live in

English

Intermediate
 Work-out unit 26/1

O b j e c t i v e s

In Unit 26/1 you have:

Used the past simple and past continuous together to

explain two actions: what you were doing when some-
thing happened: “Me and my brothers were rehearsing when
we heard a voice” / “One day Albert and I were collecting some
sacks from the cellar when the door closed”.

O ff e red help using the future simple: “ I t ’s alright. I’ll

open the door”.

Learned agricultural vocabulary: “wine cellar”, “rai -

sins”, “grapes”, “farmer”.

Explained how products are made, using ‘make from’:

“We were helping a farmer make raisins from his grapes”.

unit 26/1 3
 Scenarios
Me and my brothers here were rehearsing

‘Me and my brothers’ is colloquial. To be grammatically correct

we should say ‘my brothers and I’, but when speaking we pre-
fer to use this informal stru c t u re. In the same way, when
speaking we prefer ‘me and John’ to ‘John and I’.

We were helping a farmer make raisins from his grapes

We use ‘make from’ to explain how one product is used to pro-

duce another: “Paper is made from trees”.

The door closed on its own and we got locked in

The verb ‘close’ is the opposite of ‘open’, and ‘ l o c k ’ means to

close with a key.

A You have made a special cake for your friends. When you serve your dessert,
everyone is amazed by its presentation and taste. Someone asks:

“What is this cake exactly?”

You reply:
1. “It’s made from fresh fruit, syrup, cream and biscuits”
2. “It’s made for fresh fruit, syrup, cream and biscuits”

Someone else asks:

1. “Is it easy for to prepare?”
2. “Is it easy to prepare?”
3. “Is it easy for preparing?”

You reply:
“It is but I had some problems with it yesterday.”

You explain:
1. “While I was preparing the syrup, the telephone rang”
2. “When I prepared the syrup, the telephone was ringing”

You continue:
1. “When I came back to the kitchen, the children ate all the biscuits”
2. “When I came back into the kitchen, the children had eaten all the biscuits”

4
 Structures

Past simple - Past continuous

As you know, we use the past simple to talk about finished

actions in the past, and the past continuous to describe an
action that was in progress at a certain time in the past.

Past simple:
· “I had breakfast at 8.00 yesterday.”

Past continuous:
· “I was having breakfast at 8.00 yesterday.”

In the first sentence, I began my breakfast at 8.00. In the

second I had begun my breakfast earlier. At 8.00 my
breakfast was in progress.

When we use both tenses in one sentence, we join the two

actions with ‘when’, ‘while’ or ‘as’. Usually we describe an
action which was in progress (past continuous), interrupted
by another action (past simple):
· “When Tom arrived, we were having dinner”
(The dinner was interrupted by Tom’s arrival).
· “As I was walking down the street, I remembered I had left
my purse behind.”
· “I met him while I was studying in the library.”

If we want to talk about two actions which were in progress

at the same time, we use two verbs in the past continuous,
and the conjunction ‘while’:
· “While I was working in the garden, my husband was
washing the dishes.”

If we want to talk about an action which happened

immediately after another, we use two verbs in the past
simple:
· “When Tom arrived, we had dinner”
(First Tom arrived, then we had dinner).

5
 Work-out
A Arrange the letters to form the names of fruit

1. prega grape
2. plaep a
3. mnleo l
4. roegna o
5. annaba b
6. aerp p
7. apepilnpe p
8. acehp p

B Choose the correct form of the verb to complete the sentence

1. While I was singing / sang the blues my boss arrived / was arriving at the office.
2. We were rehearsing / rehearsed the song when the film started / was starting.
3. He wasn’t driving / didn’t drive very fast when he had / was having the accident.
4. While she was going / went up to bed she heard / was hearing a strange noise.
5. I saw / was seeing John yesterday. He was wearing / wore a dark blue suit.
6. Someone waited / was waiting for the bus when I drove / was driving past.
7. Jonathan was climbing / climbed up the ladder when the farmer arrived /
was arriving.
8. They tried / were trying to escape when someone opened / was opening the door.

6
 Work-out
C Arrange the words in the correct order to complete the dialogue

1. ever have in you been locked Have you ever been locked in?
2. me think let
3. I cupboard once locked the in got
4. did get how out you?
5. help for shouted I well
6. anyone you hear did?
7. didn’t they no
8. long you in were there for how?
9. hours 6 about

D Choose the correct phrasal verb and complete the sentences

1. Help! I’m locked in. I can’t get out.

get out / get up / get by
2. The prisoner was able to
get out of / get down / get away
3. He drank too much and eventually
get up / got back / got drunk
4. I love the country. It’s the best way of to nature.
getting on / getting away / getting back
5. When did you from your holidays?
get back / get away / get better
6. The doctor says I’m
getting on / getting over / getting better
7. Do you know who’s been trying to me?
get in touch with / get out of / get by

7
 Work-out
E Match the sentences in the two columns

1. I can’t see that sign. (a) I’ll answer the phone.

2. I’m having problems with these heavy bags. (b) I’ll get you an aspirin.
3. Our TV is on the blink again. (c) Don’t worry! I’ll open the door.
4. I’ve got a throbbing headache! (d) I’ll help you carry them.
5. Help! I can’t get out of here! (e) I’ll read you what it says.
6. I’m busy in the kitchen. (f) I’ll repair it for you.

F Complete the dialogue using these words

realised / closed / singing / happened / cleaning / get out / left / rang / locked

1. Did you hear about the woman that got locked in a lift?
2. No, I didn’t. What ?
3. Well, two young women were some offices and they were
at the same time.
Yes, go on.
4. I mean, it’s difficult to believe, but they didn’t even hear the phone when it

Because they were singing so loudly?

5. That’s right. Then one of them had started to clean the lift when suddenly the lift door

Oh, my God! What did she do?

