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40 viewsDefinite Integration Properties Rdsharma Scan
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© © All Rights Reserved
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/ 33
CS
DEFINITE INTEGRALS, 1948
wz
AO, Let Te gost
dx, Thes
0 1+3sin?y
2
1 fas, eA r 4
2 sec? x (Sec? x4 Stan) 7 [Diving N’ and D" by cos! x}
= Te 1
7 shee where t = tanx
1
=-§ [tant ~2tan
n/a
ale = f sin? 2 cos 2a and let sin 2¢
a
=u Then,
(ein 29 = du => 2005 2 dtmdu = cos 2tat = } dy
2
ETD eat eb ncaa
4 2
=2f.2 alee
SJeau =) aL] =t
25 o 8
at ef eye Let 90-3! op Se
He ee ~ 2° = Then, 3 JF ae =
4 @-2E Then —3 JE dx = at,
Now, x= 4>¢=22 and x=9 5}
-234
1-2 fj dae
3 oF
19.4 PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS.
In this section, we will study some fundamental properties of definite integrals which are very
useful in evaluating integrals,
19.4.1 enor) ' v
STATEMENT i fle) dx = f Flt) dt iy integration is independent ofthe change of variable.
@ a
EKOOE Let ¢(2) bea primitive of f(s). Then,
rm a CO=, =f) > — 4 m= FO.
Hence, f fe ax = [ ar = 40)-6@) 6)
:
b b ii)
and, f fat = [a] = 90-010 =
f
© scanned with OKEN Scanner 19.44 MATHEMATICS-Z1
From (and (), Wwe obtain
J Hoa yar OED.
19.42 PROPERTY
7 ’
STATEMENT (Onder of integration): J fayde of soy de v
a bv :
fe ifthe limits of a definite integral are interchanged then its value changes by minus sign only.
PROOF Lat a) be a primitive of f(a). Then,
J for dy © 9 -4@
0
and, =f fad de = 14) -6O)1 = 60) -4@)
»
b a
J fordr = = f foyde QED.
* +
19.4.3 PROPERTY It , _ , v
srarement (Additivity): [ f(a) dx =f f(x) d+ f(x) de, wherea J f(a) dx -[# + ss} +[>? Te = ((4+16) -(1 + 8)] + [48-12] = 47
EXAMPLE2 Evaluate:
:
i z 5
@ {[15s~31de Gi) J Jcosx|dx Git) f [x2] ax ofe ele
0 os
. 4
2
@) [ix +223] ae (vy fdx-tl+lx-21+12-3Ddr (NcERTI
1
2
aie
wi) je ae INCERT, CBSE 2012, 2013, 2016]
SOLUTION (ji) Clearly,
=(6x~3) when 5x-3<0 ie, x<2
|5x- 3] = 5
Sx-3 when 5x-320 is, x22
‘The graph of y =|5x—3] is shown in Fig. 19.1.
Y
y=Gx-3)
y=-@x-3)
7 O50) G0) x
y
Fig. 19.1 Graph of y =|5x~ 3)
© scanned with OKEN Scanner NE SS ve a)
19.48 MATHEMATICS-x1,
1
Let I = [158 ~ 3 d-then
x : aM
J |5x-3]dx+ / [5x -3| dx [Using additive property]
3/5
ys ’
mite J ~(Gx- gars f (x -3) dx
0 a5
3/5
2B
=>I= fos + = 70
0
(ii) We know that
cos x when O =f cos xde+ ff (cas) de
° wm
2/2 0
= 1-[sin | [sin x] =141=2
0 me /2
(ii) Clearly, |x -2| = x-2 when x-220 ie. x22
~(x-2) when x-2<0 ie, x<2
The graph of y =|x-2| is shown in Fig. 19.3,
© scanned with OKEN Scanner 19.47
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
|_y=-4x-2)
Ga (x-2)
63)
X60 1 @0) 60)
yr
Fig. 19.3 Graph of y=|x~ 2]
8
Jlx-2} dx.
3s
Using additive property, we obtain
2 5
I=f [x-2|de+J |x-2] de
2
5
~(8-2) d+ f (x-2) dx
= te(2+8)-(342}-0
2 2
: x, when x20
The graph of y = e!*! is shown in Fig. 19.4.
1
Let =f ell de.
“1
y"
Fig, 194 Graph of e*!
