assembly on the Council’s recommendation.

A state that is a member of the United Nations but not of the Security Council may

participate, without a vote, in its discussions when the council considers that the country’s

interest are affected both members of the United Nations and non- members, if they are

parties to a dispute being considered by the Council, are invited to take part, without a vote, in

the Council’s discussions; the Council sets the conditions to participation by a non- member

State.

THE FUNCTIONS AND POWERS OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL ARE:

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1. To maintain international peace and security in accordance with the principles and

purposes of the United Nations;

2. To investigate any dispute or situation that might lead to international friction;

3. To recommend methods or adjusting such disputes or the terms of settlement;
4. To formulate plans for the establishment of a system to regulate armaments;
5. To determine the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression and to

recommend what action should be taken.

6. To call on members to apply economic sanctions and other measures not involving the

use of force to prevent or stop aggressions;

7. To take military action against an aggression;

8. To recommend the admission of ne Members;
9. To exercise the trusteeship functions of the United Nations in “Strategic areas: and
10. To recommend to the GA the appointment of the Secretary- General and, together

with the assembly, to elect the Judges of the International Court of Justice.

MEMBERS OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL

Non- permanent members (with year of term’s end):

1. Argentina (2014)
2. Azerbaijan (2013)
3. Australia (2014)
4. Guatemela (2013)
5. Luxemburg (2014)
6. Morocco (2013)
7. Pakistan (2013)
8. Republic of Korea (2014)
9. Rwanda

PERMANENT MEMBERS (also known as the P5 or Big 5)

The Security Council’s five permanent members have the power to veto any substantive resolution:

1. China
2. France

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3. Russia
4. United Kingdom
5. United States

Lesson 2. ASEANAPOL

I. Objective

a. Enumerate its member countries

b. Discuss its objective, vision, mission
c. Give the meaning of ASEANAPOL logo
d. Know the objective and functions of the Secretariat

II. Lesson Proper

The first formal meeting of the Chiefs of ASEAN Police was held in Manila, Philippines
on the 21 to 23

Members Countries

Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Brunei Darussalam
Vietnam
Lao PDR
Myanmar
Cambodia

ASEANAPOL PERMANENT SECRETARIAT (History)

The Secretariat of ASEANAPOL was on a rotational basis with member countries

taking turns to host the ASEANAPOL Conference and automatically assume the role of the

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secretariat for the current year. The 25th Joint Communique signed by the ASEAN Chiefs of

Police during the 25th ASEANAPOL

Conference held in Bali, Indonesia, expressly stated the need to establish a Permanent

ASEANAPOL Secretariat.

Objectives of the establishment of a Permanent Secretariat

• To harmonise and standardise coordination and communication mechanisms amongst

ASEAN police institutions;
• To conduct a comprehensive and integrative study concerning the resolutions agreed in
the ASEANAPOL Joint Communiqués

• To establish a mechanism with responsibility to monitor and follow up the

implementation of resolutions in the Joint Communiqués; and

• To transform the resolutions adopted in the Joint Communiqués into ASEANAPOL Plan
of Action and its work program

 The working group which was set up to consider the viability of the permanent
ASEANAPOL Secretariat finalised that:
1. The Secretariat shall be administrated based on the Terms of Reference;
2. The Head of the Secretariat is an Executive Director (2 years) and he assisted by 2
Directors (2-3 years)

During the 29th ASEANAPOL Conference in Hanoi, Vietnam in 2009, the Terms of

Reference on the establishment of ASEANAPOL Secretariat was endorsed. Kuala Lumpur was

made the permanent seat for the Secretariat. The ASEANAPOL Secretariat was fully

operational from the 1st January 2010.

OBJECTIVE OF ASEANAPOL

• Enhance police professionalism

• Forge stronger regional cooperation in policing
• Promote lasting friendship amongst police officers of member countries OBJECTIVES
AND FUNCTIONS OF THE SECRETARIAT

OBJECTIVES

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• Ensure the effective implementation of all resolutions adopted at the ASEANAPOL

Conferences;
• Serve as a coordination and communication mechanism to allow members to establish
and to maintain all channels of interaction amongst members;

• Foster mutual assistance and cooperation amongst members; and

• Endeavour to increase regional cooperation efforts against transnational crime.

FUNCTIONS

• Prepare and implement work plans for effective implementation of all the resolutions
adopted in the annual Joint Communiqués signed at the ASEANAPOL Conferences;
• Facilitate and coordinate cross-border cooperation on intelligence and information
sharing and exchange;

• Facilitate and coordinate joint operations and activities involving criminal investigations,

the building and maintenance of the ASEANAPOL database, training, capacity building,

the development of scientific investigative tools, technical support and forensic

science;

• Provide support and necessary assistance in organising the ASEANAPOL Conferences;

• Submit on a quarterly basis to the Chiefs of ASEAN Police Forces proposals on all
planned programmed and activities to be carried out;

• Prepare an annual report on its activities and expenditure to be presented to the

ASEANAPOL Executive Committee immediately before the ASEANAPOL Conference,

and distributed to all members and to the ASEANAPOL Conference; and;

• Act as a custodian of all documents and records of ASEANAPOL

VISION “TOGETHER WE KEEP THIS REGION SAFE”

In essence embodies our reason for existence and aspiration to enhance cooperation in the realm

of regional policing towards ensuring the safety of the region.

MISSION

“PREVENTING AND COMBATING TRANSNATIONAL CRIME THROUGH A

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GREATER NEXUS AND CREATIVE POLICING COLLABORATION”

To mutually contribute and synergize policing resources and expertise to effectively thwart

organized and emerging international criminal enterprise for a safer ASEAN Community.

ASEANAPOL LOGO

Lesson 3. INTERPOL

I. Objective: At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

a. State the role of Interpol
b. Discuss their organizational set-up

c. Give the meaning of INTERPOL Emblem

d. Explain their functions and programs

II. Lesson Proper

(International Criminal Police Organization)

Motto: Connecting police for a safer world

Headquarter: Lyon France

Total number of members:

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194 AGENCY

EXECUTIVES:

President: Kim Jong Yang

Vice- President: Alexander Prokopchuk

Secretary General: Jurgen Stock

INTERPOL originated with the first International Criminal Police Congress in 1914,

which brought officials from 24 countries to discuss cooperation on law enforcement matters.

It was founded in 1923 as the International Criminal Police Commission (ICPC), adopting many

of its current duties throughout the 1930s.

• The First Secretary General: Oskar Dressler (Austria)

• The First President: Johann Schober (Austria)  Filipino President: Jolly

R. Bugarin (1980-1984)

EMBLEM

The current emblem of INTERPOL was adopted in 1950 and includes the following
elements:
The globe indicates worldwide activity
The olive branches represent peace
The sword represents police action
The scales signify justice
The acronyms "OIPC" and "ICPO", representing
the full name of the organization in both English and

French.

The INTERPOL is comprised of the following bodies:

THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY

The Interpol’s supreme governing body, it meets annually and comprises delegates appointed by each
member country. As Interpol’s supreme governing body, it meets once a year and takes all the major
decisions affecting general policy, the resources needed for international co-operation, working
methods finances, activities and programs of activities. It also elects the Organization’s Executive
Committee.

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THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

This 13 member committee is elected by the General Assembly belong to different

countries, and comprises the President, 3 Vice- presidents, and 9 delegates. This is Interpol’s

select deliberate organ which meets 3 times a year, usually in March, July, and immediately

before the General Assembly. The President is elected for 4 years, and vice president for 3.

THE GENERAL SECRETARIAT

This is based in Lyon France, the permanent administrative headquarters. It

coordinates the international activities of member countries, holds a library of international

criminal records, and organize regular meetings at which delegates can exchange information

on police work. The General Secretariat

to
keep record

Four Official Languages: English, Arabic, French & Spanish

Buenos Aires, Argentina

Brussels, Belgium (special representative office to the European Union)
Yaounde, Cameroon
Abidgan, Côte d’Ivoire
San Salvador, El Salvador
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Special representative offive to the African Union)
Nairobi, Kenya
Bangkok, Thailand
New York City, United States
Harare, Zimbabwe (Special representative office to the United Nations)

NATIONAL CENTRAL BUREAUS

This is designated contact point for the General Secretariat, regional offices and

other member countries requiring assistance with overseas investigations and the location

and apprehension of fugitives. Each Interpol member country maintains a National Central

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Bureau staffed by national law enforcement officers. Communication center na pwedeng

pagkontakan.

THE ADVISERS

These are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may be appointed by the

executive Committee and confirmed by the General Assembly.