The poor thing couldn’t do much, could she? She shouted and shouted, but the other
woman couldn’t hear her.
Because she was singing so loudly?
6. You’ve got it. She only what had happened when she was
leaving. And because she couldn’t see her colleague anywhere she thought she had
so she just went.
What? You mean she left her there!
Come on! She didn’t exactly do it on purpose, did she?
7. How on earth did she in the end?
The police had to come. It took them four hours to get her out!
8
 Word list

Here are the new words you have seen in this lesson

N a t u r a l g o o d s
banana
cream
dessert
farm (to-)
farmer
grape
have dessert (to-)
lemon
peach
pear
pineapple
raisin
syrup
vine
wine cellar

G e n e r a l v o c a b u l a r y
be on the blink (to-)
be out of order (to-)
dark blue
drive past (to-)
get down (to-)
get over (to-)
light red
lock
lock (to-)
on purpose
rehearse (to-)
sack
throbbing
trapdoor
vocation
walk past (to-)

9
 Key

S c e n a r i o s
A ‘It’s made from fresh fruit, syrup, cream and biscuits.’
‘Is it easy to prepare?’
‘While I was preparing the syrup, the telephone rang.’
‘When I came back into the kitchen, the children had eaten all
the biscuits.’

W o r k - o u t
A 2. apple B 2. were rehearsing / started
3. lemon 3. wasn’t driving / had
4. orange 4. was going / heard
5. banana 5. saw / was wearing
6. pear 6. was waiting / drove
7. pineapple 7. was climbing / arrived
8. peach 8. were trying / opened

C 2. Let me think.
3. I once got locked in the cupboard.
4. How did you get out?
5. Well, I shouted for help.
6. Did anyone hear you?
7. No, they didn’t.
8. How long were you in there for?
9. About 6 hours.

D 2. get away
3. got drunk
4. getting back
5. get back
6. getting better
7. get in touch with

E 2. (d) F 2. happened
3. (f) 3. cleaning / singing
4. (b) 4. rang
5. (c) 5. closed
6. (a) 6. realised / left
7. get out

10
 Work-out unit 26/2

O b j e c t i v e s

In Unit 26/2 you have:

Talked about shamans, witches and sorcerers, explain-

ing what they are and what they do: “They are old and wise
people” / “They may not have studied, but they know a lot of
things” / “They help you heal your body, mind and spirit”.

Practised the relative pronouns: “I have a house, which I

don’t remember” / “I have a wife whom I don’t love”.

Learned to talk about the probability of something

happening: “It’s likely that I’ll go to university next year” /
“It’s unlikely that I’ll come back tomorrow”.

unit 26/2 11
 Scenarios
My cousin Alma, who lives in New Orleans, is a shamaness

‘Shaman’ is a Russian word. It means ‘witch’ (woman) or ‘ w i z -

ard’ (man).

I have a wife whom I don’t love

The pronoun ‘whom’ is the object form of ‘who’. It is not very

common nowadays. Most people say “…who I don’t love”,
which is not correct, but is accepted in speech.

A You are at a fair, when you suddenly see a stall where an old woman reads
the future. You decide to go in, and she says:

“Hello, Sarah!”

You are surprised, and reply:

1. “How do you know my name?”
2. “How you know my name?”

She answers:
1. “This is my job, isn’t this?”
2. “This is my work, is it?”
3. “It’s my job, isn’t it?”

The reading begins, and she says:

1. “I can see a brilliant future hoping for you”
2. “I can see a brilliant future expecting you”
3. “I can see a brilliant future waiting for you”

She continues:
1. “You’ll meet a rich man to which you’ll get married”
2. “You’ll meet a rich man whom you’ll marry”
3. “You’ll know a rich man, to you’ll get married whom”

You ask:
“What else do you see?”

She replies:
1. “You’ll have a nice house and two children”
2. “You’ll have a nice house and two childs”
3. “You’ll have a nice house and two childrens”

12
 Structures

Relative clauses + preposition

• We can use relative pronouns as the subject or the object

of a verb.

SUBJECT:

· “The jug which you broke was Bohemian crystal.”

OBJECT:

· “The jug in which you served water is Bohemian crystal.”

As you can see, when a relative pronoun is the object, it can

be introduced by a preposition.

• When we are talking about people, we cannot put a

preposition before ‘who’. We should use ‘whom’ instead.

· “The girl with whom I was going out was Danish.”

Although this is grammatically correct, it is much more

common in spoken English to say:

· “The girl who I was going out with…”

We cannot use ‘that’ instead of ‘who’ or ‘which’ after a

preposition. But if we put the preposition at the end of the
sentence, as in the above example, we can use ‘that’, or we
can omit the relative pronoun.

13
 Structures

• Example with ‘which / that’

FORMAL LANGUAGE:
· “The ladder on which I was standing began to slip.”

INFORMAL LANGUAGE:
· “The ladder (which / that) I was standing on…”

• Example with ‘whom / who / that’

FORMAL LANGUAGE:
· “The friend with whom I was travelling spoke several
languages.”

INFORMAL LANGUAGE:
· “The friend (who / that) I was travelling with…”

The most common thing to do in these cases is omit the

pronoun.

14
 Work-out
A Complete the table as in the example

1. male female

2. shaman shamaness

3. king
4. niece
5. policeman
6. wife
7. waiter
8. actress
9. god
10. princess

B Rewrite the sentences as in the example

1. He lives in that house. I don’t know which one.

I don’t know which house he lives in.
2. Peter spoke to someone. He doesn’t know who.

3. She went to school. She doesn’t remember which school.

4. She worked in that company. We don’t know which one.

5. You studied at university. I don’t remember which university.

6. He’s listening to something. I don’t know what.

7. I borrowed this book from someone. I don’t remember who.

8. They are talking about something. I don’t know what.

15
 Work-out
C Rewrite the sentences using these words

likely / unlikely

1. I probably won’t go to the cinema tonight.

It’s unlikely that I’ll go to the cinema tonight.