© scanned with OKEN Scanner 19.48 MATHEMATICS-xi,
Using additive property, we obtain
0 1
Taf clare f eblar
1 0
0 1 o }
foetarss eae [-€7] “FF nae
° wee
el) = 2e-2
2
(v) Let = f |x? +2x-3] dr
a
Clearly, x2 4.2x-3 = (x + 3)(x-1). The signs of x” +2:
shown in Fig. 19.5.
x — 3 for different values of x are
Fig. 195 Signs of x” + 2-3
-(x242x-3) , if O O for all x €(-1, 0) U(1, 2) and, f (x) <0 for all x €(0,1)
=} fe), xe1,9 04,2)
Vals faa
2, re x3 —x, xe(-1,0)U(1,2)
-(x9 -x),x€(0,1)
deg 1 2
T= f |x? -x]de+f |x? -adr+f |x? -a] ae [Using additive property]
a 0 1
0 1 2
> T= | @?-xdx-[ @°-naref OF -2 ae
1 ° 1
0 1 2
!2P [4 et fe 2
I —-S -|—-=| +|—-—
4 2 4 2 4 2
La lo h
11 te 16 4 0, find | |x” a | dx.
0
SOLUTION Let f(2) =x? -a?. Then, f(x) =(x~a) (x +a). The sign of f(x) for different values of x
are shown in Fig. 19.8.
© scanned with OKEN Scanner MATHEMATICS.)
19.58
4
7 fel ae
4
[oan dee fonder
; i
-(-$+)- 0+(8-4)-| -)-5
1 4
= l= fix- Ware fle -1|dr =
0
4
fel E ‘|
h
19.4.4 PROPERTY IV
STATEMENT Jf (x) isa continuous function defined on [a,b], then
b b
J fod ax = [ farb-a de
a a
PROOF Let x=a+b—f. Then, de=-dt
Also, x=a=9f=b andx=b = t=a
» 2
J f@) ax = -J fla+b-pat
a i
b ’
> J fea = J foro -1 dt [By property II]
a a
b b
= f fayax =f f(a+b-xdr [By property I]
| QED.
Hence, f f(x) dx=[ f(a+b-x) dx
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES.
| LEVEL-1
4
£()
EXAMPLE 1 Prove that: [ Foren
t— '
A FO+f arb a*
SOLUTION LetI =
Then,
ref fla+b-x)
Ter 3)+flarb—(arb—ay
7 f(a+b-x)
ee “| Fasb-3+fe™ 2 (i)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
ar =f £(a) +f (a+b-2)
e
} Fy +flavb—a)™ at tad = b-a)
© scanned with OKEN Scanner DEFINITE INTEGRALS 19.59
EXAMPLE2 Evaluate:
2
i ve 1/3
® Boxe qe wi f
1
wel* care
2
SOLUTION (i) Let 1 =J
vr ‘
Bare in
INCERT, CBSE 2014]
Then,
2
I= 3-x
S 3-(3-x + faa {Using Prop. IV]
2
Sat 1 = (a
ve+ fone Ci)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
2 x4 [3—x 2
2 = i -
i ESS a -[]) =2-151
> 1=1/2
ALITER Here, a=1,b =2 and f (2) = /z,
rt fa
J F@)+flasb—» *
Using Example 1, we obtain
b
Clearly,
n/3 n/3 7
(i) Let 1 = feces =f yoink ik
1+ Jcot x n/6 [sin x + [cos x
off)
1/6
eee ie
2s cere jane 0)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get i
"13 Join + (ost " 2/3
ess dx = 1-dx =|
Gli n/6Voos* + lan” Je FL
ATER Herea=4,
Sand f(a) =sinx.
(@), dx.
t__f
Clemiy. t=] Fear flaesd-
© scanned with OKEN Scanner DEFINITE INTEARALS.
10.01
Adding ( and (, we gor
WN sock gM qned wa 4
Qs weet yo apgdy 4
1 (es ies J soe a fa wal) 92
= Teh " 7 7
EXERCISE 19.4
Bonluate of ere foltowi
we fof Ollowing integrals (1-15): :
1 | saa te (
} ett Sala 2. Flog (sees + tam x) de
Ws i ,
‘ m n/d -
% a ae 7 Jain
1/6 VINX Vootx ‘ J, Veins + Jeosx id
wid “
feat
6. f + yar jaro
ana lee’ Ve
ms x/2
é 2
7% J —aarax cont
Tan 8 de
ee Line
n/d
| xt 3x? 45x? P41 { xe 7
. f Sa 10. § Sp ap tts ne N22
ee cos? x 1 asb-m
T a vz
1. J log cos x= log sin 2x) dx 7
§ ere 7 Ye
3. f ax uf yar
° Geis 9 Yes W-x
w/3 1
15. J iz Tan 2007, 2011]
n/6
b
16, If f(a+b—2) = f(x), then prove that | x f(x) dx =.
a
ANSWERS
x x
Ln 2.0 sp 4D
x & =
5. 27 64 ay BD
k a
an. -# log 2 nt
9.2 Ma 8 2
5 Zz 15. =
B> ws 12
19.45 PROPERTY V \/ 4 4
STATEMENT If (x) 54 continuous function defined on (0, a], then J f(x) dx = | f(a~x) dx.
