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Answer the Following questions based on the Digestive System then

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Based on the provided text about the digestive system, here is a
questionnaire that can be used to assess understanding of the key
concepts:

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

1. **Overview of the Digestive System**:

- What is the primary function of the digestive system?
- How does the digestive system differ between animals and plants?
➢ The digestive system breaks down food into tiny particles which are absorbed into the blood.
➢ These particles provide energy for the body to grow, repair itself and remain healthy. ➢ Food
that cannot be broken down is released from the body as faeces (poo).
Medium-sized and larger animals (in comparison to multicellular organisms) have more
appropriately sized digestive systems for their bodies. Those with more primitive digestive
systems are animals that have a gut with just one opening that serves as both mouth and anus.
2. **The Process of Digestion**:

- Describe the journey of food through the digestive system, starting from the mouth. - What
is the role of enzymes in the digestive process?
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Food enters the digestive system through the mouth. This process is called ingestion. Once in the
mouth, theRetoca
food iselchewed
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a ball of food called a bolus.
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Digestive enzymes are substances that help you digest your food. They're secreted by the salivary
glands and cells lining the stomach, pancreas, and small intestine. Sometimes people have a
digestiveNO,
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3. **Mechanical and Chemical Phases**:

- Differentiate between the mechanical and chemical phases of digestion. - Where

does most of the chemical digestion occur in the human body?
Mechanical and chemical digestion are two digestive mechanisms that facilitate the absorption and
excretion of food ingested by animals. Mechanical digestion is the mechanical breakdown of food
into small particles.
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 The small intestine is around 20 ft (6 m) long and absorbs around 90%Trusted Sourceof the nutrients
from food into the bloodstream.

4. **Role of Different Organs**:

- What is the function of the stomach in digestion?
- Explain the roles of the liver and pancreas in digestion.
It produces acids and enzymes to help you digest food.
The liver produces blood serum proteins and many clotting factors. The liver metabolizes
nitrogenous waste products and detoxifies poisonous substances, making them ready for excretion
through urine or feces. Pancreas The pancreas is a gland which releases digestive enzymes and
hormones.
5. **Digestive Tract and Accessory Organs**:
- Describe the structure of the alimentary canal.
- Which organs are part of the digestive tract, and which are considered accessory organs?
The alimentary canal is mainly referred to as the pathway by which food enters our body and moves
out through the anus after digestion. It is a tube-like structure which starts from the mouth and ends
in the anus.
The digestive tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and anus. So-called
"accessory" organs include the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder; food doesn't move through these
organs, but they secrete hormones and chemicals that are essential to digestion.
6. **Nutrient Absorption and Waste Excretion**:

- Where in the digestive system does most nutrient absorption occur? - How
are waste products excreted from the body?
The small intestine absorbs most of the nutrients in your food, and your circulatory system passes
them on to other parts of your body to store or use. Special cells help absorbed nutrients cross the
intestinal lining into your bloodstream.
In unicellular organisms, waste products are discharged directly through the surface of the cell.
During life activities such as cellular respiration, several chemical reactions take place in the body.
7. **Enzymes and Glands**:

- What are the functions of salivary glands and the enzymes they produce? -
Identify the enzymes secreted by the gastric glands and their roles.
They secrete saliva in the oral cavity which contains some enzymes like amylase, lysozyme, and
lingual lipase. Amylase works on carbohydrates like starch and converts them into maltose.
Lysozyme kills bacteria present in the mouth by destroying their cell walls.
1 Pepsin is the main gastric enzyme. It breaks proteins into smaller peptide fragments. 2 Gelatinase,
degrades type I and type V gelatin and type IV and V collagen, which are proteoglycans in meat. 3
Gastric amylase degrades starch, but is of minor significance.
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 8. **Digestion in the Mouth**:
- Explain the process of digestion that occurs in the mouth.
- How does the body prevent food from entering the windpipe during swallowing?
The mouth is an important part of the digestive process. Digestion begins in a person’s mouth,
which breaks down food into smaller particles.
The windpipe, also known as the breathing tube, is very close to the esophagus, the tube used to
swallow food. At some point, there is a branching off of the trachea from the esophagus so that air
goes down the windpipe and food or drink travels down the esophagus. The split between the two
structures occurs near the place of men's Adam's apple. How is it possible that food and drink know
which direction to go and what keeps food from going down the windpipe?
There are three parts to the mechanism of swallowing: the first is the oral phase, in which the food is
located in the mouth. The second is the pharyngeal phase in which the swallowing reflex is
triggered, allowing for passage of food past the throat and into the esophagus. There is a structure,
called the epiglottis, which closes off to prevent food from going down the windpipe when
swallowing. The third stage happens when food and drink are actually passing through the
esophagus in order to enter the stomach.
9. **Comparative Analysis**:
- How does the human digestive system compare to that of other animals in terms of
complexity and efficiency?
Animals obtain their nutrition from the consumption of other organisms. Depending on their diet,
animals can be classified into the following categories: plant eaters (herbivores), meat eaters
(carnivores), and those that eat both plants and animals (omnivores). The nutrients and
macromolecules present in food are not immediately accessible to the cells. There are a number of
processes that modify food within the animal body in order to make the nutrients and organic
molecules accessible for cellular function. As animals evolved in complexity of form and function,
their digestive systems have also evolved to accommodate their various dietary needs.
10. **Practical Application**:
- Based on your understanding, suggest ways to maintain a healthy digestive system.
Consume enough fiber on a daily basis, for which it is advisable to consume fresh fruits with skin,
whole grains and raw vegetables, as well as legumes that help introduce more fiber into the diet.
Ingest fermented milks with probiotics on a daily basis that promote intestinal transit and also
reduce the feeling of bloating by contributing to the functioning of the digestive system.
Drink enough water daily or in its replacement, infusions and mild broths, always avoiding
stimulant drinks and sugary carbonated soft drinks that can add to digestive discomfort.
Prefer gentle cooking such as steaming, oven, papillote or grilling, avoiding fats, sauces and very
spicy dishes when cooking that complicate the digestive process.
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