2. It’ll probably rain tomorrow.

3. They probably won’t arrive before 10 o’clock.

4. Mike’ll probably go to England next year.

5. Scientists probably won’t find a cure for cancer.

6. The government will probably change soon.

7. Man probably won’t live on the moon before the year 2020.

8. There probably won’t be any beer in the fridge.

D Answer the questions as in the example

1. Will I win the lottery? /no, sure/ No, I’m sure you won’t.

2. Will they be at the pub? /yes, likely/

3. Will there be more fortune tellers? /no, unlikely/
4. Will it rain tomorrow? /yes, likely/
5. Will England win the next World Cup? /no, unlikely/
6. Will there be peace in the Middle East? /yes, sure/
7. Will they discover oil in Japan? /no, sure/

16
 Work-out
E Complete the dialogue

1. Have you ever been to a fortune teller?

No, I haven’t told you / Yes, I went to one yesterday
2. Really? Why did you go? I’m curious
Because I was thirsty / Because I wanted to know about my future
3. What did they tell you? Come on!
It’s unlikely that I’ll be rich / I’ve already told you / Because I wanted to know
4. Oh! Never mind. Do you think you’ll go back again?
I can heal your mind / I sometimes go / Yes, probably
5. Why? Did she tell you anything else?
Because she had something to tell me / Are you married? / Yes, I’m likely to get
married soon
6. And who’s the lucky woman?
I’m always lucky with women / The fortune teller, of course / Women are very lucky
So that’s why you want to go back!

F Answer these questions using these words

likely / unlikely

DO YOU THINK YOU WILL...

1. get married / divorced this year?

2. win the lottery this month?
3. change jobs soon?
4. eat at a restaurant today?
5. see an alien this week?
6. kiss someone today?
7. finish this unit in 15 minutes?

17
 Word list

Here are the new words you have seen in this lesson

F o r t u n e
alien
energy
fortune teller
god
God
goddess
heal (to-)
mind
probable
shaman
shamaness
solar energy
spiritual
tell someone’s fortune (to-)
unlikely
wise

G e n e r a l v o c a b u l a r y
cancer
divorced
get divorced
jug
likely
Middle East (The-)
oil
respectful
right(s)
whom

18
 Key

S c e n a r i o s
A ‘How do you know my name?’
‘It’s my job, isn’t it?’
‘I can see a brilliant future waiting for you.’
‘You’ll meet a rich man whom you’ll marry.’
‘You’ll have a nice house and two children.’

W o r k - o u t
A 3. queen
4. nephew
5. policewoman
6. husband
7. waitress
8. actor
9. goddess
10. prince

B 2. He doesn’t know who he spoke to.

3. She doesn’t remember which school she went to.
4. We don’t know which company she worked in.
5. I don’t remember which university you studied at.
6. I don’t know what he’s listening to.
7. I don’t remember who I borrowed this book from.
8. I don’t know what they’re talking about.

C 2. It’s likely (that) it’ll rain tomorrow.

3. It’s unlikely (that) they’ll arrive before 10 o’clock.
4. It’s likely (that) Mike’ll go to England next year.
5. It’s unlikely (that) scientists’ll find a cure for cancer.
6. It’s likely (that) the government’ll change soon.
7. It’s unlikely (that) man’ll live on the moon before the
year 2020.
8. It’s unlikely (that) there’ll be any beer in the fridge.

19
 Key

D 2. Yes, it’s likely (that) they’ll be at the pub.

3. No, it’s unlikely (that) there’ll be more fortune tellers.
4. Yes, it’s likely (that) it’ll rain tomorrow.
5. No, it’s unlikely (that) England’ll win the next World Cup.
6. Yes, I’m sure (that) there’ll be peace in The Middle East.
7. No, I’m sure (that) they won’t discover oil in Japan.

E 1. Yes, I went to one yesterday.

2. Because I wanted to know about my future.
3. It’s unlikely that I’ll be rich.
4. Yes, probably.
5. Yes, I’m likely to get married soon.
6. The fortune teller, of course.

F Free answers.

20
 Work-out unit 26/3

O b j e c t i v e s

In Unit 26/3 you have:

Talked about what you have been doing since a certain

date or time: “I’ve been following your tracks since I lost you
in London” / “I’ve been learning English since last year”.

Practised using different past tenses to narrate a series

of events: “Tarman was still asleep and Jayne had gone down
to the river” / “While she was filling her bucket, there was a
noise behind her”.

Used diff e rent conjunctions to join two parts of a

sentence.

unit 26/3 21
 Scenarios
A terrible struggle followed, but after a while Jayne gave in

Here we can see ‘while’ used as a noun which means ‘a period of

time’. E x p ressions with ‘while’ include ’for a while’ (a short
time), and ‘once in a while’ (every now and again). To ‘give in’ is
a phrasal verb which means to stop trying, to accept defeat.

They wanted to sell me as a slave

The word ‘as’ means ‘like’. We use ‘as’ with the idea of ‘to be’,
and ‘like’ to make a comparison. ‘I feel like a slave with all this
washing-up to do’.

A It’s Sunday, and you get up before anybody else. When the rest of the family
wake up, they say:

1. “Oh, it’s raining!”

2. “Oh, it rains!”

You reply:
1. “It is been raining since I got up at seven”
2. “It’s been raining since I got up at seven”
3. “It has been raining until I got up at seven”

Your children say:

1. “We can’t go to the beach, then!”
2. “We can’t to go to the beach, then!”
3. “We can’t to the beach, then!”

You say:
1. “We’ll wait until it stops and then go fishing”
2. “We wait until it stop and we go fishing”
3. ”When it will stop raining we’ll go fishing”

Your children reply:

1. “Good idea! You always get a lot
of fish after it has been raining”
2. “Good idea! You always get much
fish after it have been raining”
3. “Good idea! You always get very
fish after it has been raining”

22
 Structures

Time prepositions / conjunctions

since
The word ‘since’ has different uses: it can be a preposition
or a conjunction.

• As a preposition, ‘since’ refers to a fixed moment in time

and means ‘from then’. It is never used to express ‘from’
a place. We often use ‘since’ with the present perfect or
past perfect.
· “We haven’t seen Paul since Monday.”
· “They hadn’t heard from their daughter since before the war.”

• As a conjunction, ‘since’ means ‘from the moment when’,

and introduces a past time clause.
· “I haven’t travelled abroad since I got married.”
· “The old man explained that since his wife had died, he had
lived alone.”

Notice how we can use ‘since’ in questions.

· “Since when have you been interested in tennis?”

as / like
These words have a similar meaning and similar uses.

• When we make a comparison, ‘as’ is followed by a

subject and a verb, while ‘like’ is followed by a noun or
pronoun.
· “He gets up early, as we all do.”
· “He gets up early, like the rest of us.”

• With adverbs or time expressions, we use ‘as’.

· “As always, you have smoked all my cigarettes.”