0 0
ICBSE 2019}
PO |
© scanned with OKEN Scanner CC q
|EMATICs.)
19.62 MATH! ICS.xy,
PROOF Letx=a-t,Then,dx = d(a—t) => dv=-dt
Also, x=0 > t=aandx=a = t=0
4 0
J £0) ax = ! fla-t at
0
f ‘ [By property 11]
= J fo) de =f faa-ndt
0 -
t [By property I]
= fre a= fse- x) dx
0
Hence, [rorar=f f(a-x) dx
f f QED.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
LEVEL
2
pp ee mace ett [CBSE 2002C, 2007]
EXAMPLE1 Prove that: \ ace” 7
‘jm (i
SOLUTION Let I = [ ——“~—dx. ea
4 sin x + cos
Then,
alt
ae #5] aaa
r= ff ——* Using: | f(x) de=f f(a-x) dr
0 vn(3- }+ ay = { M8iN= + feose sp w/2 og
ae S ia Fy azn
dr Ai)
> r=f
4
x/2 :
Hence f sine
o x + Jeosx
EXAMPLES Evaluate:
x/2
@ J log tan x de [CBSE 2007]
°
n/4
® s fog (1 + tan 2) de INCERT, CBSE 2002C,03,04,11,13]
n/2
SOLUTION (i) Let I= J log tan x dx (i)
°
Then,
n/2
I=] log tan (E— ax [ose nf tenes
oe oO 0
> 1 = J log cotx dx )
0
Adding @) and (i), we get
1/2
a=] (log tan x + log cot x) dx
0
nf/2 /2 n/2
> 21 = flog (tan xx cot x) dx= [ log dr=f 0 dx-0
° 0 °
= [0
s/t
Gi) Let 1 = J log (1 + tan 2) de (i)
0
* |
a/4 a a '
t= +tan(E-s] a Using: f fox) de=f flax) ae
4 0 0
we tan n/4-tan x per hy 1-tanx
> Dostana ice f tog 1a renel
© scanned with OKEN Scanner IE '’“S
19.64 MATHEMATICS. xy
uA [tttan x41 -t as 2
+1- x ie
0 + tan x 4 -
n/a n/4 " ab
y+ tan x) dx
= I=f fes2-t ofa J tog ade J 108
0 0
n/4
= T= og2)[x], -I
> We 782 =>le
EXAMPLE Eoaluate:
@ SAE ae INCERT]
0 1+ sin x cos x
nf
iE:
(i) J (2 og sin x —log sin 22) dx INCERT, CBSE 2009]
0
#2 ’
{sin x08 py A)
SOLUTION (i) Let I= f
0
i sin($-+}-«($-s]
“lar
9 ivan(E-3) (3)
1+ sin x cos x
Then,
dx
4 4
[fen de = | fla-a de
0 0
> . 7 cos —sin *
} T+ cosxsin x
‘Adding () and (i), we obtain
sin x-cos x
9 1 tsin x cos x
ar
ay :
“cost , cosx~sin x
= mn | (Saeeex , cosx-sine |p
1+sinxcosx 1+sin xcosx
aA ,
ye ff mera teossmsins yg
a 1+ sin x cos x
> r=0
i) Wehave,,,
T= [ (2log sin x —log sin 2x) dx
0
2
{2 log sin x ~Iog (2 sin x cos )} de
u
4
a2
{2g sin x—1og 2~ log sin x —logeos x} de
n/2 n/2 a2
log sin x dx~ [ log 2dx~ [log cos x dx
a a
u u
0 "
© scanned with OKEN Scanner DEFINITE INTEGRALS.