THE COMMISSION for the CONTROL of INTERPOL’S FILES (CCF)

This is an independent body whose mandate is three fold:

1. To ensure that the processing of personal information by INTERPOL complies with the
Organization’s regulations.
2. To advise INTERPOL on any project, operation, set of rules or other matter involving

the processing of personal information

3. To process request concerning the information contained in INTERPOL’s files.

INTERPOL FOUR CORE FUNCTIONS

1. Secure Global Police Communications Services

A fundamental condition for successful international police cooperation. It is

essential for police forces to be able to communicate with each other, worldwide in real

time and in secure way. Interpol subsequently designed and implemented a state-of-the-art

global communications system for the law enforcement community, called “I-24/7”. I

stands for Interpol; 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. This system was created in January

2003.

2. Operational Data Services and Databases for Police

Once police have the capability to communicate internationally, they need access to information to
either assist in the investigations or to take necessary steps to prevent crime. Dito nakalagy lahat
ng data na na gather sa mga counries para mapadali ang paghahanap ng mga identification.
1. ASF Stolen/ Lost Travel Documents (SLTD) Databases
2. Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)
3. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
4. Stolen Vehicle Data Base

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5. IWeTS (Interpol Weapons electronic Tracing System)

6. Integrated Solutions to Access Interpol’s Databases- FIND/MIND
7. Interpol Money Laundering Automated Search Service (IMLASS)
8. Border and Ports Security Center

3. Operational Police Support Service

1. Interpol’s Command and Coordination Center (CCC) operates around the clock 24 hours

a day, 7 days a week in each Interpol’s four official languages (English, French, Spanish,

Arabic). The CCC serves as the first point of contact for any member country faced

with a crisis and/or

terrorist situation. Pinaka first na makakaalam kong may nanagyari ba.

2. Incident Response Team- in the aftermath of a terrorist act or other critical incident,

the affected member country often request Interpol’s support in the form of an

Incident Response Team (IRT). The IRT consist of on-site specialized personnel who are

able to provide investigative and analytical support directly from the incident location.

Interpol is able to coordinate information and resources to assist in these complex

investigations, which can result in the subsequent dismantling of terrorist groups and

organizations, thus preventing them from carrying our further attack. Kung hindi na

kaya ng isang bansa ung attack, they can request help from the interpol.

3. Interpol Network of Experts- experts in the areas of counter-terrorism, criminal

intelligence analysis, forensics, case management, specialized crime investigations,

fugitive tracing, and linguistic capabilities. They are really trained in one area.

4. Interpol Vulnerable Targets Referral Center- this will acts as the intermediary,

facilitating the exchange of information in the area vulnerable target protection.

5. Interpol Major Event Support Team- this is to help member countries plan for

prevention of attacks and/or disruptive action during major events, and o manage the

consequences of such incidents.

6. The Interpol Notices System

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TYPES OF INTERPOL NOTICE

Red Notice: To seek the location and arrest of wanted persons

wanted for prosecution or to serve a sentence.

Yellow Notice: To help locate missing persons, often minors, or to help

identify persons who are unable to identify themselves.

Blue Notice: To collect additional information about a person’s

identity, location or activities in relation to a crime.

Black Notice: To seek information on unidentified bodies.

Green Notice: To provide warning about a person’s criminal

activities, where the person is considered to be a possible threat
to public safety.

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Orange Notice: To warn of an event, a person, an object or a

process representing a serious and imminent threat to public

safety.

Purple Notice: To seek or provide information on modus operandi,

objects, devices and concealment methods used by criminals.

INTERPOL–United Nations Security Council Special Notice: Issued

for groups and individuals who are the targets of UN Security Council

Sanctions Committees.

7. Fusion Task Force- to assist member countries in terrorism-related investigations

at the international level. This was established in September 2002. To identify

members of criminal groups involved in international terrorist activity through the

establishment of a network of law enforcement contact officers.

8. Criminal Analysis Unit- contributes to investigations by assisting officers working at

the General Secretariat and in member countries by conducting research an analysis of

crime trends. This service includes the collection, analysis, evaluation, exchange and

storage of information. The goal of this service is not only to inform the member

countries of new developments in the context of criminal activities, but also to provide

national law enforcement authorities with additional info. which might be helpful to the

progress of an ongoing investigation or contribute to the initiation of new one.

4. Training and Development

- this plays a key role in Interpol’s overall mission to promote international police

cooperation. The aim is to help officials in Interpol’s 194 member countries to improve their

operational effectiveness, enhance their skills and build their capacity to address the

increasingly globalized and sophisticated nature of criminality today.

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LESSON 4. EUROPOL
“The European Union’s Law Enforcement Agency” I.
Objective, at the end of the lesson, you will be
able to:
A. Discuss the organizational Structure of EUROPOL

B. Know the operational- coordination services they provide II.Lesson Proper

Headquarter: The Hague, Netherlands

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

Europol is headed by an Executive Director, who is Europol’s legal representative and is appointed by
the Council of the European Union.

Executive Director: Catherine De Bolle

(May 2018). She is assisted by three

Deputy Executive Directors:

• Wil van Gemert, Operations Directorate

• Jürgen Ebner, Governance Directorate

• Luis de Eusebio Ramos, Capabilities Directorate

Operational- coordination services includes:

1. Facilitating international cooperation and the exchange of criminal intelligence

2. Identifying organized crime groups;
3. Targeting the key perpetrators behind criminal networks;
4. Providing on-the-spot-support, including access to criminal databases and analytical

tools, to law enforcement.

5. Offering operational analysis;

6. Providing forensic and technical expertise;
7. Offering training and capacity building
8. Offering mobile offices
9. Making financial support available

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Mandate

Europol supports law enforcement authorities throughout the EU on crime fighting

activities in all its mandated area.

Chapter 4 SELECTED POLICE MODELS

Lesson 1. Countries with less or no crime

I. Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

a. Identify the countries with less or no crimes

b. Know the reasons why they have low crime rates
c. Compare to our present models in policing
d. Identify what are the models that is best adopt here in our country.

Lesson Proper
II.
Switzerland
For many years used to have travel brochures saying “there is no crime

in Switzerland”, and criminologist were stumped on why this was so, whether because

of the high rate of firearm ownership or the extensive welfare system. It turned out

that the Swiss (along with some other welfare nations, like Sweden) were not

reporting all their crime rate.

However, it was true that their crime rate was fairly low.

Reasons of having low crime rates

 They did not remarkable job managing their underclass population, the poor people

who lived the ghettos and slums.

 Swiss crime control is highly effective in using an “iron fist, velvet glove” approach

toward those who commit crime and come from the bottom echelons of Swiss

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society. For example, when a poor person commits a crime, the government goes

to work analyzing the family, educational, and employment needs of everyone in

that poor person’s family. Then, after some punishment (which the offender

frequently agrees with as deserved, a long term treatment plan is put into effect

to raise that family out of poverty.

Japan

Another country with an interestingly low crime rate is Japan where the crime rates are

not necessarily that low, but stable and resistant to fluctuating spikes. Some reasons of

having low crime rates are the characteristics of this country which include:

o Community policing o A patriarchal family system o The importance

of higher education, o And the way businesses serve as surrogate

families.

o Asian societies are also “shame-based” rather than guilt-based” as

Western societies are.

For example, it is unthinkable to commit a crime in such places because of shame it would bring

upon one’s family and the business or corporation with which that family is associated with.

Ireland

Ireland is another place with a unexpectedly low crime rate. Despite a serious

unemployment, the presence of large urban ghettos, and a crisis with religious terrorism, the

Irish pattern of urban crime is no higher than its pattern or rural crime. The key reason of

having low crime rate is the factor that appears to be:

a. A sense of hope and confidence among the people Legitimate surveys, for example, show that

86% of more of the population believe that the local authorities are well- skilled and doing

everything they can.

b. People felt like they had a high degree of population participation in crime control.

Egypt

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The Siwa Oasis in Egypt is another place with little or no crime. The population of 23,000

consists of 11 tribes who are the descendants of ancient Greeks, and it is said that Plato

himself fashioned his model or perfect government in the Republic there. The inhabitants

practice a moderate form of Islamic justice, rejecting Shariah punishment and embracing Urrf

law (the law of tradition). Conflicts are resolved by a tribal council, and there are no jails or

prisons. The last known crime occurred around 1950, and was an act of involuntary

manslaughter. The typical punishment of wrong doing is social ostracization (shunning). This

type of society is an excellent example of the folk-communal or informal justice system.

Lesson 2. Model of Police System

I. Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you will be able to;

a. Know the different model of police system
b. Compare the different selected police models; their similarities and differences

II. Lesson
Proper 1. Switzerland Police
Law enforcement in Switzerland is mainly a responsibility of the 26 cantons of

Switzerland, who each operate cantonal police agencies. Some cities also operate municipal

police agencies as provided for by the cantonal law. The Federal Government provides

specialized services and is responsible for the protection of the Swiss border.

Throughout Switzerland, the police may be reached by the emergency telephone number 1-1-7.

