BRITISH STANDARD Loading for buildings Part 1. Code of practice for dead and imposed loads es ouno NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW BS 6399: Part 1: 1996BS 6399 : Part 1: 1996 Committees responsible for this British Standard ‘The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by Technical Committee 18/525, Building and civil engineering structures, to Subcommittee BV/525/1, Actions (loadings) and basis of design, upon which the following bodies were represented: British Constructional Steelwork Association Ltd. British Iron and Steel Producers Association British Masonry Society Concrete Society Department of the Environment (Building Research Establishment) Department of the Environment (Property and Buildings Directorate) ‘Department of Transport (Highways Agency) Institution of Structural Engineers National House-building Council ‘Royal Institute of British Architects ‘Steel Construction Institute Co-opted members ‘This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Sector Board for Building and Civil Engineering, was peblished under he suthoriy of the Standards Board tnd comes nto effect on . Is September 108 1 pee Amendments issued since publication Fist published February 1664 Second edition September 1866 Amd. No. | Date “Text affected ‘Commitie reference B/625/t Draft for comment 95/100835 DC ISBN 0580 26290 T“s+ HUI BS 6899 : Part 1 : 1996 TT Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover Foreword ii Code of practice 1 Scope 2 References 3 Definitions 4 Dead loads 5 Imposed floor and ceiling loads 6 Reduction in total imposed floor loads 7 Imposed roof loads 8 Crane gantry girders 9 Dynamic loading (excluding wind) 10 Parapets, barriers and balustrades Vehicle barriers for car parks 12 Accidental load on key or protected elements ‘Annex A__ (normative) Dynamic loads for dancing and jumping Tables Minimum imposed floor loads 2 Reduction in total distributed imposed floor loads with number of storeys 5. Reduction in total distributed imposed floor loads on a supporting beam ene or girder with floor area 4 Minimum horizontal imposed loads for parapets, barriers and, alustrades, etc. 8 5__Typical values of contact ratio for various activities 9 © pst 1906BS 6399 : Part 1: 1996 ————————————————— Foreword ‘This Part of BS 6309 has been prepared by Subcommittee B/525/1, Actions (loadings) ‘and basis of design. It supersedes BS 6300 : Part I: 1984, which is withdrawn. This edition of BS 6399 : Part 1, introduces technical changes, but it does not reflect a full revision of the standard which will be undertaken in due course, ‘The principle change in this edition is the presentation of the imposed floor loads according to the type of activity/oceupancy, rather than occupaney class as introduced in the 1984 edition, The weights of movable partitions which were redefined as imposed loads in the 1984 edition, retain their classification. The reductions in floor load with number of storeys and with area have also been clarified ‘The clause on dynamic loading has been expanded to give guidance on dynamic loads due to crowds and a clause on accidental load on key or protected elements has been introduced. ‘The basis of the loadings is historical and they agree, subject to comparatively minor variations, with intemational consensus of opi : ‘The data on wind loads are given in BS 6809 : Part 2 and data on imposed roof loads are given in BS 6399 : Part 3. In this edition of BS 6300 : Part 1, numerical values have been given in terms of ‘Sl units, details of which are to be found in BS 5665, Those concemed with the conversion and renovation of older buildings designed in terms of imperial units may find it useful to note that 1 N = 0.205 Ibf and 1 klW/in? = 20.89 Ibi, Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. ii ©! 1996 ©BS 6399 : Part 1: 1996 —— Code of practice 1 Scope LL This Part of BS 6399 gives dead and minimum recommended imposed loads for use in designing buildings. It applies to: a) new buildings and new structures; ») alterations and additions to existing buildings and existing structures; ©) existing construction on change of use. It does not apply to the maintenance of, or the replacement of parts of, existing buildings and structures where there is no change of use. 1.2 This code of practice does not cover: ) loads on road and rail bridges, as these are dealt with in other British Standards, e.g, BS 5400; ) wind loads (see BS 6399 : Part 2); €) Imposed roof loads (see BS 6309 : Part 3); 4) snow loads (see BS 6399 : Part 3); €) loads on structures subject to internal pressures from their contents (e:g, bunkers, silos and water tanks), which have to be calculated individually, 1 loads due to machinery vibration and dynamic loads other than due to crowds; 8) loads due to lifts (see BS 2655); 1) loads incidental to construction; 4) test loads; J) loads for crane gantry girders (see BS 2573). 