Ge fd
wa ol
= n/2
a. ! Jog sin x dx ~(log 2) bp = flog sin x de
0
0
T= ~( eae
> (log 2) ( 0) =-Etag2
x
SOLUTION Let 7=f —_e**
9 ee eee
Then,
e608 ( xx)
R=, cesta Using:
eres
eer eer
27 O8E, wer
5
1]
0
x
> rs]
oO
Adding i) and (i), we get
W=fldeexrsrek
a 2
2a 2a
EXAMPLE6 Prove that: J f(a) dx = J f2a—x) dx, Vv
a 0
2
SOLUTION Let J = f fx) dx
oO
Let 2a—x=t. Then, d(2a-x) = dt => -dx=dt => dx=-dt
Also, x=0 => t=2a-0=20 and x=a => t=2a-a=a
T= f fea-y(-ay = - f sean at
2a 2a
2a
> T= J f2a- at
o
2a
> Is J fQa-2) dx
2a i 2a
Hence, f f(x) dx = J f2a-2) dx
0 0
1
EXAMPLE? Evaluate: [ x(x)" de
0
1
SOLUTION Let = f x(1-2)"dx. Then,
a
1
1 =f a-90-@-2)" de
0
19.65
‘ n/2
J Jog sin x dx —(log 2) “f 1d - [tog xo( 3-2) [Using property V]
[CBSE 2009]
wi)
@
fre dx={ f(a—2) de
0 0
[CBSE 2002C]
rl 4
. jnoe--frva|
a b
b b
[: Jf@ ax=] 6 «|
(NCERT]
4 4
J fs) ax = joa
a Q
© scanned with OKEN Scanner ee a
19.66 MATHEMATICS.
1
= Taf d-as"de= jets wth
0
met gue
= rl [ee ae O° eRe
n+l 42 nel n+2
lo
EXAMPLE 8 Prove that:
is i { 1og( 4-1] 4r=0
@ J sin 2x log tan xde = 0 «0 [6 zee
0
SOLUTION (i) Let
it fi)
= J sin 2x log tan x dx
an a
Sho ds S sin2(3-x) ogo (5x) f(a-x) dx
2 4
> T= [sin 2x log cot x dx aii)
0
Adding (i) and (ii), t
ling () and (i), we ge a
21 = J sin 2x (log tan x + log cot x] dx = J sin 2x log (tan x cot x) dx
0 0
a/2
> 21 = f (sin 2x) (log) dx = 0 [> log 1=0)
0
(i)
2 ‘
[oe [ feaef sen
0 0
i)
> 120
EXAMPLE 9 Eoaluate:
0) Vets ae
Sin x+cosx (CBSE 2002, 2003, 2016, NCERT EXEMP!
2 2
sin* x
( Tet
9 1+sin x cos x
© scanned with OKEN Scanner ag ae |
MATHEMATICS, |
= log 2
[DividingN” and D! by cos? sf
2
2G 2)
21 {-10g2
“iff 8
(aa) and g (x) + g (ax) =2,
n/2
a i ~tan
EXAMPLE 12 fend {are continuous on (0, a] and satisfy f (8) =f
show that
INCERT]
[reste : [ro ax
SOLITION Using Propet Vian
[rosea - [40 x) g(a-2) dx !
Feag@rar =f 5 {2-se9} ae fe g@-9 = 2-90]
0
cco.
4 4
F@)g(a)dx = 2) fe)ae-] feyg@y ae
a 0
= rf fgaar =2f pera
0 0
‘ 4
= Jf@s@a =] fear
0 a
19.4.6 PROPERTY VI 4
STATEMENT Jf f(2) is a continuous function defined on [0, 2a], then
eas
[roraee) soraes | joes axe] {70 +f0-»}
2
PROOF Let I= f f(x) dx. Then,
0
499 tat
ay? pe 8 2
XO 1 = [yond Lynde [: free =f pace f 10 al
‘ a :
= oe {order where I, = i ls) de PY
Let 22-1 =2.Then, di =—dt Also, x20" taand = 24 SG
© scanned with OKEN Scanner DEFINITE INTEGRALS 19.71
ne Tree fem -)(-dt) =-f fou ~oate | fr t)dt= [se =x) de
Substituting the value of hi in (i), we get s
I = [revtesf ran a) dx=f {19+ 00-9} a
0
ie i f(s) dx = j {09 +Fl00-a} de
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES:
LEVEL-1
Qn
EXAMPLE 1 : 1
Evaluate: [ ll dx [CBSE 2013]
SOLUTION Let I = tz ss dx. Then,
te 1 1 26 a
Tene * Thin dx Using: f f (2) = J ¥@)+FQa-2) dx
0 0
ol
EXAMPLE? Evaluate: [
0
SOLUTION Let | x dx.Then,
0
n/2 1 1 a a
I= J {tarda dx [ose {re al tone
n/2 x/2 osx
1 1 1 é
= f[ (— +e tiae
i. (oetae| * s fierce |
i x/2 eee
+e
> Is dx = [ iede -| =i
‘ [fess | J lo?
