Mechanical Properties of Fluids % & DESIGNED By Edustudy pointFluids: Fluids can be defined as any substance which is capable of flowing. + They don't have any shape of their own, + Both liquids and gases can be categorised as fluids as they are capable of flowing, Pressure: It is defined as force per unit area, Pressure = Force/Area Pressure is a scalar quantity. Dimensional Formula (ML'T?] Unit: N/m? or Pascal(Pa). ‘Atmosphere unit (atm) is defined as pressure exerted by the atmosp! Latm=1.013x10° Pa Pascal's Law: Pascal's law states that if the pressure is applied to ‘that are confined, the fluids will then transmit the same pressure in all directions at the + For a uniform fluid in equilibrium, pressure is same at all poi there is no net force acting on the fluid the press ion of pressure depth Consider a cylindrical object inside a fluid therefore the force along the horizontal direction is 0. Forces along the vertical directi two positions 1 and 2 0 Force at position 1 is icllar to cross sectional area A, Fi= PiA, Simil Fo-Fi lanced by the weight of the cylinder(m). Cylinder is inside the fluid, equilibrium condition (eight of the cylinder = weight of the fluid displaced. rer = pV (where p=density=volume of the fluid) = phAg (where VshA, hheight and A= area) Therefore (P2-P:) A = phAg Pe-Pi = phg, Then Pe= Pat phg (P: = Po, where Pa is atmospheric pressure.) Conclusion: The pressure P, at depth below the surface of a liquid open to the atmosphere is greater than atmospheric pressure by an amount phg.Hydrostatic Paradox: It means: hydro = water, static = at rest, Paradox = something takes place surprisingly. cg + As pressure is dependent only on height therefore in all the 3 vessels the height reached by the water is same irrespective of difference in their shapes. This experiment is known as Hydrostatic Paradox. Atmospheric Pressure: Pressure exerted by the weight of the atmosphere is known ospheric pressure. + Pressure is always measured by taking sea level as the reference loelg si 01*10" Pa Latm = 1.01 x 105Pa atm = 76cm of Hg column 1 torr = 133 Pa Gauge Pressure: Pressure difference between the systéMand the atmésphere ‘+ From relation P = Pes pgh (where P = pre +, Pa = atmospheric pressure) Pep. (where hog Absolute Pressure: It is sum of atmo: jre and gauge pressure. + Ttis the actual pressure wh + P=Po+heg . yrometer. Pascal's law for luid pressure: It states that the pressure exerted anywhere ina ‘transmitted undiminished and equally in all directions throughout the fluid. ‘small@Parea and the other one has a larger area, Tt is a tube like structure which is filled with uniform fluid. ‘There are 2 pistons (P: and P2)which are attached at both ‘the ends of the tube. Cross-sectional area of piston P: is A: and of piston Pe is As,Tf we apply force F: on Ps, pressure gets exerted and according to Pascal's law the pressure gets transmitted in all the directions and same pressure gets exerted on the other end. As a result the Piston Pe moves upwards, Mathematically:~ Fe = PAs Fes (FV/A:)Az (where P=F:/A:) Fee (Ao/ADFL + Because of Pascal's law the input gets magnified. 2. Hydraulic Brakes: Hydraulic brakes work on the principle of Pascal's law. + Therefore when we apply force on a small piston, pressure gets created which fi ‘through the fluid to a larger piston. As a result of this larger force angen lied on all four wheels, ‘As braking force is generated due to hydraulic pressure, they are lic brakes. Liquids are used instead of gas as liquids are incompressible. Steady Flow: The flow of a fluid is said to be steady, if Aflany point, $Be velocity of each passing fluid particle remains constant within that interval of tit Streamline is the path followed by the flui Steady flow is termed as ‘Streamline No two streamlines can intersect Tf two streamlines intersec| he particles won't know which path to follow and what velocity to attain. That i Streamlines intersect liquid is flowing in streamline flow in a pipe of non-uniform cross- section area, ther F liquid across any cross-section remains constant, + FrémEqu ntinuity we can say that fant (A is cross section Area, and V is veloity) We canpeonclude that A vi = Az ve.This is the equation of continuity. This equation is also termed as “Conservation of mass of incompressible fluids" Turbulent Flow: 4 fluid flow is said to be turbulent if the velocity of the particles vary at any point erratically + Eddies are generated by this flow Eddies are same as ripples. + Allthe particles are moving here and there randomly.Bernoulli's Principle: For a streamline fluid flow, the sum of the pressure (P), the kinetic energy per unit volume (pv?