2 References 2.1 Normative references ‘This Part of BS 6399 incorporates, by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are made at the appropriate places in the text and the cited publications are listed on the inside back cover. For dated references, only the edition cited applies; any subsequent amendments to or revisions of the cited publication apply to this Part of BS 6399 only when incorporated in the reference by amendment or revision. For undated references, the latest edition of the cited publication applies, together with any amendments. 2.2 Informative Feferences ‘This Part of BS 6399 refers to other publications that provide information or guidance, Editions of these publications current at the time of issue of this standard are listed on the inside back cover, but reference should be made to the latest editions. 3 Definitions For the purposes of this code of practice the following definitions apply. 3.1 dead load ‘The load due to the weight of all walls, permanent partitions, floors, roofs, finishes and all other permanent construction including services of a Permanent nabure. 3.2 imposed load ‘The load assumed to be produced by the intended ‘occupancy or use, including the weight of movable partitions, distributed, concentrated, impact and inertia, loads, but excluding wind loads. 3.3 storage height The height of the space between a floor and a physical constraint to the height of storage formed by a ceiling, soffit of a floor, roof or other obstruction. 3.4 wind load The load due to the effect of wind pressure or suction. 3.5 aceldental load on key or protected element ‘The ultimate load assumed, during a single accidental loading event to apply to structural elements essential to the residual stability of the building. 4 Dead loads Dead loads are calculated from the unit weights «given in BS 648 or from the actual known weights of the materials used. Where there is doubt as to the permanency of dead loads, such loads should be ‘treated as imposed loads. Where permanent partitions are indicated, their actual weights are included in the dead load. ‘The weights of tanks and other receptacles, and of thelr contents, are considered as dead loads. These loads should be calculated for the cases when a tank or receptacle is full and when it is empty. 5 Imposed floor and ceiling loads 5.1 Floors 5.1.1 General ‘The loads appropriate to the type of activity/occupaney for which the floor area will be used in service are given in table 1. The loads in table I should be treated as the unfactored oy characteristic loads for design purposes. ‘They should be considered as the minimum valites to be adopted. Where higher values are considered more appropriate, based on a knowledge of the proposed use of the structure or proposed installation of equipment, machinery, stacking systems, ete, they should be used instead. © BSI 1996BS 6399 : Part 1: 1996 ——— eee Table 1. Minimum imposed floor loads Type of ‘Examples of specific use Uniformity Concentrated load activity/occupancy for distributed load | KN part of the building oF ovine ‘A Domestic and residential | All usages within self-contained dweling ania | LE rey activites Communal areas (including leichens) in biocks of (Also see category ©) fas with lied use (See note 1) (For cortmunal areas in other blocks Of fats, see Cand below) ‘Bedrooms and dormitories excepe those in hotels| 1.5 18 and movels ‘Bedrooms is hotels and motels 20 18 Hospital wards Tollet areas Biliard rooms 20 a7, ‘Communal Ktchens except in ais covered by 130 45 note 1 ‘Balconies Single dweling [15 ry units and ‘communal areas ‘in blocks of fas ‘with Limited use ‘Gee note 1) ‘Guest Houses, | Same as rooms to which | 1./m ran concentrated rasidendal chibs | they give access but | atthe outer edge and communal | with & minimum of 3.0 areas in blocks of, fats except as covered by note 1 “ootels and motes | Same as rooms to which | 1./m run Concentrated they give access but | at the cuter edge wth arminimum of 40 ‘BOfiices and work areas | Operating theates, Kray rooms, wily rooms [20 8 not covered elsewhere Work rooms (light industral) without storage [25 18 ‘Offices for general use 25 27 ‘Banking Falls 30. 27 ‘Richens, laundries, laboratories 20. 