19.4.7 PROPERTY Vil
STATEMENT Let f(x) be a continuous function of x defined on [0, a such that fa—z) = f(x). Then,
a
f x f() dx =) fle) dx.
° °
© scanned with OKEN Scanner ee SO DI
MATHEMATICS.
19.72
PROOF Let | x f(x) dx. Then,
a 4
; Using: f(x) dx =f f(a-x) dr
= | @-9 f(a-x dx 0 e
0
q be f@-2) =f (x)
> = | @-a)f (adr
0
=> Te af fayar - f xfoaar
0
> Tea f(@)dx-1
0
> 2I = af fi) dx
°
- 1 . fre QED.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE? Evaluate:
x
of >" * INCERT, CBSE 2008, 2014]
S a cos? x +6? sin? x
@ f 7h a INCERT, CBSE 2003, 05, 08,11, 12,13, 14,20
9 1+ cos? x
SOLUTION (i) Let
f x
t=f> 54 e i)
| atau
f (e-2) a a
=> Ief[— 4) a ” dx =f f(e-aax
\ Pot a3iv Gea | [re fre )
f n-x
= I-[> 4 :
f cos? x48? sin? x ~)
‘Adding () and (i) we get
2 = pres ae
fra P46?
1
=> werf>—
ie 2 x +b? sin? x
Using ff) dr = fi {re +f(2a-2)} ds, we obtain
0 0
© scanned with OKEN Scanner DEFINITE INTEGRALS, 19.73
x ' 1
Wen 1
Post wap tgp eee tt
0 [W cos” 4d" sin? x a eos%{n—a) 40° sin2(n—%)
n/2
« 1
5 21 =2n f 3
eee aunt,
0 cos? 4B sin?
n/2 2
21 = 23 Sec” x 2
x | de pDivding numerator and denominator by eos?
0 a’ +b tan? x
n/2
2 Isr sec? x
a
z
0 @ +b? tan? x
Let tan x
Then, d(tan x) = dt = sec? x dx =dt,
Also, x=0 => t=tan0=0 and x=231 an) = E(tan"t2-tn"*0) = #(F-0] = =
a)|, ab ab 2ab
moe
@ r=f/7™* 6 ali
reorer, - ®
> r= f GaPsin ena) 4 Using: fpearef pa-aax
‘9 1+c0s* (n—2) ° °
x ;
= I-f (5-9) sin & ay ii)
9 1+ cos? x
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
F(x+n-2)sinx,, _ f_sinx
ay = f GABA DSIRE iy =e f SOA ae
, 1+ cos* x [ieee
> af sin ay,
2 ‘y1+cos? x
Let cos x =#. Then, d (cos x) = dt => -sin xdx=dt
Also, x=0=>t=cos 0=1and
© scanned with OKEN Scanner 19.74
EXAMPLE2 Evaluate:
a 7
9 J ieanz”
4
J
0
MATHEMATICS yy
[NCERT, CBSE2001,2004, 2010, 2013
xtanx [NCERT, CBSE2008,2010, 2015)
sec x+ tan x
7
Gi) [ —*~_ ae
SOLUTION (i) Let I=[
>
9 sin x+cosx
© wll
dx :
x
a
aits
: 4
J foyac=J flo-a) dr
c=) 0 0
4
r= fw
0
ox
i 7
I irsinx
i ix
Adding (i) and (i), we get
2 ej ees dx
og itsing
ar = nf —t—ae
0 1+sinx
=
22 a
= dx [f@ar=] {r+s0e0-2)} dx
a 0
>
=
/2 i a
> = 2m f (ec? x—tan xse03) dr = 2a[tan x sex] = an |SR=—1
. o cost |,
oe 1 2 n/2
= andn | | ag |Z] = on (041) = 28
cos x (sin x+1) |, 1+sin x],
> lon
. % xtanx f xsinx
_ al sexta ste 5 1+sin x
axa) sin (9 ay
} sin (n—a)
_ | (eea)sinx
ieee
a
© scanned with OKEN Scanner perINTEINTEGRALS
19.75
4 msinx-xsin x
2 ee mo)
‘adding 6) and (i), we get
_ ft nsinx
ay 9 itsinx 5