• As you saw before, we use ‘as’ to indicate someone’s role

or function in life or in work, while we use ‘like’ to
compare.
· “He works as an accountant” (He is an accountant).
· “He works like a slave” (He works very hard).

23
 Work-out
A Match the words in the two columns to form the correct phrase

1. Wait (a) at this!

2. Of (b) a minute!
3. Well (c) now!
4. Thanks (d) on!
5. Come (e) course!
6. Look (f) done!
7. Right (g) a lot!

B Rewrite these sentences using these verbs

have to / have got to

1. We haven’t got to go to school today. We don’t have to go to school today.

2. I have to clear the table.

3. Has he got to work tomorrow?
4. Dina has to phone her mother.
5. They haven’t got to come with us.
6. Does John have to leave soon?
7. I’ve got to learn English for my job.
8. Don’t you have to be there early?

24
 Work-out
C Choose the odd word out

1. guys men boys girls girls

2. inspector Scotland detective policeman

3. niece mother nephew sister
4. blues red yellow green
5. kidnapper hunter struggle slave
6. bucket jug suitcase realise
7. have get meet feet

D Complete the sentences using these words

cooking / living / waiting / reading / following / raining / listening / talking

1. It’s been raining since I got up this morning.

2. We’ve been about politics since we finished the meal.
3. Have you been for me since 5 o’clock?
4. She’s been the dinner since she got home.
5. Has he been the newspaper all this time?
6. They’ve been that man since he left the bank.
7. I’ve been to the radio since the TV broke down.
8. Have you been in London since you arrived in England?

25
 Work-out
E Write questions using the prompts

1. Where / find / diskette? Where did you find the diskette?

I found it in the drawer.
2. you / see / struggle?
No, I didn’t.
3. Why / they / kidnap her?
Because she’s famous.
4. What happen / Jayne?
She was kidnapped.
5. he / hear / noise?
Yes, he did.
6. Why / she go / river?
To get some water.

F Complete the dialogue

1. Hello, Anthony! Are you alright?

No, turn left / Yes, I’m fine / I’m Anthony

2. It’s just that you look awful! What on earth have you been doing?
I’ve been looking at you / This chicken is awful / I got to bed late last night

3. Why? What did you do?

I used to sing the blues / I went to that place where they sing the blues

4. Ah-ha! So you eventually found the club, did you?

No, thanks / My football club was closed / Yes, thanks to your directions

5. Good! You must be exhausted, though. How about a cup of tea?

Yes, I’m awake / No, thanks. I’ve been drinking tea all morning / I’ll make them

Well, I want one, so I’ll put the kettle on anyway!

26
 Word list

Here are the new words you have seen in this lesson

K i d n a p p i n g
abduct (to-)
carry off (to-)
footprint
give in (to- )
hijack (to-)
hijacker
hunter
kidnap (to-)
kidnapper
slave
struggle
struggle (to-)
track

G e n e r a l v o c a b u l a r y
clear the table (to)
go down to (to-)
guy
hard times
indicate (to)
meal
politics
sand
supper
tree-house
while

27
 Key

S c e n a r i o s
A ‘Oh, it’s raining!’
‘It’s been raining since I got up at seven.’
‘We can’t go to the beach, then.’
‘We’ll wait until it stops and then go fishing.’
‘Good idea! You always get a lot of fish after it has been raining.’

W o r k - o u t
A 2. (e) B 2. I’ve got to clear the table.
3. (f) 3. Does he have to work tomorrow?
4. (g) 4. Dina’s got to phone her mother.
5. (d) 5. They don’t have to come with us.
6. (a) 6. Has John got to leave soon?
7. (c) 7. I have to learn English for my job.
8. Haven’t you got to be there early?

C 2. Scotland D 2. talking
3. nephew 3. waiting
4. blues 4. cooking
5. struggle 5. reading
6. realise 6. following
7. feet 7. listening
8. living

E 2. Did you see the struggle?

3. Why did they kidnap her?
4. What happened to Jayne?
5. Did he hear a noise?
6. Why did she go to the river?

F 1. Yes, I’m fine.

2. I got to bed late last night.
3. I went to that place where they sing the blues.
4. Yes, thanks to your directions.
5. No, thanks. I’ve been drinking tea all morning.

28
 Work-out unit 26/4

O b j e c t i v e s

In Unit 26/4 you have:

Expressed your wishes and desires: “I wish I had time to

tell you more” / “I wish I were with a handsome prince”.

Learned how to tell a story: “Once upon a time…” / “I

opened a bottle and a genie appeared” / “I’ll grant you thre e
wishes”.

Revised letter writing: “Dear Tarman” / “See you soon” /

“All my love”.

Explained your future plans: “ A week from today I’ll be

taking the plane home” / “I’ll be counting the days until I see
you again”.

Talked about what will happen at a specific moment in

the future using the future continuous tense: “While you
are making the breakfast, I’ll be flying across the ocean” / “I’ll be
waiting for you when you arrive”.

unit 26/4 29
 Scenarios
It’s the end of the shift

The verb shift means ‘change’ or ‘move’, but we also use it as a

noun to talk about our work timetable, especially if we work
in a factory, where you can work the day shift or the night
shift. If we change from days to nights re g u l a r l y, we call this
‘shift work’.

I wish I had time to tell you more

The verb ‘wish’ is always followed by a past tense because we

use it to talk about things we desire which are unlikely to hap-
pen. With the first person of the verb ‘to be’, we should use the
subjunctive form ‘I were’, although ‘was’ is accepted.

No way!

This is a very common slang expression which means ‘absolutely

not’. ‘Can I borrow your car?’ – ‘No way!’

A Today is your last day at work befo re your holidays. A colleague has just finished
his holidays, and has started back at work today. You say:

1. “This time tomorrow I’ll travel to a desert island!”

2. “This time tomorrow, I’ll be travelling to a desert island!”

Your colleague asks:

1. “Where are you going exactly on holiday?”
2. “Where exactly are you going for your holiday?”
3. “Where do you go on holiday?”

You reply:
“I’ve booked an apartment in the Canary Islands.”

Your colleague exclaims:

1. “I wish I were back on holiday!”
2. “I wish I am on holiday again!”
3. “I wish I have been on holiday again!”