6 Rooms with mainframe computers or snr | 95 o equipment a © Machinery falls, circulation spacas therein o w ‘Projection rooms 50 "To be determined for specific use Factores, workshops and silar buildings 30 a (general industrial). Foundries 20 “To be determined for specific use Cabwalls = 1.0 at 1m coniree Balconies ‘Same as rooms to which | 1.5im run concentrated they give access but | at he outer eoge th aminimum of 6.0 iy gallenes “45 Wi run astrbuted | — uniformly over width Tears = 13 ring toad a ‘© BSI 1996BS 6399 : Part 1: 1996 ———————— Table 1. Minimum imposed floor loads (continued) Type of Examples of specific use Uniformicy Concentrated Toad activity/oceupaney for distributed load |x part of the building or ein? structure ‘Areas where people way | Public, inatinudonal and communal dining roama | 20 2 congregate and lounges, cafes and restaurants (See note 2) Ci Areas with tables ‘Reading rooms with no book storage 25, eS Classrooms 30 27, (C2 Areas with fixed seats | Asserbly areas with xed seating 40 36 (Gee nove 5) Places of worship Ed a ‘G5 Areas without obstacles | Corridors, hallways, ales, | Coridors, 30 rr for moving people ‘stats, landings ete in hallways, Insciutional type buildings (not | aisles ee. c ‘subject so crowds or wheeled | (foot ame only) Oo vehicles), hoses, guest $i houses, residential clubs, and an iad a landings ‘communal areas in blocks of fas not covered by note | o0t tae only) (For communal areas in blocks of flats covered by note I, seo) ‘Contdors, allways, aisles, | Comidors, 1 Pry stars, landings, ete in all other | hallways, buildings meluding hotels and | asls, et. = rote and institatonal (foot tate only) = —— ‘Comidors, 50, 45 hallways, aisles ec, snject to . ‘wheeled vehicles, a trolleys ete. Sais and 0 zr) lsndings oot asic ony) industrial walvayo Che G05) 30 a Tdaszal wallrays (general du) 50 45 O Industrial walkways (heavy du) 75 a5 Misour floors andar galleries for exibiwon [40 “5 purposes Balconies (except as specie in A) “ame as room « which | Sim rin concentrated they give access but | atthe outer edge with a nimi of 40 Fly galleries| “FS kvm nun diseabuted | — uniformly over width ‘C4 Areas with possible Dance halls and studios, gymnasia, stages: [so 38 physical acsivides 3 x ae ‘Dail halls and del 7 30) (C5 Areas susceptible to | Assembly areas without Axed seating, concert | 50, 38 vererowding hall, bars, places of worship and grandstands Gee cause 9) ‘Stages in public assembly areas 75 5 D Shopping areas ‘Shop floors forthe sale and display of merchandise | 40 26. © BSI 1906 3BS 6399 : Part 1: 1996 Table 1, Minimum imposed floor loads (continued) Type of ‘Examples of specific use Uniformity Concentrated load activity/oceapaney for lscrbuted lord | KN part of the building o ein? Structure E Warehousing and storage | General areas for atic equipment not specitied | 20 1s areas. Areas subject 10 | elsewhere (insitatonal and public buildings) ‘accumulation of goods. cumulation of goods. Reading rooms with book storage, eg. branes | 40 s ‘General storage other than those specified ‘24 for each mee of | 7.0 ‘Storage height File rooms, fling and storage space (offices) 50, a5 ‘Stack rooms (books) ‘2: Tor each metre In ‘storage height bat with a 70 ‘unimum of 85 Paper storage for printing planis and stalonery | 40 for each metre of | 80 stores storage height Dense mobile stacking (books) on moble wolleys, | 48 for each meme of | 70 ‘n public and insinutional builaings ‘storage helght but wich minimum of 0.5 Dense mobile stacking (books) on mobile trucks, in} 48 for each mete of | 7 warehouses ‘storage height but wich minimum of 15.0 Cold storage 30 foreach metre of | 90 Storage height bat with minimum of 15.0 Pant rooms, bller rooms, fan rooms, ei, including weight of machinery 5 a5 repair workshops, footpaths with vehicle access, adders = 1.5 rang toad F Parking for cars, light vans, ete. not 25 80 ‘exceeding 2500 leg gross mass, including garages, driveways and ramps © Vehicles exceeding 2500 kg. Driveways, ramps, | To be determined for specific use ‘and ear parking NOTE 1. Communal areas in blocks of fats with limited use refers to blocks of lata not more than Uhre storeys in helght and with ‘Rot more than four self-contained dwelling units per floor accessible from one staircase. [NOTE 2. Where these same areas may be subjected to loads due to physical activities or overcrowding. e4.a hotel dining room used ‘8 a dance floor, imposed loads should be based on occupancy Cé or O5 as appropriate. Reference should also be made to clause 9. [NOTES Fixed seating is seating where its removal and the use ofthe space for other purposes is improbable, All oors should be designed to carry the uniformly distributed or concentrated load, whichever produces the greatest stresses (or where critical, deflection) in the part of the floor under consideration. ‘The categories adopted for types of activity/occupancy are: A Domestic and residential activities B Office and work areas not covered elsewhere c