n/2 sin x
gen ( {SMX sin(n-x 2a 4
2 {ha "iaeaf [ Freoae] fnaerer-n} a]
oO
a =n i sin
> +
ij 1+sinx” T4sin 5) a
ae 7
> =m fe
9 I+sinx
> Wa “Paextaana
° 1 sin
=2n “Paezcgate
z
cos? x
“p
> UW = 2m | (tan-xsecx—tan? x) de
0
n/2
=> T= J (tanxseex—tan? 2) dx
0
x/2
> Lan f (tan xsecx—(ee0* x-1)} dx
0
n/2
= Lan f (ex tan x-sec? x +1) dx
0
yr/2
=. Te x [sexton x+ x]
lo
1 yn /2
> tan[ae ns]
: +[(o+z}-0+0|
cosx |,
w/2
(ii) Let I = J Le te sali)
9 sin x + cosx
n/2 Bix a a
re f : | f@) dx = J fa-a de
0 sn(E-#}-
2+ 2
d+tan2= 1+ tan? =
7 ‘ 2x
2x x
eet et a
ong Pet Tae
2 9 2tan 5 +1-tan? > 9 -tan’ 5 +2tan5 +
2 : 2 2dt }
Let tan *=t.Then,d wea) ao rea 2 gx=dt > de=—y°
2 2 2 2 sec" >
Also, x=0=> t=tan0=0 and
2dt
=
241
> at
(2 +1? x aon
> aa zp ec2 ey = Fp los2+0)
> re zp eeG2+n
w/2 *
EXAMPLES Eoaluate: [ ~Z2*SSS gy [CBSE 2010, 2011,
9 sin’ x+cos* x
ae xsin x
ESR ECS dy. Then,
SOLUTION LetI = f
9 sin’ x+ cost x
2 [ea pan alta ental gg
9 sin’ (n/2-. x) + cos! (n/2-2)
© scanned with OKEN Scanner DEFINITEINTEGRALS,
19.79
STATEMENT IEF (x) #8 acontinuons function defined on [- a, a), then
i Soarf { {ress} dy
poor Using additive property I, we obtain
i fQ)dx = J f(x) as] f(x) dx / aa
Letx =—t.Then, ean,
‘Also, go A and x=0 = te 0.
Tree = Tye 9ca = Troe frena Peers
oO
= Jfa= I scnae [By property 1]
From @) and (ii), we get
row. [seaveef sone
= fra =f fren +00} ae OED.
“a 3
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
LEVEL-1
Mos mg
EXAMPLE1 Evaluate: dx
my
SOLUTION Let I = [ dx. Then,
-n2 te ome
1+e'
afd 1 1 a a
1- f ae tee [fear =f {f+ fCn} ae
i‘ a 0
w/2 sinx n/2 n/ 2,
l+e x
ae [A dee 1és= [x] a
| l= J 72
ax ICBSE 2015)
-w2
j SQ) dx =f {fa)+f-9} «|
a a
© scanned with OKEN Scanner MATHEMATICS.Xi
19.80
a/2
ms J cos is
a Use ree) e]
VFfise a. ax) esinZ-sind=1
= Is [|e Jesxar= f coxa ‘| sin5-sin0
a ee ; :
19.4.9 PROPERTY IX then
STATEMENT — Iff (x) isa Continuous function defined on [- a
: af sepas «if fenieamenerfinctin
J fea as"
oe 0 7
iff (x) 8 an odd faction
PROOF Using property VIIL, we obtain
«
[ fe) av=] { fa) + fea} ax
xa a
Fpornaper , ayen = se
J
oO
> J f@ae=
a {fe)-fdfas , tpn =-f)
{ 2f fade » i€f(-a) = FQ), iff) isan even function
a edie , iff (ex) =f), if f (3) isan odd function
ee
a
4 2] f@a, if f (x) is an even function
Soe Oe alto : if f (2) is an odd function. one
REMARK — The graph of an even function is symmetric about y-axis that is the curve on the left side of
‘yas is exactly Wentical to curee on its right side.