/2) and the potential energy per unit volume (egh) remain constant. © Mathematically:-P + pv’/2 + pgh = constant Derive: Bernoulli's equation ‘Assumptions: Fluid flow through a pipe of varying width, Pipe is located at changing heights, Fluid is incompressible, Flow is laminar and No energy is lost due to friction. Consider the fluid initially lying between B and D. In an infinite small time interval At, this fluid would hhave moved. + Suppose viz speed at B and ve= speedat Bi initial distance moved by fluid from, to C, + Inthe same interval A\ foved by D to E = vet. Wie rniran GY ArwiAt~ PeAaval\t) ity AV = constant. e AmAt = AV and AzveAt = AV) 9 Part of this work goes it ‘energy, AK = (#)m (v2? - v2) and part in grav i (ha = hi), + The total change in energy = (4) m (ve? = vi?) + mg (he hi) eq. (i) p=m/Vor in eq (i) ‘egAV (ha - hi) equation.. (b) theorem: W = AE WV =(1/2) pAV (v2? - vi") + pgAV (he ~ hi) (From (a) and (b)) 2 = W/2pve? - 1/2pvi?+pghe -pght Py + (1/2) p vi? + pg hi = (1/2) p ve? + pg he P+(1/2) pv+pg h = constant. (Bernoulli's equation) Torricelli's law: Torricelli law states that the speed of flow of fluid from an orifice is equal to the speed that it would attain if falling freely for a distance equal to the height of the free surface of the liquid above the orifice.Let the distance between the free surface and the slit = h Pressure P Velocity with which the fluid flows is equal to the velocity with which a freely falling body attains if itis falling from a height h. Derivation of the Law:~ Prossure Pe Let Ai= area of the slit (it is very small), vi= Velocity with. which fluid is flowing out. Az=Area of the free surface of the fluid ve=velocity of the fluid at the free surface. From Equation of Continuity Aiv;= Azve. (Ae»>A:, This implies veces) Using Bernoulli's equation, P + (1/2) p v?+ pgh = constant. at the slit: Pox (1/2) pvi2+ egy: ..(eql) at the surface: P+ pgye , whereas ve:0 ...(eq2) By equating(1) and (2), Pe (1/2) p vi2+ pays= P + paye © (1/2) p vi® = (P-Pe) + pglye-ys) = (P-Ps) + pgh ‘+ wis known as Speed of Efflux. le speed of the fluid outflow. + The vessel is not closed iti phere that means P=P., v= 2gh peed of a freely falling body. Venturimeter: Ventur ice to measure the flow of incompressible liquid. luid whose density is p rea at the broader end, vi = velocity of the fluid. = — al area at constriction, vz= velocity of the fluid r: determining the fluid speed By Equation of Continuity: -AivizAeve, This implies ve= (2) vv (Equation) By Bernoulli's equation:~ P; + (1/2) p vi? + pq h= Pr + (1/2) p vz" + pgh Pr Po= (1/2) p(ve?- vit) 21/2 p(A/As*ve- v2) (Using equation(1) =1/2pvi"(Ar/Az? -1)+ PrP2)=heng —_ (where pmis density of the fluid inside the manometer). Vepvi'(A:2/A2*-1) = hong vi = 2hpng/plAr*/az-1} 2 + Practical Application of Venturimeter: Spray Gun or perfume bottle- They are based on the principle of Venturimeter, Dynamic Lift: It is the normal force that acts on a body by virtue of its motion through a fluid ‘+ Dynamic lift is most popularly observed in aeroplanes. + Examples © Airplane wings © Spinning ballin air ay ic lift on airplane Consider an aeroplane whose body is streamline. Below the wi ‘oplane there is air which exerts an upward force on the wings. As a result aeroplane dynamic lift. Magnus Effect: Dynamic lift by virtue of spinning is known@s Magni ct. ‘+ Example:-Spinning of a ball Viscosity: Viscosity is the property of a ists the force tending to cause the fluid to flow. ‘+ This analogous to friction in Coefficient of Viscosity: Coe’ iscosity is the measure of degree to which a fluid resists flow under an applied force. + Ratio of shearing s train rate. Atstime , Ax= displacement ‘ing stress/strain rate (F/A)/(Ax/IAt) = (FI)/vA where Ax/t=v 0” Therefore n = (Fl) / vA 9 Unit:- Poiseiulle (PZ) and Dimensional Formula: (ML"T"] Stokes Law: The force that retards a sphere moving through a viscous fluid is directly «to the velocity ‘and the radius of the sphere, and the viscosity of the fluid + Mathematically:-F = 6eaev‘+ Stokes law is applicable only to laminar flow of liquids.Tt is not applicable to turbulent law. © Example:- Falling raindrops Terminal Velocity: Terminal velocity is the maximum velocity of a body moving through a viscous