Republic of the Philippines

SORSOGON STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Technology
Sorsogon City Campus, Magsaysay Street, Sorsogon City
______________________________________________________________________

Contemporary
Global Governance
and
A World of Regions

Submitted by:
Leader: Ralph Laurence M. Janoras
Members
Norwin Dominguiano
Marie Katherine H. Jara
James Palamos
Arcell A. Laguerta
Aliah Recebido
Angela Joy Licup
Rolly L. Corsiga
John Kervy L. Medes

Submitted to:
Mr. Christian De Lumen
Instructor
 Contemporary Global Governance
 Political cooperation among transnational actors to negotiate responses to
international problems. It outlines the key roles of the United Nations, including
the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council,
International Court of Justice, and Secretariat.

THE GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

Global governance or world governance is a movement towards political integration of
transnational actors aimed at negotiating responses to problems that affect more than
one state or region.
It tends to involve institutionalization, and these institutions the United Nations, the
International Criminal Court, the World Bank, etc. tend to have limited or demarcated
power to enforce compliance.
It is concerned with issues that have become too complex for a single state to address
alone. Humanitarian crises, military conflicts between and within states, climate change
and economic volatility pose serious threats to human security in all societies; therefore,
a variety of actors and expertise is necessary to properly frame threats, devise pertinent
policy, implement effectively and evaluate results accurately to alleviate such threats.
Global governance can be thus understood as the sum of laws, norms, policies, and
institutions that define, constitute, and mediate trans-border relations between states,
cultures, citizens, intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations, and the
market.

The two types of International Organizations

Universal membership: United Nations (UN), Bretton Woods Institutions and World
Trade Organization (WTO)

Limited membership: European Union (EU) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO)

THE UNITED NATIONS

Coined by US Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt when representatives of 26 nations pledged
Their Governments to continue fighting together against the Axis Powers.

 The United Nations was established after World War II with the aim of preventing
future wars, succeeding the ineffective League of Nations (LON).
 In 1945, representatives of 50 countries met in San Francisco at the United
Nations Conference on International Organization to draw up the United Nations
Charter.
 The Charter was signed on 26 June 1945 by the representatives of the 50
countries. Poland, which was not represented at the Conference, signed it later
and became one of the original 51 Member States. There are 193 UN member
states with the addition of South Sudan in July 14, 2011.
 Philippines joined UN on October 24, 1945, under the administration of Sergio
Osmeña..
Purpose:
  Maintaining worldwide peace and security
 Developing relations among nations
 Fostering cooperation between nations in order to solve economic, social,
cultural, or humanitarian international problems
 Providing a forum for bringing countries together to meet the UN’s purposes and
goals

Main Organs:
General Assembly (GA)

 Main deliberative, policymaking and representative organ of the UN

 All 193 Member States
 Decisions on important questions (peace and security) require a two-thirds
majority
 Decisions on other questions are by simple majority
 The General Assembly, each year, elects a GA President to serve a one-year
term of office (incumbent: Volkan Bozkır)

Security Council (SC)

 Responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security 15 Members

(5 permanent and 10 non-permanent members).
 Takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to the peace or act of
aggression
 The Security Council has a Presidency, which rotates, and changes, every
month.

Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)

 Principal body for coordination, policy review, policy dialogue and

recommendations on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as
implementation of internationally agreed development goals.
 54 Members, elected by the General Assembly for overlapping three-year terms

International Court of Justice

 The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United
Nations.
 Its seat is at the Peace Palace in the Hague (Netherlands).
 Settle, in accordance with international law, legal disputes and to give advisory
opinions on legal questions

Secretariat

 Comprises the Secretary-General (incumbent: Antonio Guterres) and tens of

thousands of international UN staff members
 The Secretary-General is chief administrative officer of the Organization,
appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security
Council for a five- year, renewable term

Trusteeship Council
  The Trusteeship Council was established in 1945 by the UN Charter, to provide
international supervision for Trust Territories that had been placed under the
administration of Member States, and ensure that adequate steps were taken to
prepare the Territories for self-government and independence.

CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN THE 21st CENTURY

 Issues that involve interwoven domestic and foreign challenges include threats at
the beginning of the century which include ethnic conflicts, infectious diseases,
and terrorism as well as a new generation of global challenges including climate
change, energy security, food and water scarcity, international migration flows
and new technologies.
 Domestic politics creates tight constraints on international cooperation and
reduces the scope for cooperation.
 Diverse perspectives on and suspicions about global governance, which is seen
as a Western concept, add to the difficulties of effectively mastering the growing
number of challenges.
 The challenges of new governance in the 21 st century entail multiple trajectories
of change within states, among actors inside and outside nation-states:
 Within states, the first trajectory or path is the depoliticization (To remove
something from political influence) which can be observed in the form of
delegating decisions to independent regulators and experts, central banks, or
judiciaries
 A second trajectory is the rescaling of economic and social relations well beyond
the territorial boundaries of nation states, facilitated by transnational legal
arrangements that have their roots in national law.