a 0
So, f fe) de= | fe) dx (See Fig. 19.10)
a
YI
fr ate= pay ac
4,0)
Fig. 19.10 Graph of an even function
© scanned with OKEN Scanner DEFINITE INTEGRALS, 19.61
In case of an odd function the curvels symmetici in opposite quadrants. Consequently
i Fla) d= - j fle) de (Gee Fig. 19.11)
Fig. 19.11 Graph of an odd function
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
LEVEL-4
EXAMPLE1 Eoaluate:
n/2 7 x/2
J sin’ xdx INCERT] Gi) J sin? xdx INCERT]
-H/2 -#/2
SOLUTION (i) Let f (x) =sin” x. Then,
f(x) = sin” (-2) = {sin (-a9” = sin a)? = -sin’ x = -f (a)
So, f(x) is an odd function.
n/2 n/2
J fe@drso> J sin’ xdr =
=a/2 ~x/2
(ii) Let f (x) =sin? x. Then,
f(-x) = sin? (-2) = (sin (-x))? = (-sin 2)? = sin? x = f(x)
So, f(x) is an even function.
n/2 n/2
4 sin? xdx = 2 J sin? x dx . oli)
=n /2
n/2
Let = ff sin? xde i)
0
n/2
i - "fa 3) f cos? ade wi)
0
0
‘Adding (i) and (i), we obtain |,
T+1 = f sin? xdx+ [owitt “Tos? x + cos” 2) dx
0
|
© scanned with OKEN Scanner MATHEMATICS-xi,
19.82
n/2
> a= fideo
eg
a
> Te
2
®
iy)
= J sin? x ax . ™
0
n/2 ec n_t
From (i) and (iv), we obtain sin? xdx =2 J sin? xdr=2x7 = 5:
K/2 0
n/2
EXAMPLE2 Evaluate: i | sin x] dx
=K/2
SOLUTION Let f(x) =| sinx|. Then ,
| (Ex) =| sina) | =|-sinx| =|sinx] = (2).
So, (a)is an even function.
[2 afd
| T= f |sinx|dx = 2 J |sinx|dx=2 J sinz de - sin x20 for 0sx<
| —n/2 oO 0
8/2
> 1=2[-cosx] = 2{-cooF +o}
lo
EXAMPLES Evaluate:
w/t it Gee
dx [CBSE 2002, 2008)
atx
n/a -a
| @ J x sintxde w J
SOLUTION (i) Let f(x) =x" sin‘ x. Then,
fx) =} sin’ 2) =—x9 [sin (—9)* =-29-sin2)
So, f(x) is an odd function.
4 =- x3 sintx =-f(2).
ws wh
Hence, f fix)dr=0= f x°sin*xdx=0.
ws mh
© scanned with OKEN Scanner DEFINITE INTEGRALS 19.83
[ae ware and, Meir Eee
fovisan a function and 8(3) is an odd function.
nef pa and I, =
n/4
EXAMPLE4 Evaluate: attws
142 — 608 2k
a4 oi
SOLUTION Letl = f — 4 dy then,
2=cos 2x 7
K/h
* = a/4
T= f ~*~ ast a1 ee =i)
42-6082 J peak
We observe that ——* i an odd function and is an even function.
2=cos 2x 2=cos 2x
nl /d 1 fd 1
J sax =00 and, J Tee tt=2 J
aya 208 2 ng/g 27008 2 9 2ncos2e
substituting these values in (i), we obtain
7 1
— a
4 o(§) J 2— cos 28
a4
> IT ap ttten age
2 9 14+3tan? x
n/4 2
> es
2 9 1°+(3 tan x)
Let 3 tan x =t. Then, dt =d (3 tan x) = 3 sec” x de.
® x
Also, x=0 > t=<3tan 0=0 and, x= = t=yBtant = 3.
© scanned with OKEN Scanner DEFINITEINTEGRALS 19.87
sheeatesaeste
= x Heals}
19.4.10 PROPERTY X
STATEMENT If f (x) is a continuous function defined on (0, 2a], then
Treva aj Fade» ff Qa-x) = F(a)
0 » iff Qa-2)=-F (x)
PROOF Using property VI, we obtain
Trew [ {re+se0- afar
{ {roo+seo} dx if f (20-2) = f(2)
= Pros 7
{ {ro F(0)} de, if fea =) =~ fla)
2a if =x) =
ep {rea = 25 sae f (2a-x) =f (x)
a
0 > iff Qa-x)=-f (x) QED.
ewan If f(2a-a) =f, thert the graph of f (x) is symmetrical about x=a as shown in
Fig. 19.12.
Tree = freer
a 0
© scanned with OKEN Scanner 19.88
g. 19.13.
(a) isas shown in
Iff (20-2) =~f (x), then the graph of f
a 2m
J f(xdx =~ f f(ydr.