Areas where people may congregate D ‘Shopping areas E Areas susceptible to the accumulation of goods F/G Vehicle and traffic areas 5.1.2 Uniformly distributed loads ‘The uniformly distributed loads given in table 1 are the uniformly distributed static loads per square metre of plan area and provide for the effects of normal use. 5.1.3 Concentrated loads Concentrated loads should be assumed to act at points on the member to give the greatest moment, shear (or where critical, deflection). Concentrated loads should be applied to individual members and assumed to act on them unless there is evidence that, adequate interaction exists to ensure that the load ‘can be shared or spread. ‘When used for the calculation of local effects such as crushing and punching, the concentrated loads should be assumed to act at a position and over an area of application appropriate to their cause. Where this cannot be foreseen, a square contact area with a.50 mm side should be assumed, © BSI 1996BS 6399 : Part 1: 1996 ————— 5.1.4 Partitions When permanent partitions are indicated, their ‘weight should be included in the dead load, acting at the given partition location. In buildings where the use of other partitions is envisaged, an additional imposed load should be specified for the floor area. This may be taken a5 a uniformly distributed load of not less than one third of the load per metre run of the finished partitions. For floors or offices, this additional uniformly distributed partition load should not be less than L.0 kN/m?, 5.2 Ceiling supports and similar structures ‘The following loads are appropriate for the design of frames and covering of access hatches (other than slazing), supports of ceilings and similar structures: a) without access: no imposed load; or »b) with access: 0.25 kN/m? uniformly distributed over the whole area and a concentrated load 0f 0.9 KN so placed as to produce the maximum. effect in the supporting members. 6 Reduction in total imposed floor loads 6.1 ‘The following do not qualify for reduction: a) loads that have been specifically determined from a knowledge of the proposed use of the structure; b) loads due to plant or machinery; ©) loads due to storage. Otherwise, floors designed for activities described in categories A to D inclusive in table 1 may qualify for the reductions specified in this clause to be applied to the uniformly distributed floor loads given in table 1 6.2 Reduction in loading on columns ‘The reductions given in table 2 (based on the number of floors qualifying for load reduction carried by the member under consideration) may be applied to the total imposed floor load in the design of columns, piers, walls and their supports and foundations, except as provided in 6.1. The percentage reductions given apply to the total distributed imposed load (including the additional uniformly distributed. imposed partition load, see 5.1.4) on all floors ‘qualifying for reduction carried by the member under consideration. Alternatively, the reductions based on area in 6.3 may be applied but the reductions given in table 2 cannot be used in combination with those intable 3. NOTE. The moments on a column should be determined from the Toad used to design the beams atthe appropriate level and not reduced on the same basis asthe axial load. Table 2. Reduction in total distributed imposed floor loads with number of storeys ‘Number of floors with | Reduction in total Toads quallfying for distributed imposed load on| reduction carried by all floors carried by the member under member under conalderation consideration. * 1 0 2 10 3 20 4 30 5t010 490 over 10 50 max. 6.3 Reduction in loading on beams The loading on beams (including the additional uniformly distributed imposed partition load, ‘ee 5.1.4), may be reduced according to area supported by the percentage given in table 3, except as provided in 6. NOTE, Bears supporting columns should be designed for the ‘same load as that in the column being supported (being applied a= ‘appropriate, together with all other loads applied direc to the eam Table 3. Reduction in total distributed imposed floor loads on a supporting beam or girder with floor area ‘Area supported Reduction in toral (geno) distributed imposed toad 0 0 50 5 100 10 150 16 200 20 above 250 25 max "NOTE. Reductions for intermodiata arees may be calculated by linear interpolation. 7 Imposed roof loads For imposed roof loads refer to Part 3 of this standard. 