The 26 cantonal police agencies and numerous municipal police agencies are the backbone of

Swiss law enforcement. Police Training is conducted in cantonal service academies and at the

INTERKANTONALE POLIZEISCHULE HITZKIRCH, a joint police academy of

twelve police agencies established in 2007.

2. Ireland Police
A Garda Siochana meaning “the Guardian of the Peace” more commonly referred to as

the Gardai is the police force of Ireland. The service is headed by the Garda Commissioner

who is appointed by the Irish Government. Its headquarters are in the Phoenix Park in Dublin.

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Most uniformed members of a Garda Siochana do not routinely carry firearms. Individual Gardai

have been issued with ASP extendable batons and pepper spray as their standard issue weapons

whileh handcuffs are equipped as restraints. In the words of first Commissioner, Michael

Staines, TD,“The Garda Siochana will succeed not by force of arms or numbers, but on their

moral authority as servants of the people”. Special Detective Unit (SDU), Regional Support Units
(RSU), and the Emergency Response Unit (ERU) are commissioned to and so carry firearms.

The Garda Special Detective Unit, take on primary responsibility for providing armed

close protection to senior officials in Ireland.

Ranks of the Garda Siochana

Highest- Commissioner

Deputy Commissioner

Assistant Commissioner

Chief Superintendent

Superintendent

Inspector Sergeant

Garda Lowest -Student

Student Reserve

3. Egypt Police

Law Enforcement in Egypt is the responsibility of the Ministry of Interior of Egypt.

Rank

Highest rank- Lieutenant

Lowest Rank- First Lieutenant

General Security and Central Security Force organization is an

Egyptian paramilitary force which is responsible for assisting the Egyptian National

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Police (ENP) for the security of governmental fixed sites, foreign embassies and missions,

riots and crowds control, publicly crowded events, high risk arrest, disaster response and

SWAT operations.

4. Police In Congo
Police duties are assigned to both military and civilian security organization. From its

founding in 1888, the Force Publique fulfilled the basic functions of both a police force and an

army.

Belgian Administration reorganized the force into two organizations:

 Garrison Troops- intended to serve as a military force oriented against an external threat.
 Territorial Service Troops- assumed the role of a gendarmerie or police force.

5. Democratic Republic in Congo

The Police Nationale Congolaise (Congolese National Police) is the police throughout

the territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

6. Royal Bahamas Police Force

This is the primary line of defense and protection for Bahamian Citizens. The

Royal Bahamas Police Force operates within the portfolio of the Ministry of National

Security. The police force was established on March 1 1840. The force is headquartered on

East Street Hill in Nassau, New Providence.

Royal Bahamas Police Force Rank

Highest- Commissioner

Lowest- Constable

7. Royal Canadian Mounted Police

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP, literally “Royal Gendarmerie of

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Canada”; colloquially known as Mounties and internally as “The Force”. This is the federal,

national, and paramilitary police force of Canada, and of the most recognized of its kind in the

world. The RCMP Security Service was a specialized political intelligence branch with national

security responsibilities, but was replaced with Canadian Security Intelligence Service in

1984, following revelations of illegal covert operations relating to the Quebec separist

movement. Duties, conduct and operational and reporting guidelines are very specifically laid

out in a detailed

document known as the Commissioner’s Standing Order, CSO’s.

Rank

Highest- Commissioner

Lowest- Corporal
8. Mexico Police

The Police of the Mexico are grouped into multiple forces, at the federal, state and
municipal levels.

Two branches of Mexico Police:

 The Preventive Mexico Police- are charged with the responsibility of maintaining law

and order in the cities and other regions of the country.

Public Security is a primary concern of preventing police.

 The Judicial Police- they are under the guidance of the Public ministry. The Judicial

police impose either local laws or federal laws, on the basis of their jurisdiction.

The Federal Judicial Police –is the most important law enforcement body of the

country, belonging to the senior level. The Federal Police (Spanish: Policia

Federal, PF), formerly known as the Policia Federal Preventiva (Federal Preventive Police), are

the uniformed federal police force of Mexico. The Agency is directed by the Secretariat of

the Interior. They are sometimes referred to by the slang term “Federales”.

Attorney General- is responsible for the Federal Judicial Police

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The Police Force of Mexico City- also referred to as the Traffic Police- the biggest

Mexican law enforcement body. Investigation of federal crimes is handled by Ministerial

Federal police, directed by the Attorney General of Mexico.

9. Australian Police
Australian Federal Police which provides police services for the Australian Capital

Territory and is also involved in preventing, detecting and investigating crimes committed

against the Commonwealth.

Two territories of Australia

 Australian Territory
 Northern territory

Administration
They has one police force for each of the Six States and the Northern Territory.

Australia Six States:

 New South Wales

 Queensland
 South Australia
 Tasmania
 Victoria
 Western Australia

Technology:

All rank and file police officers are issued .38 caliber revolvers. Special squads are

issued semi- automatic weapons. Bullet proof vests are available in each police force, but

they are only issued to individual police officers in particular emergencies.

Training and Qualification:

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Australian police recruits are required to have completed their secondary education.

A university Degree for specialist posts. University training is encouraged for all recruits

to the Australian Federal Police and increasingly in other police force.

Recruitment:

 Must undergo medical and psychological tests and are evaluated on their overall

suitability, competence, physical fitness and character.

 Recruit training is a combination of classroom and field- based experience which takes

approximately 18 months to complete.

Discretion:

All officers may use “appropriate” force when encountering violent persons.
“Appropriate”- is defined by the level of force required to overcome and
apprehend the person/s. “Lethal”- is defined as the level of force that might
result in the person’s death. Search and Seizure

Police are generally required to obtain a search warrant from a judge or a magistrate
before they enter premises and seize property. However, illegal drugs and weapons can be
seized without warrant.

Confessions:

All interviews with persons suspected of serious offenses are videotaped.

Accountability:
Complaints against the police are investigated by different authorities in different
jurisdictions.

Australian
New South Victoria Queensland Western South Tasmania Northern Capital and
Wales Australia Australia Territory Australian
Federal
Police

Criminal Police Police

State State State Territory Federal
Justice Complaints Forces
Ombudsman Ombudsman Ombudsman Ombudsman Ombudsman
Commission Authority Internal
Affairs
Departmen
t

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Independent
Police
Commission
Force’s
Against
Internal
corruption
Affairs Dept.
Police Forces
Internal
Affairs Dept.

Australian State Police Force Rank

New South Queensland Police South Victoria Police Western

Wales Police Service Australia Australia
Force Police Police
Highest Commissione r Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner
Commissioner

Lowest Constable Probationar y Constable Constable

Probationar Constable
y
Constable

1. Hawaii Department of Public Safety

The Hawaii Department of Public Safety is a department of the government of the U.S

state of Hawaii, and the governing body of the state of Hawaii Sheriff’s Office, which acts as

the state wide law enforcement agency for Hawaii, and has jurisdiction throughout the state

of Hawaii.

Law Enforcement

Narcotics Enforcement Division

 This enforces laws relating to controlled substances and regulated chemicals.

 This is also responsible for the registration and control of the manufacture, distribution,

prescription, and dispensing of controlled substances and precursor or essential chemicals

within Hawaii.

Sheriffs Division

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Sheriffs Division performs law enforcement duties state wide. Hawaii is the
only state without a state police or highway patrol service, the Sheriffs division is

responsible for the functions traditionally performed by these services in other states.

K9 Service Division

It provides specialized canine responsible for detecting narcotics and explosives in agencies

within the Judiciary, the department’s Correctional facilities, and other state and county

agencies that request services in other states. The Hawaii Police Department, which serves the

island of Hawaii, is committed to preserving the “Spirit of Aloha”.

“We will work cooperatively with the community to enforce the law”

In January 2003, Police Chief Lawrence K. Mahuna, appointed a Strategic

Planning Committee composed of management personnel to collectively revise the Police

department’s mission and vision statements, based on the departments core values and devise

ways to improve the performance of the department to better serve the community, preserve

peace and provide a safe environment.

Mission Statement:

The employees of the Hawaii Police Department are committed to preserving the

spirit of aloha. We will work cooperatively with the community to enforce the laws, preserve

peace, and provide a safe environment.

Vision Statement:

The Hawaii Department is committed to providing the highest quality of police service

and forming partnerships with the community to achieve public satisfaction making the Big

Island a safe to live, visit, and conduct business.

a. Core Values
b. Integrity
c. Professionalism
d. Compassion

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e. Teamwork
f. Community Satisfaction

2. Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary

This is a national police force with jurisdiction throughout all of Papua New
Guinea.

Organization

The RPNGC is a part of the law and justice sector of the government

of Papua New Guinea. It is headquartered in Konedobu, a suburb of Port Moresby, the

capital city, in the National Capital District.

3. New Zealand Police

The New Zealand Police is the National police force of New Zealand. Responsible for

enforcing criminal and traffic law, enhancing public safety, maintaining order and keeping the

peace throughout New Zealand.