You say:
1. “You’ve just come back from your holiday!”
2. “You came back from your holidays now!”
3. “You are just here from your holiday!”

30
 Structures

F u t u r e c o n t i n u o u s

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I will be working I will not be working will I be working?
you will be working you will not be working will you be working?
he will be working he will not be working will he be working?
she will be working she will not be working will she be working?
it will be working it will not be working will it be working?
we will be working we will not be working will we be working?
you will be working you will not be working will you be working?
they will be working they will not be working will they be working?

C o n t r a c t e d f o r m s

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
I’ll be working I won’t be working
you’ll be working you won’t be working
he’ll be working he won’t be working
she’ll be working she won’t be working
it’ll be working it won’t be working
we’ll be working we won’t be working
you’ll be working you won’t be working
they’ll be working they won’t be working

As you can see, we form the future continuous with the

future of ‘to be’ and the ‘–ing form’ of the principal verb.
We use this tense to talk about an action which will be in
progress at a specific time in the future:

· “At nine o’clock tomorrow I’ll be arriving in New York.”

31
 Work-out
A Write the plurals of these words

1. minute minutes

2. story
3. child
4. city
5. information
6. wish
7. knife
8. witch
9. wife
10. party

B Write sentences using wish as in the example

1. She’s not pretty. She wishes she were pretty.

2. I don’t know the answer. I

3. Christina doesn’t like me.

4. We have to do an exam. We

5. He doesn’t have a girlfriend. He

6. They can’t go to the ball.

7. Mrs Jackson doesn’t speak French.
8. I have to work tomorrow.

32
 Work-out
C Fill in the gaps using these words

in / at / for / since

1. I’ll be leaving in 5 minutes.

2. I always get up 9 o’clock the morning.
3. We’ve been listening to her 2 hours, now.
4. You’ve been studying French last year, haven’t you?
5. They caught the train late night.
6. Let’s meet in the park 5 o’clock.
7. She’s been a slave 6 months.
8. We don’t always work the afternoon.

D Write sentences using the prompts

1. I / leave / 5 minutes I’ll be leaving in 5 minutes.

2. Adrian / listen / radio

3. you / fly / across the ocean
4. she / arrive / airport
5. the kids / not play / park
6. they / sunbathe / beach
7. Elizabeth / not work / 4 o’clock
8. she / wait / bus

33
 Work-out
E Fill in the gaps using these words

were / appeared / was / opened / got / contained / found / saw

Once upon a time, there was a little girl called Claudia. She lived in a house near a
huge forest. One day, when she (1) walking through the dark forest,
she (2) a strange bottle that (3) something.
She (4) it and suddenly a genie (5) .
The genie was so pleased to be free that he granted Claudia a wish. She wished she
(6) a beautiful woman, with long, blond hair. She couldn’t believe
her eyes when she (7) her wish had come true. The next day she met
a gorgeous guy and two weeks later they (8) married.

F Answer these questions

WHAT WILL YOU BE DOING...

1. this time tomorrow?

2. in a fortnight’s time?

3. in a year?

4. in 20 minutes?

5. a week from today?

6. this time next month?

34
 Word list

Here are the new words you have seen in this lesson

G e n e r a l v o c a b u l a r y
a week from today
across
ball
Certainly not!
desert
desert island
elegantly
formula
fortnight
genie
gorgeous
grant (to-)
it’s not my scene
knife
No way!
ocean
once upon a time
shift
sunbathe (to-)
supernatural
this time tomorrow
through
wish
wish (to-)

35
 Key

S c e n a r i o s
A ‘This time tomorrow I’ll be travelling to a desert island!’
‘Where exactly are you going for your holiday?’
‘I wish I were back on holiday!’
‘You’ve just come back from your holiday!’

W o r k - o u t
A 2. stories B 2. I wish I knew the answer.
3. children 3. I wish she liked me.
4. cities 4. We wish we didn’t have to do an exam.
5. information 5. He wishes he had a girlfriend.
6. wishes 6. They wish they could go to the ball.
7. knives 7. She wishes she spoke French.
8. witches 8. I wish I didn’t have to work tomorrow.
9. wives
10. parties

C 2. at / in D 2. Adrian’ll be listening to the radio.

3. for 3. You’ll be flying across the ocean.
4. since 4. She’ll be arriving at the airport.
5. at 5. The kids won’t be playing in the park.
6. at 6. They’ll be sunbathing on the beach.
7. for 7. Elizabeth won’t be working at 4 o’ clock.
8. in 8. She’ll be waiting for the bus.

E 1. was F Free answers.

2. found
3. contained
4. opened
5. appeared
6. were
7. saw
8. got

36
 Work-out unit 27/1

O b j e c t i v e s

In Unit 27/1 you have:

Learned the third conditional: “If certain things in his life

had been different, he would never have become a guitarist” / ”If
Groover hadn’t played football, he wouldn’t have broken his leg”.

Practised giving advice: “You just need a rest”.

E x p ressed amazement at what someone says: “You

must be joking!” / “You can’t be serious”.

Accepted suggestions: “Yes, I suppose you’re right” /

“OK, I’ll come and have some fun”.

unit 27/1 37
 Scenarios
They won a competition and the prize was a cont ra ctwith
a recording company

The verb ‘win’ means ‘to come first in a competition’, or ‘get a

prize’. To talk about our salary, we do not use ‘win’, but ‘earn’.

How’s your thesis coming along?

The phrasal verb ‘come along’ can mean ‘progress’ or ‘continue’.

A man needs to relax now and then, you know

‘Now and then’ or ‘every now and then’ means ‘sometimes’.

A You are behind with some work that you must hand in before you can take
your final exams. You are working at top speed. Your colleague asks you:

“How’s your work coming along?”

You reply:
1. “I don’t think I finish in time”
2. “I don’t think I’ll finish it on time”

You exclaim:
1. “I wish I have more days!”
2. “I wish I had more time!”
3. “I wish there is more time!”

Your colleague replies:

1. “You’ve had plenty of time!”
2. “You were having a lot of time!”
3. “You will have plenty of time!”