8 Crane gantry girders For loads due to cranes, see BS 2573, © BSI 1996BS 6399 : Part 9 Dynamic loading (excluding wind) 9.1 General ‘The imposed loads given in clause 6 allow for small dynamic effects and should be sufficient for most structures without the need for further dynamic checks. However they do not cover the special type of loading conditions such as caused by the rhythmical and synchronized movernent of crowds or the operation of some types of machinery. The use of a factored imposed load to represent significant dynamic effects may prove inadequate in these cases. The dynamic response of the structural system depends on the load and several inter-related structural parameters stch as natural frequency, ‘mass, damping, and mode shape. 9.2 Synchronized dynamic crowd loads 9.2.1 General Dynamic loads will only be significant when any crowd movement (dancing, jumping, rhythmic stamping, aerobics, etc.) is synchronized. In practice, this only occurs in'conjunction with a strong musical beat such as occurs at lively pop concerts oF aerobics. The dynamic loading is thus related to the dance frequency or the beat frequency of the music and is periodical. Such crowd movement can generate both horizontal and vertical loads, If the synchronized movement excites a natural frequency of the affected part of the structure, resonance will occur which can greatly amplify its response. Where significant dynamic loads are to be expected, the structure should be designed either: 2) to withstand the anticipated dynamic loads Gee 9.2. »b) by avoiding significant resonance effects Gee 9.2.3). Dynamic loads or resonance effects in the vertical and also two orthogonal horizontal directions should be considered. 9.2.2 Design for dynamic toads For the calculation of dynamic response a range of load frequencies and types should be considered. Some limited guidance for jumping loads is given in annex A. As the chances of obtaining a resonant situation in combination with the imposed loads given in table 1 are small, actual static loads appropriate to the activity should be used in the determination of dynamic loads. For these conditions a partial factor for loads of 1.0 is appropriate. 9.2.3 Design to avoid resonance Alternatively to avold resonance effects the vertical frequency should be greater than 8.4 Hz and the horizontal frequencies greater than 4.0 Hz; the frequencies being evaluated for the appropriate mode of vibration of an empty structure. 9.8 Other dynamic loads As there is a wide range of loads from different types of machinery no specific guidance can be given, however potential resonant excitation of the structure should be considered. Where necessary the designer should seek specialist advice, 10 Parapets, barriers and balustrades ‘Table 4 specifies minimum horizontal imposed loads appropriate to the design of parapets, barriers, balustrades and other elements of a structure Intended to retain, stop or guide people. The loads ‘given in table 4 should be treated as the unfactored or characteristic loads for design purposes. The uniforraly distributed line load and the uniformly distributed and concentrated loads applicable to the infill are not additive and should be considered as three separate load cases. In design, the horizontal uniformly distributed line load should be considered to act at a height of 1.1 m above datum level, Irrespective of the actual height of the element. For this purpose, the datum level should be taken as the finished level of the access platform, or the pitch line drawn through the nosings of the stair treads, 11 Vehicle barriers for car parks 11.1 The horizontal force F (in kN), normal to and uniformly distributed over any length of 1.5 m of a barrier for a car park, required to withstand the impact of a vehicle is given by: pa 25m? heb where ‘m_ is the gross mass of the vehicle (in ke); » is the velocity of the vehicle (in mvs) normal to the barrier; 4, 1s the deformation of the vehicle (in mma); 6y_ is the deflection of the barrier (in rm). 11.2 Where the car park has been designed on the basis that the gross mass of the vehicles using it will not exceed 2500 kg the following values are used to determine the force F: 1600 kg; 45 100 mm unless better evidence is available. © For a rigid barrier, for which 3, may be taken as zero, the force F appropriate to vehicles up ‘0 2500 kg gross mass is taken as 150 kN. 2 The mass of 1500 kg is taken as being more representative ofthe vehicle population than the extreme value of 2500 kg 6 © St 1906BS 6399 : Part 996 11.3 Where the car park has been designed for vehicles whose gross mass exceeds 2500 kg the following values are used to determine the force F: the actual mass of the vehicle for which the car park is designed (in kg); 4.5005; 100 mm unless better evidence is available. ms v= be = 114 The force determined as in 11.2 or 11.3 may be considered to act at bumper height. In the case of car parks intended for motor cars whose gross mass does not