4. GERMAN FEDERAL POLICE

Established in 1951, the Bundespolizei (BPOL) is the uniformed federal police force. It is

subordinate to the Federal Ministry of the Interior (Bundesministerium

des Innern (BMI)). The Bundespolizei was previously known as the Bundesgrenzschutz (BGS)
("Federal Border Guard") and had a more restricted role until July 1, 2005 when the law renaming

the BGS as the BPOL was enacted. Another central police agency, the Federal Criminal

Investigation Office (Bundeskriminalamt— BKA), with approximately 3,000 agents, operates

nationwide from headquarters in

Wiesbaden. Similar in some respects to the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation, the

BKA is a clearinghouse for criminal intelligence records.

Two federal agencies involved in security matters

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 Federal Intelligence Service (Bundesnachrichtendienst—BND) - is restricted

to the investigation of threats originating abroad. It depends heavily on wiretapping

and other surveillance techniques applied to international communications. Such

activities are authorized only to counter the danger of an armed threat to the country,

but intelligence authorities have pressed for the added power to monitor suspected

international traffickers of weapons and drugs.

 Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (Bundesamt für

Verfassungsschutz—BfV) - is primarily a domestic intelligence-gathering service

concerned with espionage, treason, and sedition. It has no powers of arrest and

cannot use force, but it carries out surveillance and supplies the BKA and other police

agencies with information on opposition parties, international crime, drug trafficking,

terrorism, and other illegal activities. Its main office is in Cologne. Similar offices

exist in each Land ; although they cooperate closely with the federal office, they

operate under the control of Land authorities.

 The German states are responsible for managing the bulk of Germany's police forces.

Each state has its own police force known as the Landespolizei (State Police). Each

state promulgates a law which lays down the organisation and duties of its police.

 Land police are divided into Protective Police (Schutzpolizei--"Schupos"), a uniformed

service carrying out routine law and order duties, and Criminal Police

(Kriminalpolizei--"Kripos"), who carry out criminal investigations. The separate

Administrative Police formerly had duties that included the registration of residents

and the issuance of passports, identity cards, and various permits.

 The Kriminalpolizei (detective branch, often shortened to Kripo) are part of the

ordinary police force in some states and separate organizations in others.

 Alert Police (Bereitschaftspolizei--"Bepos") are available in each Land for riot control

although their primary function is training police recruits. The Alert Police are assigned

to barracks where they are organized along military lines into squads, platoons, and

120- to 150-member training or standby companies.

5. United States of America

Four broad categories:

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1. Federal- police officers that work for the national gov. are generally called federal

police officers. They enforce criminal federal laws that are passed by the United

States Congress and signed into law by the President. They have the authority to

arrest anyone who commits violation of federal criminal laws within specific area they

are hired to protect.

Police agencies that hire federal police officers include White House Police, Capital Police,

Supreme Court Police, and Park Police.

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

United States Marshal Service
Secret Service
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
Drug Enforcement Administration

2. State- all 50 states have state police agencies.

3. County- they have Sheriff who maintain a county police department
4. Municipal- police departments created to serve an incorporated city, town, village or

borough. The primary reason municipalities establish a police department is to maintain

order.

ASIAN POLICE MODEL

1. JAPAN POLICE

National Public Safety Commission- the mission of this is to guarantee the neutrality

of the police by insulating the force from political pressure and to ensure the maintenance

of democratic methods in police organization. The commission’s primary function is to

supervise the national police agency, and it has authority to appoint or dismiss senior police

officers.

National Police Agency- as the central coordinating body for the entire police system, the

National police Agency determines general standards and policies; detailed direction of

operations is left to the lower echelons. In a national emergency or large scale disaster, the

agency is authorized to take command of prefectural police forces.

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Police Administration Bureau- is concerned with police personnel, education, welfare, training, and

unit inspections.

Criminal Investigation Bureau- is in charge of research statistics and the investigation of

nationally important and international cases. In addition, the criminal Investigation Bureau

surveys, formulates and recommends legislation on firearms, explosives, food, drugs, and

narcotics.

Communication Bureau- supervises communication systems.

Traffic Bureau- licenses drivers, enforces traffic safety and driver education campaigns are run at

both national and prefectural levels.

Security Bureau- formulates and supervises the execution of security policies. It conducts

research on equipment and tactics fro suppressing riots and oversaw and coordinates activities

of the riot police. The security bureau is also responsible for security intelligence on

foreigners and radical political groups including investigation of violations of the Alien

Registration Law and Administration of the entry and exit Control Law. The bureau also

implements security policies during national emergencies and natural disasters.

Regional Public Safety Bureaus- the national Police Agency has seven regional police

bureaus, each responsible for number of prefectures. Headed by Directors.

Police Communication Divisions- Metropolitan Tokyo and the Island of Hokkaido are excluded from

the regional jurisdictions and are run more autonomously than other local forces.

Local Organization- Local Forces include:

a. Forty- three prefectural (ken) police forces

b. Tokyo Metropolitan (to) police forces, in Osaka and Kyoto; and
c. One district (do) police force, in Hokkaido

Prefectural Police – each prefectural police headquarters contains administrative divisions

corresponding to those of the bureaus of the National Police Agency.

Police Boxes- below these stations, koban- substations near major transportation hubs and

shopping areas and in residential districts- form the first line of police response to the public.

About twenty percent of the total police force is assigned to koban.

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Riot Police- within the security divisions, each prefectural level police department and the Tokyo

police maintain Kidotai, special riot units to respond quickly and effectively to large public

disturbances. They are also used in crowd control during festivals periods, at times of natural

disaster, and to reinforce regular police when necessary. Riot duties demands physical fitness-

the armoured uniform weighed 6.6 kilograms- most personnel are young, often serving in the units

after an initial assignment in a koban.

Special Operations- Martial Arts Attack Team special riot officer had been trained to

handle incidents that cannot be dealt with the regular police and riot police officers, but can

operate independently or with SAT cooperation.

The National Police Agency has a counter-terrorist unit known as the Special Assault Team,
operating under police control.

Nine Police Ranks

Highest- Keishi- sokan (Superintendent General of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police

Department)

Lowest- Junsa (Policeman)

2. ISRAEL POLICE

Governing Body- Israeli Ministry of Public Security

Headquarter- National headquarters of the Israeli Police- Kiryat HaMemshala (East Jerusalem)

Operational Units

 The Border Police(“MAGAV”)- is the combat arm of the police and mainly serves in

unquiet areas- the borders, the West bank, and the rural countryside. The border

police has both professional officers on payroll and Israel Defense Forces (IDF)

conscript who serve in the Border Police as their mandatory three-year service in the

IDF.

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 The Yamam (acronym for Special Police Unit) - is the police elite counter terror

hostage rescues unit. It is known as one of the most experienced and specialized in

the world. The unit has taken in hundreds of operations in and outside the borders

of Israel.

 The Yasam- is the on- call counter- terror unit in each district. The units originally

started as Riot Police, were called upon to assist with counter terror operations, as well

as dismantling settlements in accordance with the Israeli court decisions.

Israel Police Ranks

Rank British Equivalent Rank British Equivalent

Highest- Rav Nitzav Commissioner Lowest- Constable
Shoter

3. MALAYSIAN POLICE FORCE

The Royal Malaysian Police (Abbreviation: RMP; Malay: Polis Diraja Malaysia, PDRM;) is a

part of the security forces structure in Malaysia. The force is a centralized organization

with responsibilities ranging from traffic control to intelligence gathering. Its headquarters is

located at Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur.

In carrying out its responsibilities, the regular RMP is also assisted by a support group

comprising of Extra Police Constables, Police Volunteer Reserves, Auxiliary Police, Police

Cadets and a civilian service element. Rakan Cop is a community outreach programme launched

in 9 August 2005.

Rank structure of the Royal Malaysian Police.

• Inspector General Grade o Inspector General of Police [IGP]: National Chief

Police. o Deputy Inspector General of Police [DIG]: Deputy National Chief Police.
o Commissioner of Police [CP] Department Chief Police o Senior Deputy Commissioner
of Police o Deputy Commissioner of Police [DCP] : State Chief Police Officer [CPO] o
Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police o Assistant Commissioner of Police [ACP]:
District Chief Police.

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• Superintendent Grade o Superintendent of Police [SUPT] o Deputy Superintendent

of Police [DSP]: District Division Chief o Assistant Superintendent of Police [ASP]:

Station Chief Police.