And continues:
1. “If you hadn’t gone out every day, you had finished it”
2. “If you hadn’t gone out every day, you would have finished it”

You reply:
1. “A young man as me needs a bit of fun”
2. “A young man like me needs a bit of fun”
3. “A young man the same that me needs a bit of fun”

38
 Structures

T h e t h i r d c o n d i t i o n a l

As you know, we have already seen the first and second

conditionals. Now we are going to take a look at the
third conditional. But first, a quick revision of the first and
second conditionals:

We use the first conditional to talk about the result of

something which will probably happen:
· “If he comes to visit me, I’ll show him the most interesting
things in town” (He will probably visit me).

We use the second conditional to talk about the result of

something improbable (but not impossible):
· “If they read more, they would be more educated”
(They don’t read much, and probably won’t read more).

Now for the third conditional. We use this for making a

supposition about something which has already happened
(or not happened), and we want to talk about the
hypothetical result of changing this ‘something’ (which is
obviously impossible to do).

If + past perfect ! would have + past participle

· “If you hadn’t driven so fast, you wouldn’t have had an
accident” (You drove fast and you had an accident).
· “They wouldn’t have got lost if they had bought a map”
(They got lost because they didn’t buy a map).

We can put the ‘if’ clause before or after the conditional

clause. A common mistake is to use ‘would have’ in the
‘if’ clause:
· “If I would have won the lottery, I would have gone to the
Bahamas.”

This is incorrect. We should say:

· “If I had won the lottery, I would have gone to the Bahamas.”

39
 Work-out
A Match the British and American equivalents

1. underground (a) downtown

2. flat (b) elevator
3. film (c) truck
4. holiday (d) subway
5. trousers (e) apartment
6. lorry (f) vacation
7. chemist’s (g) pants
8. city centre (h) drugstore
9. lift (i) movie

B Fill in the gaps

INFINITIVE PAST SIMPLE PAST PARTICIPLE

1. be was been

2. become
3. break
4. buy
5. choose
6. fight
7. go
8. leave
9. make
10. take
11. tell
12. win

40
 Work-out
C Match the phrases to form sentences

1. If he hadn’t played football, (a) he wouldn’t have become a singer.

2. If he had breathed properly, (b) they wouldn’t have made a record.
3. If his uncle hadn’t bought him a guitar, (c) he would have won the marathon.
4. If the vocalist hadn’t left the band, (d) she wouldn’t have got sick.
5. If she hadn’t eaten so much, (e) you wouldn’t have believed it.
6. If you hadn’t read this story, (f) he wouldn’t have broken his leg.

D Write sentences as in the example

1. if / I (-) play / football/(-) break / leg

If I hadn’t played football, I wouldn’t have broken my leg.
2. if / she (-) spend so many hours / on beach / (-) get burned

3. if / we (+) go early / (+) find ticket / for the London flight

4. if / I (-) go party / (-) get drunk

5. if / he (+) study harder / (+) pass his exams

6. if / you (-) run so slowly / we (+) catch the thief

41
 Work-out
E Complete the dialogue with these words

doing / listened / warned / come / decided / crashed / argue

1. She wouldn’t have brought us here if you had warned her.

2. Yes, but would she have to me if I had advised her against it?
3. She might have. If you had at least tried, she may have not to go ahead.
4. In any case, if she had steered properly, she wouldn’t have into that rock.
5. Well, nobody’s perfect! Would you have here if you’d known
how hot it was? You’ve got a point. No, I don’t think I would have.
6. There you are, then. For goodness sake! What are we on this desert island?
7. All I know is that if you had told me we would , I wouldn’t have come!

F Complete the dialogue

1. Hi Pete! How’s the thesis coming along?

I’m just coming / I’ve done half of it / Go along this street
2. When do you have to hand it in?
Next month / Because my hand hurts / I’ll give you a hand
3. Well, if you hadn’t gone on holiday, you would have finished it by now, wouldn’t you?

I’ve already been there / I’m going on holiday tomorrow / Yes, I suppose you’re right
4. Do you want me to help you?
I want a computer / Yes, but have you got a computer? / I helped you, remember
5. No, I haven’t, but my cousin Arthur has.
Do you think he would lend it to me ? / Can I lend it to him ? / I’ve got three cousins
6. I don’t see why not. I’ll ask him.
Don’t ask me / Yeah! Now you’re talking / Can I talk to you?
7. By the way. What’s your thesis about?
It’s about 200 metres on your left / Witches’ spells! / It’s about half done

42
 Work-out
G Underline the correct answers to this HISTORY QUIZ

1. If you had written ‘Hamlet’, what would your name have been?
(a) Don Quijote (b) Sartre (c) Shakespeare
2. If your name had been Ringo Starr, what group would you have been a member of?
(a) The Beatles (b) The Animals (c) The Rolling Stones
3. If you had been to Sydney in 2000, what would you have seen?
(a) The World Cup (b) The World Fair (c) The Olympic Games
4. What would you have discovered if your name had been Christopher Columbus?
(a) America (b) Canada (c) Africa
5. Whose assassination would you have witnessed if you had been in Dallas in 1963?
(a) John Kennedy (b) Robert Kennedy (c) John Lennon
6. If you had been King of England and had married six times, what would your name
have been?
(a) Edward (b) James (c) Henry
7. If you had been to Wembley in London in June 1966, what sporting event would you
have seen?
(a) Wimbledon (b) The British Open (c) The World Cup Final
8. Where would you have been the first person to travel, if you had been Yuri Gagarin?
(a) India (b) The North Pole (c) Space
9. What would possibly have been avoided, if Archduke Francis Ferdinand hadn’t
been assassinated?
(a) The 1st World War (b) The 2nd World War (c) The Vietnam War

43
 Word list

Here are the new words you have seen in this lesson

G e n e r a l v o c a b u l a r y
assassinate (to-)
assassination
avoid (to-)
band
cheer up (to-)
come along (to-)
competition
downtown
drugstore
festival
guitarist
hand in (to-)
have a point (to-)
nonsense
North Pole
Now you’re talking!
prize
record
record (to-)
recording company
steer (to-)
vocalist
witness (to-)

44
 Key

S c e n a r i o s
A ‘I‘I wish
don’t think I’ll finish it on time.’
I had more time!’
‘You’ve had plenty of time!’
‘If you hadn’t gone out every day, you would have finished it.’
‘A young man like me needs a bit of fun.’