THE ROLE OF THE NATION-STATE IN GLOBALIZATION

Since nation-states are divided by physical and economic boundaries, reduced
barriers in international trade and communication are considered their potential
threat.
Sovereignty of individual nations is not abolished by expanded trade among
countries, instead globalization is a force that changed the way nation-states deal
with one another, particularly in the area of international trade.

Nation-states has potential effects to globalization:

 Favoring Westernization which means that other nation-states are at a

disadvantage when dealing with the Americas and Europe, most
especially in the agricultural industry, in which nations face competition
from Western companies
 Nation-states are forced to examine their economic policies in light of the
many challenges and opportunities that multinational corporations and
other entities of international commerce present.
 The role of the nation-state in a global world is largely a regulatory one as
the chief factor in global interdependence.
 In setting international trade policies, isolated states are forced to engage
to one another, while nation-state’s domestic role is unchanged. Roles of
some states were diminished while others have exalted roles due to
interactions of various economic imbalances.
GLOBALIZATION’S IMPACT ON THE STATE
Factors which lead to the increase and acceleration of movement of people,
information, commodities and capital:

1) Lifting of trade barriers

2) Liberalization of world capital markets
3) Swift technological progress

Problems afflicting the world today which are increasingly transnational in nature, those
that cannot be solved at the national level or State to State negotiations:

1) Poverty
2) Environmental pollution
3) Economic crisis
4) Organized crime and terrorism

Effects of greater economic and social interdependence to national decision-making

processes:

1. It calls for a transfer of decisions to the international level

2. It requires many decisions to be transferred to local levels of government due
to an increase in the demand for participation

 Decision making processes in globalization is complex as it takes place in

various levels such as sub-national, national, and global which lead to the growth
of a multi-layered system of governance
 The State has the roles in operating the intricate web of multi-lateral
arrangements and inter-governmental regimes, enter into agreements with other
States, make policies which shape national and global activities.
 This indicates political leverage of some States in shaping the international
agenda while developing countries have fewer active roles.

 Though State is required by globalization to improve its capacity to deal with

greater openness, it must remain central to the well-being of its citizens and to
the proper management of social and economic development
 The following can be guaranteed only by the States through independent courts:
 . Respect of human rights and justice

 Promote the national welfare

 Protect the general interest
 A WORLD OF REGIONS
Governments, associations, societies and groups form regional organizations and/or
network as a way of coping with the challenges of globalizations.

REGIONALISM

 It is examined in relation to identities, ethics, religion, ecological sustainability

and health.
 It is a process and must be treated as an
 “emergent, socially constituted phenomenon.”
 Regions are not natural or given rather, they are constructed and defined by the
policymakers, economic actors and even social movements
 regional concentration of economic flows”
 It is the process of dividing the area into smaller segments called regions.

Example: Division of Nation into states or provinces

REGIONALISM - Political process characterized by economic policy cooperation

and coordination among countries.
REGIONALISM
Edward D. Mansfield and Helen V. Milner
The economic and political definitions of regions vary.

Regions
• are “a group of countries located in the geographically specified area” or “an
amalgamation of two regions or a combination of more than two regions” organized to
regulate and “oversee flows and policy choices.”

Economic and political respond of Countries to Globalization

- Some are large enough and have a lot of resources to dictate how they
participate in process of global integration.
 Example: China

- Other countries make up for their small size by taking advantage of

their strategic location.
- Countries form regional alliance – for as the saying – there is a strength in
numbers’

REASONS OF FORMING REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

Military Defense
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

• Formed during the Cold War when several Western European countries plus the
United states agreed to protect Europe against the threat of the Soviet Union.

WARSAW PACT
• a regional alliance created by Soviet Union
• Soviet Union imploded in December 1991 but NATO remains in place.
1. Pool their resources, get better return for their exports and expand their leverage
against trading partners.
• It was established in 1960 by Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela.
• It aims to regulate the production and sale of oil.
• OPEC’s success convinced 9 other oil-producing countries to join it.

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

 Protect their independence from the pressure of superpower politics.

 Non-Aligned Movement
 Created by Egypt, Ghana, India, Indonesia and Yugoslavia in 1961 to pursue
world peace and international cooperation, human rights, national sovereignty,
racial and national equality, non Intervention and peaceful conflict resolution.
 Because the association refused to side with either first world countries capitalist
democracies in Western Europe and North America or communist states in
Easter Europe.
 With 120 member countries.

Economic Crisis compels countries to come together

Example:

 The Thai economy collapsed in 1996 after the foreign currency speculators and
troubled international banks demanded that the Thai government pay back its
loans.
 It made ASEAN more “unified and coordinated”