Inspector Grade

• Chief Inspector [CIP]

• Inspector [INSP]
• Probationary Inspector [P/INSP]
• Enlisted Grade o Sub-Inspector [S/INSP] o Sergeant Major [SM] o Sergeant [SGT] o

Corporal [CPL] o Lance Corporal [L/CPL]

o Constable

4. SINGAPORE POLICE FORCE

The Singapore Police Force(Abbreviation: SPF; Chinese: Malay: Pasukan Polis Singapura;
Tamil) is the main agency tasked with maintaining law and order in the city-state. Formerly
known as the Republic of Singapore Police (RSP; Malay: Polis Repablik Singapura), it has
grown from an 11-man organisation to a 38,587 strong force. Singapore has been ranked
consistently in the top five positions in the
Global Competitiveness Report in terms of its reliability of police services. The organisation
structure of the SPF is split between the staff and line functions, roughly modelled after the
military. There are currently 14 staff departments, 3 specialist staff departments and 10
specialist and line units. The headquarters is located in a block at New Phoenix Park in Novena,
adjacent to a twin block occupied by the Ministry of Home Affairs .

Rank
Highest- Commissioner of Police
Lowest- Constable

5. INDIAN POLICE FORCE

The Indian Police Service (Hindi:, Bhāratīya Pulis Sevā) or IPS, is one of the three All

India Services of the Government of India.[4] It replaced the Indian (Imperial) Police in

1948, a year after India gained independence from Britain.

Controlling authority- Ministry of Home Affairs.

Ranks of Indian Police
Gazetted officers include all the Indian Police Service officers and all State Police

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Services officers of and above the rank of Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP) or Deputy
Superintendent of Police (DSP) in State Police and Metropolitan Police forces respectively.

Ranks of Gazetted Officers

• Director Intelligence Bureau (post held by senior most Indian Police Service officer;
not a rank)
• Commissioner of Police (State) or Director General of Police
• Special Commissioner of Police or Additional Director General of Police
• Joint Commissioner of Police or Inspector General of Police
• Additional Commissioner of Police or Deputy Inspector General of Police
• Deputy Commissioner of Police or Senior Superintendent of Police or Senior
Commandant
• Deputy Commissioner of Police or Superintendent of Police or Commandant
• Additional Deputy Commissioner of Police or Additional Superintendent of Police or
Deputy Commandant

• Assistant Commissioner of Police or Deputy Superintendent of Police or Assistant

Commandant
• Assistant Superintendent of Police (IPS Probationary Rank: 2 years of service)
• Assistant Superintendent of Police (IPS Probationary Rank: 1 year of service)

Ranks of non-Gazetted Officer[edit]

• Circle-Inspector (C.I.)
• Sub-Inspector (S.I.)
• Assistant Sub-Inspector (A.S.I.)
• Senior Head Constable
• Head Constable
• Constable

6. ROYAL THAI POLICE

The Royal Thai Police (Thai) are the national police of Thailand.

Royal Thai Police Headquarters-Bangkok

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Director-General of Police - since 1998 the position was called "Commissioner-General of the Royal
Thai Police"

• Border Patrol Police Division 40,000 paramilitary force o BPP General

Staff Division o BPP Tactical Training Division o BPP Support Division o
BPP Nawutti Somdejya Hospital o BPP Village Scouts Center
o BPP Counter-Insurgency Training Center o BPP Districts 1
through 4
o Police Aerial Reinforcement Unit (PARU)
 Airborne Training
 Naresuan 261 Counter-Terrorism Unit (formerly the 4th Company PARU)
 Sea Air Rescue Unit

• Central Investigation Bureau - national coordinating headquarters which

assist provincial and metropolitan components in preventing and

suppressing criminal activity and in minimizing threats to national security.

Having jurisdiction over the entire country, the CIB was organized to

assist both provincial and metropolitan components of the Royal Thai

Police in preventing and suppressing criminal activity and in minimizing

threats to national security.

o Specialized units of the bureau, including the railroad, marine, highway, and
forestry police, employed up-to-date technical equipment, law enforcement
techniques, and training.

o five other divisions and offices employed modern procedures to assist in

investigating and preventing crime.

 The Crime Suppression Division-one of the bureau's largest components

—was responsible for conducting most of the technical investigations of
criminal offenses throughout the kingdom. Its Emergency Unit coped
with riots and other public disorders, sabotage, counterfeiting, fraud,
illegal gambling operations, narcotics trafficking, and the activities of
secret societies and organized criminal associations.
 Special Branch — sometimes referred to by critics as the "political
police", is responsible for controlling subversive activities and serves as
the Thai Police's major intelligence organization, as well as the unit
responsible for VIPs protection.

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The Criminal Records Office collected and maintained records required in

the conduct of police work, including dossiers and fingerprints of known
criminals and persons suspected of wrongdoing .
 the well-equipped Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory, technicians
performed the requisite chemical and physical analyses.
 Licenses Division registered and licensed firearms, vehicles, gambling
establishments, and various other items and enterprises as required by
law.
• Office of Immigration Bureau (under plan to separate from the Royal Thai Police to
become independent authority)

• Narcotics Suppression Bureau

• Office Of Logistics o Aviation Division - operates the force's extensive fleet of
helicopters and light aircraft.
• Office of Royal Court Security Police
o Crown Prince's Royal Protective Unit
 Crown Prince Royal Protective Unit 'Dechochai Knight 3'

• Provincial Police Division -The Provincial Police formed the largest of the Royal Thai
Police operational components in both manpower and geographic responsibility. It was
headed by a commander, who reported to the police Commissioner-General, and
administered through four police regions—geographic areas of responsibility similar to
those of the army regional commands. This force provided police services to every town
and village throughout the kingdom except metropolitan Bangkok and border areas. The
Provincial Police thus handled law enforcement activities and in many cases was the
principal representative of the central government's authority in much of the country.
o Chaiya Training

o Special Operations Units

• 191 Special Branch Police o Arintharat 26 Special Operations Unit
• The Police Education Bureau of the Royal Thai Police was responsible for training
police personnel in the latest methods of law enforcement and the use of modern
weapons.

• Tourist Police - uniformed personnel who lack police powers and are largely

responsible for writing out reports for insurance companies for victims of theft. In

more serious cases, they will translate reports to be passed on the normal police in

Bangkok. Recently recruiting foreign nationals living in Thailand.

o Training
• Immigration Police Division

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• Marine Police Division, Bangkok - Responsible for providing all law enforcement services

for the capital city of Bangkok and its suburbs, the Metropolitan Police was probably

the most visible and publicly recognizable of all Thai police components. This largely

uniformed urban force operated under the command of a commissioner, who held the

rank of police major general and was assisted by six deputy commissioners.

Organizationally, the force consisted of three divisions, each responsible for police

services in one of the three urban areas: northern Bangkok, southern Bangkok, and

Thon Buri. Together they accounted for about forty police precincts, which were

patrolled around the clock. In addition to covering the city with foot patrols, the

Metropolitan Police maintained motorized units, a canine corps, building guards,

traffic-control specialists, and law enforcement personnel trained to deal with juvenile

problems. The Traffic Police Division also provides mounted escorts and guards of

honor for the king and visiting dignitaries and served as a riot-control force to prevent

unlawful demonstrations and to disperse unruly crowds within the capital city.

Ranks

Highest- พลต˚ำ รวจเอก - Police General (phon tamruat ek)

Lowest- พลต˚ำ รวจ - Policeman/Constable (phon tamruat)

7. INDONESIAN NATIONAL POLICE

Motto: Rastra Sewakhottama (People's Main Servant)

Headquarters: Jakarta, Indonesia/ known as Markas Besar/Mabes in Indonesian, is located in

Kebayoran Baru, South Jakarta.

The Indonesian National Police (Indonesian: Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia )

is the official police force for Indonesia. It had formerly been a part of the Indonesian

National Armed Forces. The police were formally separated from the military in April 1999,

a process which was formally completed in July 2000.

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The Mobile Brigade Police force of Indonesia is the elite force of the Indonesian Police Force

which is usually referred as the special force for the Indonesian Police; it is a more special

force for dealing in paramilitary and other kinds of conflicts which normal Police can't take

action against it.

The Detachment 88 (Indonesian: 'Densus'88) is a special force of the Indonesian

armed forces in dealing with terrorism.

The Traffic Police or in Indonesian language known as Polisi Lalulintas is a police service

which have specialty in duty for directing, controlling, and to take action in traffic situations

in the streets, roads, and highway.

The Indonesian Coast and Sea Guarding Police Force or in Indonesian language known as

Polisi Perairan is a police force in Indonesia which guards and secures the sea and coast of
Indonesia.

Sabhara or Samapta is the most public Police force in Indonesia which has duties to law

enforce, and to protect and serve.

The PHH is an abbreviation to Polisi Huru-Hara, this police force is known as the

Riot Police of Indonesia.

The tourism Police or in Indonesian language known as Polisi Turis is a police

service for tourist purposes.

The Vital Object Protection of Indonesian National Police is an Indonesian police force for

vital protection and usually secures international embassies in Indonesia. It is known in

Indonesian as Polisi Kedutaan.

Gegana is a special police force of Indonesia which has the ability to deal with explosives

and bombings that would attack the public.