exceed 2500 kg this height may be taken as 376 mm above the floor level 2) See appropriate material desien code. 14.5 Barriers to access ramps of car parks have to withstand one half of the force determined in 11.2 or 11.8 acting at a helght of 610 mm above the ramp, Opposite the ends of straight ramps intended for downward travel which exceed 20 m in length the barrier has to withstand twice the force determined in 11.2 or 11.3 acting at a height of 610 mm above the ramp. 12 Accidental load on key or protected elements When an accidental load is required for a key or protected element approach to design,2) that load shall be taken as 34 kN/m?, © pst 1996BS 6399 : Part 1: 1996 ET ‘Table 4. Minimum horizontal imposed loads for parapets, barriers and balustrades, ete. “Type of occupancy for | Examples of specific use Wortzontal [A anlformly | A point load part of the building or ‘uniformly Aistributed Toad | applied to ps Structure distributed Mine | applied to the | of the ins load inal avn) (av) a) {A Domestic and residential | () Allareas within or eorving exchusvoly | 038 05 0% accvities ‘one dwelling including stairs, landings et. Dut excluding external balconies and edges ‘of roofs (500 C3ix) (W) Other resdeneal but also see) ___[ 074 ie a Band & Offess and work | (i) Light access sears and gangwaye not | 022 Nx Wa seas net Inehed nore than 600 am wide iaewhere eetudng tore Ty) Lighe pedestrian tac routes ia 035 5 0 ce industrial and storage buildings except Aesignaind escape tutes {© Areas not suscepable vo overcrowding in [O74 io as a ‘ce and instonal bulings iso © Industrial and storage buiings except as wen above Cazeas where people may | (e) areas having fixed seating is is is congregate ‘wthin S90 man of We baer, balustrade oF parapet (ce Areas with ables or, | (ai) Restaurants and bars cry is 5 ‘xed seanng (8 Areas without obstacies | (Wi) Stars, ndings, conidors amps | 07 12 a focmoving people and not Gs) Exemal balconies and edges of rools | 0.74 19 0 susceptible to overcrowding | (2cyage and pavements wthan bude curtilage adjacent to basementésunken areas (G5 Areas suscopable to | (x) Footways or pavements less than3m 15 18 15 overcrowding ‘wide adjacent ro sunken areas (Ga) Testes, enemas, discotheques, bars, | 30 13 15 Sucitoria, shopping mais, sembly areas, studio. Footways or pavements greater tan 3m wide adjacent to sunken areas (Gai) Designated sta (see nove 1) ‘See requirements of the appropriate certifying authority D Retail areas ‘a) All retal areas including public areas | 15 15 15 (Of banksvbuliding societies or betang shops. For areas where overcrowding may Occur, see C3. 1G Vehiouar (ev) Pedesiran areas In car pals including | 15 15 1 ‘stairs, landings, ramps, edges or internal Bors, footways, edges of Tools (Ge) Horizontal loads imposed by vehicles _| Sew cause It [NOTE I, Designaced stadia are chose requiring a safety ceifcate under the Safety of Sports Ground AGtIOTS. 8 © BSI 1995BS 6399 : Part 1: 1996 Annex Annex A (normative) Dynamic loads for dancing and jumping In dynamic analysis it is often convenient to express ‘the applied loading as a fourier series representing the variation of load with time as a series of sine functions. Any periodic loading can be decomposed in to a combination of a constant load and several ‘harmonics. Synchronized dynamic loading {1] caused by activities ‘such as jumping and dancing are periodic and mainly depend upon: a) the static weight of the dancer(s) (G); 1b) the period of the dancing load(s) (7p); ) the contact ratio (a), ie. the ratio of the duration within each cycle when the load is in contact with ‘the floor and the period of the dancing. Mathematically the load at any instant (¢) may be expressed as ro-c[1+E, asin 7 where + e] (Equation 1) ‘is the number of the harmonic being considered 1, 2,3, ..5 Yq is the dynamic load factor for the n* harmonic; oy is the phase angle of n® harmonic. ‘The values of rp and gp are functions of the value of the contact ratio a. In practice for the evaluation of displacement and stresses, only the first few harmonics need be considered as the structural response at higher values is generally not significant. It is generally sufficient to consider the first three harmonics for vertical loads and the first harmonic for horizontal loads. For the calculation of acceleration, additional harmonics will need consideration. ‘The table below gives typical values of @ for various activities. ‘Table 5 Typical values of contact ratio for various activities ‘Aetiviey, Contact ratio a Pedestrian movement. 