W o r k - o u t
A 2.3. (e)(i) B 2. become / became / become
3. break / broke / broken
C 3.2. (a)(c)
4. (f) 4. buy / bought / bought 4. (b)
5. (g) 5. choose / chose / chosen 5. (d)
6. (c) 6. fight / fought / fought 6. (e)
7. (h) 7. go / went / gone
8. (a) 8. leave / left / left
9. (b) 9. make / made / made
10. take / took / taken
11. tell / told / told
12. win / won / won

D 2. wouldn’t
If she hadn’t spent so many hours on the beach, she
have got burned.
3. If we had gone early we would have found tickets for the
London flight.
4. If I hadn’t gone to the party I wouldn’t have got drunk.
5. If he had studied harder he would have passed the exams.
6. If you hadn’t run so slowly we would have caught the thief.

E 2.3. decided
listened F 1.2. I’ve done half of it.
Next month.
4. crashed 3. Yes, I suppose you’re right.
5. come 4. Yes, but have you got a computer?
6. doing 5. Do you think he would lend it to me?
7. argue 6. Yeah! Now you’re talking.
7. Witches’ spells!

G 2.3. (a)(c) 4. (a)

5. (a)
6. (c)
7. (c)
8. (c)
9. (a)

45
 Work-out unit 27/2

O b j e c t i v e s

In Unit 27/2 you have:

Learned how to tell a story using the narrative present

(present Simple): “The king and his men land on differe n t
parts of the island” / “He gives Ariel his freedom as payment for
his services”.

Revised vocabulary and structures from previous

units, practising your reading comprehension as you
finished “The Tempest”.

Learned new vocabulary related to ‘ royalty’: ‘king’,

‘prince’, ‘servants’, ‘duke’, ‘dukedom’; and ‘the sea’: ‘land’,
‘survivor’, ‘shipwreck’, ‘ship’.

Discovered a new relative pronoun: “Prospero has a ser -

vant, Caliban, whose mother is a witch”.

Seen the passive voice with modal verbs: “ P ro s p e ro is

bad and must be killed”.

unit 27/2 47
 Scenarios
Help yourselves!

We use this expression to show someone that he or she has our

permission to do something. We are saying that they can use or
have something. If we refer to food or drink, we mean that they
can serve themselves, and don’t need to wait for us to serve
them. The above example is when we are speaking to more
than one person. Speaking to one person, we say ‘help yourself’.

What are the chances?

The word ‘chance’ means ‘opportunity’, ‘destiny’ or ‘luck’. ‘By

chance’ means ‘by coincidence’. A ‘game of chance’ is a game
which involves luck.

A You have pre p a red a birt h d ay party in the garden for your son.T h e re are children
eve ry w h e re. One of your friends asks you:

1. “Do we put the sandwiches now?”

2. “Will we serve the sandwiches now?”
3. “Shall we serve the sandwiches now?”

You reply:
1. “Yes, but the tables must be laid first”
2. “Yes, but the tables must been laid first”
3. “Yes, but the tables must lay first”

Then you add:

1. “Let’s put them on the table and let the children help yourselves”
2. “Let’s put them on the table and let the children help theirselves”
3. “Let’s put them on the table and let the children help themselves”

When the children have eaten, you ask them:

1. “Do you want me to tell you a fairy tale?”
2. “Do you want that I tell you a fairy tale?”
3. “Do you like me telling a fairy tale?”

The children say yes, and you begin:

1. “Once upon a time…”
2. “There was a little princess whom mother died”
3. “There was a little princess whose mother died”

48
 Structures

R e l a t i v e p r o n o u n

whose

‘Whose’ is the possessive form of ‘who’, and we use it in both

kinds of relative clause for people and things:

Defining clauses
· “The boy whose parents died in the accident was taken to an
orphanage” (Which boy was taken to the orphanage?
The boy who had lost his parents in an accident).

· “The house whose owner disappeared some years ago is

falling to pieces” (Which house is falling to pieces?).

Instead of ‘whose’ we can use ‘of which’ when speaking

about things:

· “The house the owner of which disappeared some years

ago…”

Non-defining clauses
· “This is Martin, whose sister you met yesterday.”

· “That’s Mrs Keel, whose report you’ve been reading.”

Don’t forget to put commas in non-defining clauses.

49
 Structures

M o d a l v e r b s ! P a s s i v e

modal verb + be + past participle

To put a modal verb in the passive, we use the infinitive of

the verb ‘be’ plus the participle of the principal verb:

ACTIVE: ·“You must do the homework today.”

PASSIVE: ·“The homework must be done today.”

This is the same for all modal verbs without exception.

ACTIVE: ·“They may show the film on TV.”

PASSIVE: ·“The film may be shown on TV.”

50
 Work-out
A Put the words into the corresponding groups

interval / programme / theatre / channel / audience / balcony / big screen / play / TV /

remote control / soap opera / trailer / armchair / cinema / stage / actress / film star /
newscaster

TV cinema theatre

B Complete the words using one of these endings

ful / ment / dom

1. There was a lot of excitement before the film started.

2. How many animals are there in the animal king ?
3. I really don’t understand. His students are normally so respect
4. The prisoners are enjoying their free for the first time in years.
5. I’ll give you my car as pay for the work you’ve done.
6. Please be care with that motorbike.

51
 Work-out
C Complete the sentences using these words

him / themselves / himself / our / yourself / us / herself / itself

1. There’s some food in the fridge, Pete. Help yourself !

2. It wasn’t our fault. You can’t blame
3. My son’s only 4 and he can already dress
4. Diane thinks she’s the best. She’s so in love with
5. How long have you known Alan?
I’ve known for about 2 years.
6. We’re going out tonight. Could you look after son, please?
7. The company has got into a mess.
8. When we got back, we found the cupboards completely empty. They had helped
to everything!

D Arrange the words to form questions

1. what film you was the saw last? What was the last film you saw?
2. often been cinema he how to the has?
3. often you read do?
4. most type you like do what book of?
5. theatre they been the ever have to?
6. think of what you did film that?
7. actors were like what the?