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Bareskrim (Badan Reserse Kriminal, lit. Criminal Investigation Agency) is an interior police

force which works in the headquarters of the Indonesian police force, its main duty is to

investigate criminal activity and crime identification.

Ranks

 High-ranking officers o Police General / Jenderal Polisi (Jend. Pol.) - equivalent General in
the army o Police Commissioner General / Komisaris Jenderal Polisi (Komjen Pol.)
- equivalent Lieutenant General o Police Inspector General / Inspektur
Jenderal Polisi (Irjen Pol.) - equivalent Major General
o Police Brigadier General / Brigadir Jenderal Polisi (Brigjen Pol.) - equivalent
Brigadier General
• Mid rank officers o Police Senior Commissioner / Komisaris Besar Polisi (Kombespol) -
equivalent Colonel
o Police Adjunct Senior Commissioner / Ajun Komisaris Besar Polisi
(AKBP) - equivalent Lieutenant Colonel

o Police Commissioner / Komisaris Polisi (Kompol) - equivalent Major

• Low rank officers o Police Adjunct Commissioner / Ajun Komisaris Polisi (AKP) -
equivalent
Captain o First Police Inspector / Inspektur Polisi Satu (Iptu) - equivalent First
Lieutenant o Second Police Inspector / Inspektur Polisi Dua (Ipda) -
equivalent Second Lieutenant
• Warrant officers o First Police Adjunct Inspector / Ajun Inspektur Polisi Satu (Aiptu)

- equivalent Chief Warrant Officer

o Second Police Adjunct Inspector / Ajun Inspektur Polisi Dua (Aipda) - equivalent
Warrant Officer

• Non-commissioned officers o Chief Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi Kepala (Bripka) -

equivalent
Sergeant Major o Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi (Brigadir) - equivalent Chief

Sergeant o First Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi Satu (Briptu) - equivalent First

Sergeant o Second Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi Dua (Bripda) - equivalent

Second Sergeant
• Enlisted o Police Brigadier Adjutant / Ajun Brigadir Polisi (Abrip) - equivalent Chief
Corporal o First Police Brigadier Adjutant / Ajun Brigadir Polisi Satu
(Abriptu) - equivalent Corporal

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o Second Police Brigadier Adjutant / Ajun Brigadir Polisi Dua (Abripda)

- equivalent Lance Corporal o Chief Agent / Bhayangkara Kepala (Bharaka) -

equivalent Chief Private o First Agent / Bhayangkara Satu (Bharatu) - equivalent

Private First

Class o Second Agent / Bhayangkara Dua (Bharada) - equivalent Private

The People's Armed Police officially CHINESE PEOPLE'S ARMED POLICE FORCE is a

paramilitary or gendarmerie force primarily responsible for civilian policing and fire rescue duties

in the People's Republic of China.

General introduction: Chinese Police Officers are wearing rank insignias on both sides of

shoulders. Senior officers ranking at Commissioner and Superintendent levels are wearing

white collar uniform, and for Inspector level and below officers are wearing sky blue collar

uniform. <Senior Officer>

• Commissioner of Police (Chinese: 总警监, zǒng jǐngjiān)

Mr GUO Sheng-kun, currently Commissioner of Police, Minister of Public Security(since

December 2012). Shoulder insignia: national coat of arms fully circled with a pair of

olive branch.

• Deputy Commissioner of Police (副总警监, fù zǒng jǐngjiān)

Deputy Minister of Public Security, shoulder insignia: national coat of arms partly circled with

a pair of olive branch.

• Superintendent 1st Class (一级警监, yījí jǐngjiān)

Assistant Commissioner of Police is also wearing this rank, SUPT 1st class normally

commands a functional bureau (eg. CID, Immigration, Traffic, AntiSmuggling) or a

province formation, direct report to DCP. Shoulder insignia: three pips with olive leaves.

• Superintendent 2nd Class (二级警监, èrjí jǐngjiān)

Normally is second in charge of a functional bureau, or a province formation, or a city police

headquarters commander. Shoulder insignia: two pips with olive leaves.

• Superintendent 3rd Class (三级警监, sānjí jǐngjiān)

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Normally commands police division of a functional bureau, or the head of a police sub-bureau

of a city. Shoulder insignia: one pip with olive leaves.

• Inspector 1st Class (一级警督, yījí jǐngdū)Shoulder insignia: three pips with two
silver bars.
• Inspector 2nd Class ( 二级警督, èrjí jǐngdū)Shoulder insignia: two pips with two
silver bars.
• Inspector 3rd Class (三级警督, sānjí jǐngdū)Shoulder insignia: one pip with two
silver bars.

<Junior Officer>

• Sergeant 1st Class ( 一 级 警 司 , yījí jǐngsī)Shoulder insignia: three pips with one silver

bar. Highest admin position at this rank can be Station Commander, or Operations

Squad Leader and sub-Unit Commander/Section Head at a police bureau or sub-bureau,

normally in charge of a detective case or a common police raid operation.

• Sergeant 2nd Class (二级警司, èrjí jǐngsī)Shoulder insignia: two pips with one silver bar.

University degree holder's entry ranking level is Sgt 2 class. Other than basic duties,

also attend and assist sub- unit commander/section head in handling all kinds of

cases. Sometimes is second in charge or Acting Commander during a case or operation.

• Sergeant 3rd Class ( 三 级 警 司 , sānjí jǐngsī)Shoulder insignia: one pip with one silver
bbar. Other than basic duties, also attend and assist sub-unit commander/section head
in handling all kinds of cases.

• Police Constable 1st Class (一级警員, yījí jǐngyuán)Shoulder insignia: two pips.
Perform road patrol and vehicle command duties.

• Police Constable 2nd Class (二级警員, èrjí jǐngyuán)Shoulder insignia: one pip.
Perform road patrol and vehicle command duties.

Loyal and qualified officers with no misconduct record, are eligible to attain rank promotion

at every three- year of service (only applicable from PC 2nd class to Sgt 1st class).

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• Probationary Police Constable 见 习 警 员 Shoulder insignia: two stripes.(Normally one

year probationary period) Might be attaching to any of police stations or sub-units to

familiar with the real police operations.

• Cadet (at PTS-Police Training School) 学警 Shoulder insignia: one stripe.

8. China

1. Public Security Police. It makes up to 86% of all police personnel in China. It provides not

only basic uniformed patrol but also twelve other specialized functions including criminal

investigations, fire control border patrol, and monitoring of all modes of transportation.

2. State Security Police. Established in 1983, it is responsible for preventing espionage,

sabotage, and conspiracies.

3. Prison Police. It is responsible for supervision of convicted offenders in prison.

4. Judicial Procuratorates Police. They escort suspects in cases investigated by the

procuratorates (prosecutors in the Phils.).

5. Judicial People’s Court Police. They maintain security and order in the various courts and

also may carryout death sentence.

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CHAPTER 5

BILATERAL AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGAINST

TRANSNATIONAL CRIME

Lesson 1. United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and

Protocols thereto:

I. Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

a. Know the Bilateral and International Cooperation done by different countries
in fighting Transnational Crimes
b. Assess the different measures undertaken in fighting Transnational Crime as
a global effort

The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, adopted by

General Assembly resolution 55/25 of 15 November 2000, is the main international

instrument in the fight against transnational organized crime. It opened for signature

by Member States at a High-level Political Conference convened for that purpose in

Palermo, Italy, on 12-15 December 2000 and entered into force on 29 September

2003. The Convention is further supplemented by three Protocols, which target

specific areas and manifestations of organized crime: the Protocol to Prevent,

Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children; the

Protocol against the Smuggli ng of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air; and the Protocol

against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, their Parts and

Components and Ammunition. Countries must become parties to the Convention itself

before they can become parties to any of the Protocols. o The Convention represents

a major step forward in the fight against transnational organized crime and signifies

the recognition by Member States of the seriousness of the problems posed by

it, as well as the need to foster and enhance close international cooperation in

order to tackle those problems. States that ratify this instrument commit

themselves to taking a series of measures against transnational organized crime,

including the creation of domestic criminal

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offences (participation in an organized criminal group, money laundering,

corruption and obstruction of justice); the adoption of new and sweeping

frameworks for extradition, mutual legal assistance and law enforcement

cooperation; and the promotion of training and technical assistance for building

or upgrading the necessary capacity of national authorities.

The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially

Women and Children, was adopted by General Assembly resolution 55/25. It entered

into force on 25 December 2003. It is the first global legally binding instrument with

an agreed definition on trafficking in persons. The intention behind this definition is to

facilitate convergence in national approaches with regard to the establishment of

domestic criminal offences that would support efficient international cooperation in

investigating and prosecuting trafficking in persons cases. An additional objective of

the Protocol is to protect and assist the victims of trafficking in persons with full

respect for their human rights.

The Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, adopted by

General Assembly resolution 55/25, entered into force on 28 January 2004. It deals

with the growing problem of organized criminal groups who smuggle migrants, often at

high risk to the migrants and at great profit for the offenders. A major achievement

of the Protocol was that, for the first time in a global international instrument, a

definition of smuggling of migrants was developed and agreed upon. The

Protocol aims at preventing and combating the smuggling of migrants, as well as

promoting cooperation among States parties, while protecting the rights of smuggled
migrants and preventing the worst forms of their exploitation which often characterize
the smuggling process.

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The Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in

Firearms, their Parts and Components and Ammunition was adopted by General

Assembly resolution 55/255 of 31 May 2001. It entered into force on 3 July 2005.

The objective of the Protocol, which is the first legally binding instrument on small

arms that has been adopted at the global level, is to promote, facilitate and strengthen

cooperation among States Parties in order to prevent, combat and eradicate the illicit

manufacturing of and trafficking in firearms, their parts and components and

ammunition. By ratifying the Protocol, States make a commitment to adopt a series of

crime-control measures and implement in their domestic legal order three sets of

normative provisions: the first one relates to the establishment of criminal offenses

related to illegal manufacturing of, and trafficking in, firearms on the basis of the

Protocol requirements and definitions; the second to a system of government

authorizations or licensing intending to ensure legitimate manufacturing of, and

trafficking in, firearms; and the third one to the marking and tracing of firearms.

ASEAN ACHIEVEMENT IN POLITICAL COLLABORATION

 ZONE OF PEACE, FREEDOM AND NEUTRALITY (ZOPFAN)

On November 27, 1971, the foreign ministers of the then five ASEAN members

met in Kuala Lumpur and signed the ZOPFAN Declaration.

It commits all ASEAN members to “ exert efforts to secure the recognition

of and respect for Southeast Asia as a Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality,
free from any manner of interference by outside powers ,” and to “make concerted
efforts to broaden the areas of cooperation, which would contribute to their
strength, solidarity and closer relationship.”
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Another 5 years passed before the next major development in political

cooperation came about- the First ASEAN Summit in Bali, when the ASEAN leaders

signed three major documents:

 DECLARATION OF ASEAN CONCORD

It states for the first time that the member countries would expand

political cooperation. It also adopted principles for regional stability and

programme of action for political cooperation. The programme called for holding

ASEAN summit among the heads of government: signing the Treaty of Amity and

Cooperation in Southeast Asia; settling intraregional disputes “by peaceful

means as soon as possible”, improving the ASEAN machinery to strengthen political
cooperation including the possibility of an ASEAN extradition treaty ; and
strengthening political solidarity by promoting the harmonization of views,
coordinating positions and, where possible and desirable, taking common action .

 TREATY OF AMITY AND COOPERATION (TAC) IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

The treaty enshrines the following principles: mutual respect for one

another’s sovereignty; non-interference in internal affairs; the peaceful settlement

of intraregional disputes; and effective cooperation.The treaty also provides for a
code of conduct for the peaceful settlement of disputes . And it mandates the
establishment of a high council made up of ministerial
representatives from the parties as a dispute- settlement mechanism.

 SOUTHEAST ASIA NUCLEAR WEAPON- FREE ZONE (SEANWFZ)

At the ASEAN Summit in Bangkok on December 15, 1995, the leaders of

all ten Southeast ASEAN countries signed the Treaty on the SEANWFZ. As a key

component of ZOPFAN, the SEANWFZ treaty expresses ASEANS’ determination

to contribute towards general and complete nuclear disarmament and the promotion

on international peace and security. It also aims to protect the region from

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environmental pollution and the hazards posed by radioactive waste and other toxic

materials. The treaty came into force on March 27, 1997.

LESSON 3. PARTICIPATION OF THE PNP IN

UN PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS

I. Objectives: at the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

a. Know the participation of PNP in peacekeeping mission
b. Know the Selections and Qualification in UNSAT
c. Know the Terms of Deployment

II. Lesson Proper:

PNP Memorandum Circular 2009-006

“Rules and Procedures on the Selection of the PNP Personnel for secondment, detail to

International Organizations, Peacekeeping Missions”

UN Special Action Team (UNSAT)

Coverage of the UNSAT Pre-Qualifying Exam

1st stage- Written Examination which covers Reading comprehension,

Listening Comprehension, Report writing

2nd stage- Driving Proficiency Test

3rd stage- Firing Proficiency Test

Qualification Age
Applicant must not less than 25 years old or more than 53 years old upon actual
deployment.

An applicant shall be considered 25 years of age on his/her actual 25th birthday, or

more than 53 years of age on his/her actual 54th birthday.

Rank Requirement

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For Police Commissioned Officers (PCOs) - only those with the rank of Police Senior

Inspector, Police Chief Inspector, or Police Superintendent are allowed to apply.

For Police Non-commissioned Officers (PNCOs) - only those within the rank

bracket of Police Officer 3 to Senior Police Officer 4 are allowed to apply.

All applicants must have been appointed in permanent status in their respective
present ranks.

Service Requirement

All applicants must have attained a minimum of 5 years of active police service

(excluding cadetship, officer orientation/trainee course, and police basic course)

Physical Requirement

All applicants must have passed the latest Physical Fitness test (PFT) conducted by the

PNP Directorate for Human Resource and Doctrine

Development, as well as medical, dental, and neuropsychiatric examinations.

Special skills needed

Computer Literacy Requirement- all applicants must be knowledgeable of basic

computer operations, including Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and use of the Internet.

Driving Proficiency Requirement- all applicants must have at least one year of recent

driving experience and must possess a valid national or international driver’s

license issued at least one year to the application.

Unit Recommendation Requirement

All applicants must be recommended by unit Commanders (Command group of Directors of their

respective Directorial Staff, National Support Units, Police Regional Offices).

Other Requirements

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All applicants must hold a performance Evaluation Rating (PER) with a minimum Very

Satisfactory evaluation for two consecutive rating semesters prior to the UNSAT

examinations.

All applicants must not have been repatriated from any previous UN mission for
disciplinary reasons.
All applicants must not have been convicted of any administrative or criminal

offense; have no pending administrative/ criminal cases in any

body/tribunal/court.

No applicant should be a witness to any administrative/ criminal case, especially

those covered by Republic Act no. 9165, or a summary hearing officer with

unresolved cases.

Term of Deployment

All PNP personnel who are deployed as part of the UN Peacekeeping Mission shall

have one year tenure, extendable to 6 months.

Definition of Terms

1. 1998 - Asean Chiefs of Police (Aseanapol) was estabished.

2. Adversarial System - the accused is innocent until proven guilty.
3. Advisers- these are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may be appointed by the

Executive Committee and confirmed by the General Assembly.

4. Alertness to crime theory - is that as a nation develops people’s alertness to crime is

heightened, so they report more crime to police and also demand the police become more

effective at solving crime problems.

5. Anarchist Terrorism- are revolutionaries who seek to overthrow all established forms of
government.
6. Anti-Money Laundering Act (AMLA) - refers to Republic Act No. 9160, as amended by

Republic Act Nos. 9194, 10167 and 10365.

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7. Apostasy - is defined as the conscious abandonment of Islam by a Muslim in word or

through deed. It includes the act of converting to another religion by a person who was

born in a Muslim family or who had previously accepted Islam.

8. Bereitschaftspolizei (Bepos)- who are actually officers-in- training living in barracks, but

they serve as civil order police when the situation arises.

9. Bhayangkara- the term used in the Indonesian Police referred to as officer.

10. Black Notice- to seek information on unidentified bodies
11. Blue Notice- to collect additional information about a person’s identity or activities
in relation to a crime.
12. Canada Royal Canadian Mounted Police- colloquially known as “Mounties” and internally as

“The Force” is the national force of Canada and one of the most recognized of its kind in

the world being a national, federal, provincial and municipal policing body.

13. Centralized Police - A country with only one recognized police force which operates
entire that country.

14. Chusai-san - the rural police officer in Japan.

15. Chuzaishan- Japan rural police officers who live with his family in a small house provided

by the government that also serves as an office for

conducting police business.

16. Chuzaisho - (residential police box) is usually staffed by a single officer. The Chuzaisho is

typically located outside of urban districts in villages and is operated by one community

officer, who resides with his family in this police facility.

17. Comparative Criminal Justice - it is as subfield of the study of criminal justice

systems worldwide. It studies the similarities and differences in structure, goals,

punishment and emphasis on rights as well as the history and political stature of

different systems.

18. Comparative Police System - it is the science and art of investigating and comparing the

police system of nations. It covers the study of police organizations, trainings and

methods of policing of various nations.

19. Computer Fraud - altering data or gaining unlawful use of computer or services.
20. Computer Viruses - a program that copies itself and infects a computer.

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21. Counterterrorism- refers to the practices, tactics and strategies that governments,

militaries and other groups adopt in order to fight terrorism.