28 Low impact aerobics Rhythmic exercises we High impact aerobics ‘Normal jumping wB High jumping VA ‘The resultant values of ra and gy for a given period of dancing T, or a jumping frequency (1/Tp) may be obtained from literature (e.g reference 1). For individual loads the frequency range that should be considered is 1.5 Hz to 85 Hz and for larger groups 15 Hz to 28 Hz as coordinated movement at the higher frequencies is impractical. For a large group the load F(0 caleulated from equation 1 may be multiplied by 0.67 to allow for lack: of perfect synchronization. Vertical jumping also generates a horizontal load which ray be critial for some structures, eg. temporary grandstands. A horizontal load of 10% of the vertical Toad should be considered. © ast 1996©Oo oO BS 6399 : Part 1: 1996 List of references (see clause 2) Normative references BSI publications BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London BS 648: 1964 BS 2573: BS 2573: Part 1: 1983 Informative references BSI publications BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London BS 2655: BS 2655: Part 4: 1969 BS 5400: BS 6400: Part 2 : 1978 BS 5555: 1993 BS 6390: BS 6399 : Part 2 : 1995 BS 6999 : Part 3: 1988 Other references Schedule of weights of building materials Rules for the design of cranes Specification for classification, stress calculations and design. criteria for structures Specification for lifts, escalators, passenger conveyors and paternosters General requirements for escalators, and passenger conveyors Steel, concrete and. composite bridges Specification for loads Specification for SI units and recommendations for the use of their multiples and of certain other units Loading for buildings Code of practice for wind loads Code of practice for imposed roof loads (1) T. and B.R Ellis. Floor vibration induced by dance type loads — Theory. Structural Engineer, vol 72, No. 3, pp87-44. February 1994. © BST 1986BS 6399: Part 1: 1996 BST ‘989 Chiswick High Road London Wa dal, BSI — British Standards Institution BSLis the independent national body responsible for preparing British Standards. It presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at the inteational level. It is incorporated by Royal Charter, Contract requirements A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Revisions British Standards are updated by amendment or revision. Users of British Standards should make sure that they possess the latest amendments or editions. IIs the constant aim of BSI to improve the quality of our products and services. We ‘would be grateful if anyone finding an inaccuracy or ambiguity while using this British Standard would inform the Secretary of the responsible technical committee, ‘the identity of which can be found on the inside front cover. Tel: 0181 996 9000; Fax: 0181 996 7400. BSI offers members an individua! updating service called PLUS which ensures that, subscribers automatically receive the latest editions of standards. Buying standards Orders for all BSI, intemational and foreign standards publications should be addressed to Customer Services, Sales Department at Chiswick: Tel: 0181 996 7000; Fax: 0181 996 7001. Im response to orders for international standards, itis BSI policy to supply the BSI implementation of those that have been published as British Standards, unless otherwise requested. Information on standards BSI provides a wide range of information on national, Buropean and intemational standards through its Library, the Standardline Database, the BSI Information ‘Technology Service (BITS) and its Technical Help to Exporters Service. Contact the Information Department at Chiswick: Te: 0181 996 711; Fax 0181 996 7048, Subscribing members of BST are Kept up to date with standards developments and receive substantial discounts on the purchase price of standards. For details of these and other benefits contact Customer Services, Membership at: Chiswick: ‘Te: O181 996 7002; Fax: 018i 996 7001. Copyright Copyright subsists in all BSI publications. BSI also holds the copyright, in the UK, of ‘the publications of the international standardization bodies. Except as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 no extract may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means - electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise - without prior written permission from BSI, This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the standard, of necessary details such as symbols, and size, type or grade designations. If these details are to be used for any other purpase than implementation then the prior written permission of BSI must be obtained. If permission is granted, the terms may include royalty payments or a licensing agreement. Details and advice can be ‘obtained from the Copyright Manager, BSI, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL. ISBN 0 680 26239 1 sew @