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Unit 4 Readings Notes

This document contains notes from readings for Unit 4 covering various topics in learning psychology. It defines key concepts in associative learning including taste aversion, observational learning, and latent learning. It also summarizes theories and experiments from important learning psychologists such as Thorndike, Pavlov, Skinner, Bandura, and Tolman. The notes cover both classical and operant conditioning as well as genetic, cognitive, and social aspects of learning.

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15 views3 pages

Unit 4 Readings Notes

This document contains notes from readings for Unit 4 covering various topics in learning psychology. It defines key concepts in associative learning including taste aversion, observational learning, and latent learning. It also summarizes theories and experiments from important learning psychologists such as Thorndike, Pavlov, Skinner, Bandura, and Tolman. The notes cover both classical and operant conditioning as well as genetic, cognitive, and social aspects of learning.

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tytnoob000
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Unit 4 Readings Notes


4.1
-Learning: p. 268-323
-Associative Learning: p: 270-272, p. 302-303
-Taste Aversion: p. 301, p. 412
-Observational Learning: p. 272, p. 312-318
-Latent Learning: p. 304
-Insight Learning: p. 304-305
-Edward Thorndike: p. 283-284, p. 629
-Trial and Error Learning: Trial and error is a fundamental method of problem-solving
characterized by repeated, varied attempts which are continued until success, or until the
practicer stops trying.
-Social Learning: p. 146, p. 524-525
-Learned Helplessness: p. 307, p. 693
-Superstitious Behavior: p. 294-295
-Cognitive Map: p. 304
-Modeling: p. 312-313
-Habituation: p. 271, p. 420, p. 491
-Albert Bandura: p. 312-313, p. 565, p. 606, p. 612
-Biological Preparedness: postulates that organisms are evolutionarily predisposed to
developing associations between certain stimuli and responses. For example, people can be
more predisposed to fearing things (such as heights or snakes) that have historically presented a
mortal threat to humans.
-Insight Learning: “a process that leads to change, which occurs as a result of experience and
increases the potential for improved performance and future learning”
4.2
-Classical Conditioning: p. 270-280
-Ivan Pavlov: p. 13, p. 272, p. 277, p. 279
-(Un)conditioned Stimulus/Response: p. 274
-Neutral Stimuli: p. 273
-Acquisition: p. 275-276, p. 297
-Robert Rescorla: p. 303
-Extinction: p. 276, p. 287, p. 297
-Spontaneous Recovery: p. 276, p. 297
-Stimulus Generalization: p. 276-277, p. 297
-Stimulus Discrimination: p. 285
-Higher Order Conditioning: p. 276
Generalization: p. 276-277, p. 297
-Discrimination Learning: p. 277, p. 290, p. 297
4.3
-Operant Conditioning: p. 271, p. 283-297
-Edward Thorndike: p. 283-284, p. 629
-Law of Effect: p. 283-284
-Positive and Negative Consequences (Punishment): p. 289
-Skinner Box: p. 284
-Shaping:
-Secondary Reinforcement:
-Continuous Reinforcement Schedule:
-Variable Ration: A schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered after an average
number of responses has occurred. For instance, a teacher may reinforce about every 5th time a
child raises their hand in class- sometimes giving attention after 3 hand raises, sometimes 7, etc.
-Fixed Ratio: a schedule of reinforcement. In this schedule, reinforcement is delivered after the
completion of a number of responses. The required number of responses remains constant. The
schedule is denoted as FR-#, with the number specifying the number of responses that must be
produced to attain reinforcement.

4.4
-Genetic Predisposition: A genetic predisposition (sometimes also called genetic susceptibility)
is an increased likelihood of developing a particular disease based on a person's genetic makeup.
A genetic predisposition results from specific genetic variations that are often inherited from a
parent.
-Adaptive Responses: The ability of a cell, tissue, or organism to better resist stress damage by
prior exposure to a lesser amount of stress is known as adaptive response. It is observed in all
organisms in response to a number of different cytotoxic agents.
-Neural Mirroring: A mirror neuron is a neuron that fires both when an organism acts and when
the organism observes the same action performed by another. Thus, the neuron "mirrors" the
behavior of the other, as though the observer were itself acting. Mirror neurons are not always
physiologically distinct from other types of neurons in the brain; their main differentiating
factor is their response patterns. By this definition, such neurons have been directly observed in
humans and primate species, and in birds.
-Preparedness: p. 300
-Instinctive Drift: p. 303
-Robert Rescorla: p. 303
-Allan Wagner: p. 303, p. 567
-Edward Tolman: p. 304-305
-Cognitive Map: p. 304
-Latent Learning: p. 304
-Extrinsic/Intrinsic Motivation: p. 305, p. 833-834
-Social Learning: p. 146, p. 524-525
-Observational Learning: p. 272, p. 312-318
-External/Internal Locus of Control: the extent to which individuals attribute control over
events in their life to themselves as opposed to outside factors.
-Problem-Focused Coping: Attempting to alleviate stress directly–by changing the stressor or
the way we interact with that stressor.
-Emotion-Focused Coping: a type of stress management that attempts to reduce negative
emotional responses that occur due to exposure to stressors. Negative emotions such as fear,
anxiety, aggression, depression, humiliation are reduced or removed by the individual by
various methods of coping.

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