fluid. ‘+ Tris attained when force of resistance of the medium is equal and opposite to the force of gravity. + This denoted by 'w.Where,=terminal + Mathematically:- 6nnev = mg 6nnrv = densityxVg (density=m/V), density=p - o where p and care the densities of the sphere and the viscous me ly. Grey = (p = 0)x4/3nrg (V=4/3nr') = 0)gx4/3r?x1/(6n) ay © We =2r2(p - 09/9 n This is the terminal velocity. Reynolds Number: Reynolds number is a dimensionless number, flue gives an idea whether the. flow would be turbulent or laminar. + Reynolds number helps us to determine wi is laminar or turbulent. Tr is denoted by Re. where '’ shows Reyno| Expression: Re = pvd/ n: Tf the value of Reynold's nur When the value of Reynold is greater than 2000 then the flow is turbulent. Tf the value of (Re) i 10 and 2000 then the flow is unstable, The flow is in intermediate stage. ‘Surface Eneray: this means liquid molecules at the surface have greater energy as compared to molecules inside it Case 1: When molecules are inside the liquid: large amount of energy is required by the molecules which are inside the liquid. Case2: When the molecules are at the surface:- the molecule has some excess energy. ‘As more surface area will require more energy as a result liquids tend to have least surface area‘Surface energy for two fluids in contact: Whenever there are two fluids,in contact, surface energy depends on materials of the surfaces in contact. + Surface energy decreases if the molecules of the two fluids attract. Surface energy increases if molecules of the two fluids repel. Surface Tension: Surface tension is the property of the liquid surface which arises due to the fact that surface molecules have extra energy. + Surface energy is defined as surface energy per unit area of the liquid surface. + Denoted by'S' + Mathematically :- $ = F/2d + Surface tension isthe surface energy per unit area ofthe liquid surf, Angle of Contact: Angle of contact is the angle at which a liquid inter 1a solid surface. + This denoted by @. « Itis different at interfaces of different pairs of liquids ar Significance of Angle of Contact: Angle of contact det whethera liquid will spread on the surface of a solid or it will form droplets on it. + If the Angle of contact is obtuse:then dr ed, + Tf the Angle of contact is acute: thet ill spread, + Casel: When droplet is fort © Consider we have ce, droplet of water which is liquid and air. © The solid lig denoted by Sx, Solid air interface denoted by Szsand liquid air interface, a TT 7 makes with Sj, It is greater 1 droplet is formed. water just spreads 1¢ angle which liquid forms with solid surface is less ‘than 90°, Drops and Bubbles + Whenever liquid is left to itself it tends to acquire the least possible surface area so that it has least surface energy so it has most stability, + Therefore for more stability they acquire the shape of sphere, as sphere has least possible areaDi between Drop, Cavity and Bubble 1, Drop: - Drop is @ spherical structure filled with water. + There is only one interface in the drop. © The interface separates water and air, . le: Water droplet Example: Water drape Water droplets Cavity: -Cavity is a spherical shape filled with air. Cavity filled with air . Inthe ‘surroundings there is water and in middle there is cc filled with air NYE + There is only one interface which separates air and * Example: - bubble inside the aquarium. 4 Bubble: - In a bubble there are two interfaces. One is air water ai ster and air. air ‘= Inside a bubble there is air and there is air outside. + But it consists of thin film of water. So Pressure le a drop and a cavity ‘+ Pressure inside a drop is greater than the: re whi ‘+ Suppose there is a spherical drop of wates increase in radius which is Ar. fe Therefore Extra Surface e rension(S) x area rn(e+ Ae) ~ Sign? Extra Surface ar Ar Si At Equilibrium, & ‘energy = Energy gain due to the pressure difference ich is in equilibrium. Consider there is 8nr Ar 5. xAt where Pi Pressure inside the drop and Ps = Pressure outside the drop. calculation Pi - Pe = 2 Su/r ble ide a bubble is greater than the pressure outside. ‘As bubble has 2 interfaces, Pr-Ps= 25./r x 2 Therefore, Pi-Pe=45i/r Capillary Rise: Due to the pressure difference across a curved liquid-air interface the water rises up in ‘a narrow tube in spite of gravity. hp g=(P:-Po) = (25 cos 6 Va + Therefore the capillary rise is due to surface tension. It is larger, for a smaller radius.