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Lecture 10

The document discusses the mole as the standard unit used in chemistry to quantify amounts of substances. It defines one mole as containing 6.022x10^23 constituent particles, known as Avogadro's number. The mass of one mole of a substance in grams is called its molar mass, which is equal numerically to the formula weight in atomic mass units. Conversions between mass and moles, or moles and number of particles, can be performed using the molar mass or Avogadro's number as conversion factors.

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17 views

Lecture 10

The document discusses the mole as the standard unit used in chemistry to quantify amounts of substances. It defines one mole as containing 6.022x10^23 constituent particles, known as Avogadro's number. The mass of one mole of a substance in grams is called its molar mass, which is equal numerically to the formula weight in atomic mass units. Conversions between mass and moles, or moles and number of particles, can be performed using the molar mass or Avogadro's number as conversion factors.

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waelabood51
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Sec 3.

4:
AVOGADRO’S
NUMBER AND THE
MOLE
• In chemistry the counting unit for numbers of atoms, ions, or molecules in a
laboratory-size sample is the mole, abbreviated mol.*
• One mole is the amount of matter that contains as many objects as the number of
atoms in exactly 12 g of isotopically pure 12.𝐶.
• From experiments, scientists have determined this number to be 6.0221421 × 1023 ,
which we will usually round to 6.02 × 1023 , Scientists call this value Avogadro’s
number, 𝑵𝑨 .
• It is often cited with units of reciprocal moles, 6.02 × 1023 𝑚𝑜𝑙−1 . The unit (read as
either “inverse mole” or “per mole”) reminds us that there are 6.02 × 1023 objects per
one mole.
• A mole of atoms, a mole of molecules, or a mole of anything else all contain
Avogadro’s number of objects:
• Molar Mass:
• The atomic weight of an element in atomic mass units is numerically equal to the mass in grams of
1 mol of that element.
• The mass in grams of one mole of a substance (that is, the mass in grams per mole) is
called the molar mass of the substance.
• The molar mass in grams per mole of any substance is numerically equal to its formula weight in
atomic mass units.
• For NaCl, for example, the formula weight is 58.5 amu and the molar mass is 58.5
g/mol.
* Interconverting Masses and Moles:
• Conversions of mass to moles and of moles to mass are frequently encountered in
calculations using the mole concept.
• No. of moles = Mass / Molar mass
• Mass = No. of moles * Molar mass
* Interconverting Masses and Numbers of Particles:
• The mole concept provides the bridge between mass and number of particles.
• To illustrate how this bridge works, let’s calculate the number of copper atoms in an
old copper penny. Such a penny has a mass of about 3 g, and we assume it is 100%
copper:

• We have rounded our answer to one significant figure because we used only one
significant Figure for the mass of the penny.
• The molar mass and Avogadro’s number are used as conversion factors to convert
grams to moles and then moles to atoms.
• Notice also that our answer is a very large number.
• Any time you calculate the number of atoms, molecules, or ions in an ordinary sample
of matter, you can expect the answer to be very large.
• In contrast, the number of moles in a sample will usually be small, often less than 1.
• The general procedure for interconverting mass and number of formula units (atoms,
molecules, ions, or whatever else is represented by the chemical formula) is
summarized in FIGURE 3.12.

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