22. Cyber stalking - a technologically based attack on person because of anger, revenge, or
control.
23. Cybercrimes - are generally defined as any type of illegal activity that makes use of the

Internet, a private or public network, or an in-house computer system.

24. Cyber-terrorism- is a form of terrorism that makes use of high technology – especially

computers, the Internet and the World Wide Web- in the planning and carrying out of

terrorist attacks.

25. Decentralized police - refers to a system where police administrations and operations are

independent from one state to another. It is more applicable to countries with federal

government.

26. Demographic theory - is based on the event of when a greater number of children are

beingborn, because as these baby booms grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out of

the adolescent identity crisis.

27. Denial of Service Attacks - making service unavailable to users.

28. Deprivation theory- holds that progress comes along with rising expectations, and

people at the bottom develop unrealistic expectations while people at the top don’t

see themselves rising fast enough.

29. Domestic Terrorism- refers to the unlawful use of force or violence by a group or an

individual who is based and operates within a state

30. Drug Trafficking - the commercial exchange of drugs and drug paraphernalia. This

includes any equipment used to manufacture illegal drugs or use them.

31. Economic or migration theory - is that crime everywhere is the result of unrestrained

migration and over population in urban areas such as ghettos and slums.

32. Federal Bureau of Investigation- Chief investigating branch of the United States

Department of Justice.

33. General Assembly- INTERPOL’s supreme governing body, it meets annually and comprises

delegates appointed by each member country.

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34. Globalization - is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies,

and government of different nations, as process driven by international trade and

investment and aided by information technology.

35. Green notice- to provide warning and intelligence about persons who have committed

criminal offenses and are likely to repeat these crimes in other countries.

36. Hashutsusho- is typically placed in an urban district and is operated by a number of

community police officers who work under a shift system.

37. Hong Kong Police Force- the world’s second and the Asia's first police agency to
operate with a modern policing system.
38. Human Trafficking - the illegal movement of people, typically for the purposes of forced
labour or commercial sexual exploitation.

39. IACP - (International Association of Chiefs of Police)- the world’s oldest and largest

nonprofit membership organization of police executives, with over 20,000 members in over

80 different countries. IACP’s leadership consists of the operating chief executes of

international, federal, state and local agencies of all sizes.

40. Identity Theft - using another's personal information to commit fraud or other crimes.
41. Imperial Guard- provides personal security for the Emperor, Crown Prince and other

members of the Imperial Family of Japan.

42. Inquisitorial System - the accused is guilty until proven innocent.

43. International Crime - Defined as crimes against the peace and security of mankind.
44. International Terrorism- is the unlawful use of force or violence by a group or an

individual who has connection to a foreign power or whose activities transcend national

boundaries against person or property to intimidate or coerce a government.

45. INTERPOL four official languages- Arabic, English, French & Spanish
46. INTERPOL–United Nations Security Council Special Notice- issued for groups and

individuals who are the targets of UN Security Council Sanctions Committees.

47. Jolly R. Bugarin - a Filipino former President of the Interpol, from 1980 to 1984. He is

the only Filipino who had achieved that feat.

48. Judicial Procuratorates Police- They escort suspects in cases investigated by the
procuratorates

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49. Kidotai- Japan’s special riot Police

50. Kriminalpolizei (Kripo)- who are plainclothes police who are handle serious crime

investigations and situations that require developing a case against a suspect.

51. Kuala Lumpur- the permanent seat of the ASEANAPOL secretariat is located.
52. Left-wing Terrorism- seek to destroy economies based on free enterprise and to

replace them with socialist or communist economic systems.

53. Malware - malicious software that interferes with the functioning of computers and

sending data of user over the internet.

54. Modernization theory - sees the problem as society becoming too complex.
55. Money Laundering - the concealment of the origins of illegally obtained money,

typically by means of transfers involving foreign banks or legitimate businesses.

56. Mutawa - religious police in Saudi Arabia whose duty is to ensure strict adherence to

established codes of conduct.

57. National Central Bureaus- is the designated contact point for the General

Secretariat, regional offices and other member countries requiring assistance.

58. with overseas investigations and the location and apprehension of fugitives.

59. National Crime Information Center (NCIC)- A computerized information system

that stores records on wanted persons and stolen property operated by the FBI

located in Washington D.C

60. National Public Safety Commission- It ensures that Japan's police are an apolitical

body and free of direct central government executive control.

61. NCB-INTERPOL MANILA- serves as the office and main coordinating body for

international police cooperation against transnational crimes representing all law

enforcement agencies in the Philippines.

62. New York Police Department- largest city police department in the United States.
63. Ngā Pirihimana o Aotearoa - it literally means "the policeman", is the national police

force of New Zealand.

64. Opportunity theory - is that along with higher standards of living, victims become more

careless of their belongings, and opportunities for committing crime multiply.

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65. Palermo Protocols - are three protocols that were adopted by the United Nations to

supplement the 2000 Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.

66. Peacekeeping- is defined by the UN as a “unique and dynamic instrument

developed by the organization as a way to help countries torn by conflict create the
conditions for lasting peace.
67. Philippine Center on Transnational Crime (PCTC)- created on January 15, 1999 by

Executive Order No. 62 under the Office of the President to formulate and implement

a concerted of action of all law enforcement, intelligence and other government

agencies for the prevention and control of transnational crime.

68. Police Box - is a British telephone kiosk or callbox located in a public place for the use

of members of the police, or for members of the public to contact the

police.

69. Polis Diraja - the Royal Malaysia police.

70. POLRI - (Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia) Indonesian National Police.

The Chief of Police of Indonesia is called Kapolri.

71. Prefectures- refers to the Japan sub-national jurisdiction.

72. Purple notice- to provide information on modus operandi, procedures, and hiding places

used by criminals.

73. Rakan Cop- the community outreach program of Malaysia

74. Red Notice- to seek arrest of wanted person with a view to extradition.
75. Republic Act no. 10175- Cybercrime Prevention Act
76. Republic Act no. 8792 - Electronic Commerce Act of 2000.
77. Republic Act no. 9165 - Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002.
78. Republic Act no. 9208 - The Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003.
79. Republic Act no. 9372 - Human Security Act of 2007.
80. Republic Act no. 9995 - Anti-Photo and Voyeurism Act of 2009.
81. Right-wing Terrorism- motivated by fascist ideals and work toward the dissolution of

democratic governments.

82. Schupo - (Schutzpolizei), the state level police of the German States.

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83. Schutzpolizei (Schupo)- equivalent to municipal police. They are the first to arrive at

the crime scene of most crimes and handle all general law enforcement and simple

investigation.

84. Sheriff- United States chief law enforcement officer in most counties
85. Smuggling of Migrants- shall mean the procurement, in order to obtain, directly or

indirectly, a financial or other material benefit, of the illegal entry of a person into a

State Party of which the person is not a national or a permanent resident.

86. Special Assault Team- official paramilitary anti-terrorist unit under the

Japanese National Police Agency

87. Strategic Counterterrorism- deny resources, such as finances or base areas, to the

terrorists. It will capture, kill, or convert terrorist leaders.

88. Tactical and Operational Counterterrorism- creation of elite units or forces, whose

role is to directly engage terrorists and prevent terrorist attacks. They perform

both in preventive actions, hostage rescue and responding to on-going attacks.

89. Taliban- means "students” is an Islamic fundamentalist political movement in

Afghanistan.
90. Terrorism - the unofficial or unauthorized use of violence and intimidation in the

pursuit of political aims.

91. Theory of anomie and synomie - (the latter being a term referring to social cohesion

onvalues), suggests that progressive lifestyle and norms result in the disintegration of

older norms that once held people together (anomie).

92. Trafficking in Person- shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer,

harbouring, or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other

forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a

position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve

the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of

exploitation.

93. Transnational Crime - It is a term that has been used in comparative and

international criminal justice study in recent years to reflect the complexity

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and enormity of global crime issues. It is defined by the United Nations (UN) offences

whose inception, proportion and/or direct or indirect effects involve in more than one

country.

94. Troopers- US State Police Officers

95. Unite States- the prime mover of globalization.
96. United Nations- is an international organization whose aims include promoting and

facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic

development, social progress, human rights, civil rights, civil liberties, political

freedoms, democracy, and the achievement of lasting world peace.

97. US Federal Police- They are responsible in enforcing law within the whole country of

USA including outside boarders.

98. US Marshals Service- the nation’s oldest federal law enforcement agency. They

serve to protect federal judicial officials, maintain security in federal courthouses,

and protect the safety of the witnesses in federal trials who are endangered by

testifying.

99. US Secret Service- Protecting all living current and former U.S. president and their
families
100. Weapon of Mass Destruction- term used to describe a massive weapon with the

capacity to indiscriminately kill large number of people.

101. Yellow Notice- to help locate missing persons, often mino

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