0 a
Fig. 19.13
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
LEVEL
2n
exaMpLe: Evaluate: [ cos® xdx. INCERT]
: 5
SOLUTION Let f (x) =cos® x. Then, f (2n— x)= {cos 2a a} = cos? x
an z
cot xdr = 2 | cos? xde [Using Property X]
oO oO
Now, 5
Slama) = {cos(n-a)} = cos? x = ~f0)
feos? xdx = [Using Property,
0
an x
Hence, f cos? x dx = 2 f cos? xdx = 2x0 = 0,
0 0
EXAMPLE2, Prove that :
n/2 nf
J tos sin xdx= f 10g con x dr =— = log 2 INCERT, CBSE 2008]
0
: nf2
SOLUTION Let I = flog sin x dx, onli)
0
n/2 :
Then, I = J iesin(3-x)an
x/2
re J wend fii)
ad
© scanned with OKEN Scanner peFINITE INTEGRALS
19.89
ding ( and Gi, we get
x2
at = f logsin
S : Fas J og con xa
x/2
2 A= J (ogsinx+tog cos x) de
0
n/2
aa | Jog (sin x cos x) dx
0
/2 ‘
B wef ig ( BABES),
0
n/2 :
> uf tos 25.22) ae
A 2
n/2 n/2
= = | logsin2xde~f tog ade
0. 0
n/2 ‘
= = { Jog sin 2x dx ~F (log 2)
0
n/2
> =f Jog sin 2x de ~F og 2.
0
n/2
Let y= J log sin 2x dx.
0
Putting 2x =t, we get
5
fy = flog sin
0
iF
> 1 = 5 J log sint dt
0 ‘
1 n/2
> h = 5x2 J log sin t dt [Using property X]
0
2/2
> 1 = J logsinxde =I [Using Property I]
0
Putting fy =1 in (iii), we get
ore = -Zlog2
21 = 1-Flog2 => I= - 708
n/2 n/2 .
Hence, [ log sin xdr= [log cosxdx = ~> 10g?
0 a
2
FXAMPLES Prove that: J log | tan x+ cot x| dt=m loge 2
0
© scanned with OKEN Scanner THEM, ]
MA IATICS,;
19.90 Sx
n/2
SOLUTION Let I = ! Jog | tan x + cot x| dx. Then, |
[sin x | cos x]
dx
cos x sina}
-T log
> l=
= ts [ sin x>0, cos x>0 for all x €(0, x/2)
> 1 =~ [ log(sin xcos.x) dr
n/2 nf/2
= 1 == f logsinx de- [ log cos x dx
0 0
> Te- (-# loge 2}-(-Zbs. 2) [See Example 2]
= =m loge?
EXAMPLES Evaluate: [ log (1 + cos x) dx INCERT]
0
SOLUTION Let] = [ log (1+ osx) dx. 0)
0
Then,
5 4 a
T= J log f+ cos(n-2)) dx [ [fear =f fa» 4]
0 0 0
=> Jog (1-cos x) dx i)
0
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
21 = J (log (1 + cos x) + log (1 -cos x)) dx
0
®
=> 21 = f loga- cos” x) dx
3
= ue]
0
> 21 = 2] log sin x dx
a
nf? 7
a ghe2 J dog sin ax [Using property X]
© scanned with OKEN Scanner pEFINITEINTEGRALS
ES T= 2x—F log. 2
ee
EXAMPLES Evaluate: f X log sinx dy
0
= ~ loge 2
x
SOLUTION LetI = x log sinx dy, Then,
} \
z
T=] (na) log sin (n—x) de
0
5
2 TJ (3) log sin x dx
ty x
= Ten J log sin x dx—[ x 10g sin x de
0
n/2 o
= [=2n J logsinx dx-1
0
LEVEL-2
wa
EXAMPLE6 Evaluate: f log (sin x+cosx) dx
n/4
4
SOLUTION LetI= [log (sin x+cosx) dx. Then,
—n/4
tJ ole A( anes Fm
> I= v {sno coment }
-n/4
al
-n/4
xi4
> I= J log V2 dx + e ee
1/4
al
> 1-(Fioe2)—=] + 7 hog sint dt, wheret=s+ 2
2 -n/4
1 nn)
=> 1=(4og2)(2+2)-2 log?
(482\($+) 208
19.91
2
: J log sin x dx =—F loge 2
fre ax=f f-» 4
0 0
[Using Property X]
[See Example 2]
INCERT EXEMPLAR |
J og {Js (3) t= T {ie siotssin(