52
 Work-out
E Choose the correct preposition

1. The film is based on a book.

on / in / of
2. I don’t want to go to the cinema if we have to queue !
up / at / in
3. What’s the telly, tonight?
at / in / on
4. Why don’t we go the theatre tomorrow?
by / to / in
5. When we arrived the cinema, the film had already started.
to / at / in

F Complete the dialogue

1. What was the last book you read?

About half of it / I’m nearly finished / I don’t like reading
2. Oh! Then, do you ever go to the cinema?
I saw it, too / Yes, sometimes / I never watch TV
3. So what was the last film you saw?
I can’t see without my glasses / Last Monday / Friday 13th
4. A horror film! Were you frightened?
No, but my sister was / I frighten my sister / Yes, a horror film
5. I don’t like those types of films, either
Actually, I thought it was quite funny / She’s so funny / You look funny
I suppose you would!

53
 Work-out
G Answer the questions

‘THE TEMPEST’ QUIZ

1. Prospero is the Duke of

(a) Edinburgh (b) Milan (c) Windsor
2. Prospero is interested in
(a) comics (b) newspapers (c) magic
3. How many chances do they have to type the correct password?
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1
4. What does Prospero give Ariel?
(a) chocolate (b) money (c) freedom
5. Who puts Prospero in a boat?
(a) the King of Naples (b) a servant (c) his brother
6. Caliban is
(a) a king (b) a prince (c) Prospero’s servant
7. The first password is
(a) I love my mum (b) I love computers (c) I love my books
8. Who falls in love with Miranda?
(a) Ferdinand (b) Ariel (c) Prospero’s brother

54
 Word list

Here are the new words you have seen in this lesson

T h e v i e w i n g m e d i a
audience
big screen (the-)
excitement
interval
newscaster
queue / queue up (to-)
remote control
screen
soap opera
telly
terrific
trailer

G e n e r a l v o c a b u l a r y
balcony
fall to pieces (to-)
Help yourself!
kingdom
land
orphanage
secretly
selfish
service
whose

55
 Key

S c e n a r i o s
A ‘Shall we serve the sandwiches now?’
‘Yes, but the tables must be laid first.’
‘Let’s put them on the table and let the children help
themselves.’
‘Do you want me to tell you a fairy tale?’
‘There was a little princess whose mother died...’

W o r k - o u t
A TV / programme / remote control / channel / armchair /
newscaster / soap opera
cinema / trailer / big screen / film star / (audience) /
(interval) / (actress)
theatre / (interval) / stage / play / balcony / (actress) /
(audience)

B 2.3. respectful
kingdom C 3.2. ushimself
4. freedom 4. herself
5. payment 5. him
6. careful 6. our
7. itself
8. themselves

D 2.3. Do
How often has he been to the cinema?
you often read?
E 2.3. upon
4. What type of book do you like most? 4. to
5. Have they ever been to the theatre? 5. at
6. What did you think of that film?
7. What were the actors like?

F 1.2. Yes,
I don’t like reading.
sometimes.
G 2.3. (c)(a)
3. Friday 13th. 4. (c)
4. No, but my sister was. 5. (c)
5. Actually, I thought it was quite funny. 6. (c)
7. (c)
8. (a)

56
 Work-out unit 27/3

O b j e c t i v e s

In Unit 27/3 you have:

Expressed wishes and desires: “If only I could remember

my past!” / “If only I were rich!”

Showed regret : “If only she hadn’t left me!”

Learned the adverb ‘so’, meaning ‘very’: “I feel so depres -

sed” / “Why are you so sure?”

Revised and used reported speech again to explain

what someone said to you: “He said his girlfriend had left
him” / “He said he would never love again”.

Used the verbs ‘look’ and ‘seem’ to talk about what you
think about a situation or a person: “Did she look happy?” /
“She seemed to be having a good time”.

unit 27/3 57
 Scenarios
If only I could remember my past!

‘If only’ is very similar to ‘I wish’, and we use it to make excla-

mations: “If only you were here”. As with ‘wish’, ‘if only’ is fol-
lowed by the past tense.

He kept kissing her

‘Keep’ has several meanings: to ‘maintain’, ‘continue’ or ‘store’

are the most usual. In this case, we could also say “he kept on
kissing her”. It means he continued kissing her, repeatedly.

A You have to go out for a while. You tell your mother:

1. “If Pam calls, tell her I’ll be back in a while”

2. “If Pam calls, you will tell her I’ll be back in a while”
3. ”If Pam will call, tell her I’ll be back in a while”

Your mother asks:

1. “Why are you so sure that Pam shall phone?”
2. “Why are you so sure will Pam phone?”
3. “Why are you so sure Pam will phone?”

You reply:
1. “She keeps out ringing”
2. “She keeps ringing”
3. “She rings always”

You add:
1. “She can be in love with me!”
2. “She should be in love with me!”
3. “She must be in love with me!”

When you return your mother says:

1. “She hasn’t been phoning”
2. “She hasn’t phoned”
3. “She phoned not”

You wait all afternoon for her call, and finally decide to call her. You ask her why she
hasn’t called you and she answers:
1. “I would have phoned you if I hadn’t gone out with Tom”
2. “If I wouldn’t have gone out with Tom, I would have phoned you”

58
 Structures

Conditional sentences (extension)

So far you have seen the most common conditionals.

Variations on these three kinds of conditional are also
possible:

Type 1: first conditional - probable

if + present simple + future simple

· “If he hurries up, he’ll catch the train.”

Variations
With the first conditional, we can use ‘may / might’ instead
of ‘will’ to express possibility, ‘can’ to express permission
or ability, ‘must / should’ or an imperative to express advice or
an order.

if + present simple + may / might

· “If the fog gets thicker, the plane may / might be diverted”
(It’s possible the plane will be diverted).

if + present simple + can

· “If your work is finished you can leave” (You have
permission to leave).

if + present simple + must / should / imperative

· “If you want to lose weight you must / should eat less
bread” (Our advice is to eat less bread).
· “If Peter comes, call me” (I’m ordering / telling you to
call me).

if + present simple + present simple

· “If you freeze water, it turns into ice” (The automatic
result – water always turns into ice when frozen).

59
 Structures

Type 2: second conditional - unlikely

if + past simple + simple conditional (would + infinitive)

· “If I were rich I would live in a big house in the country.”

Variations
With the second conditional we can use ‘could / might’
instead of the conditional tense to express ability or a
possible result.

if + past simple + could / might

· “If I had her address I could write to her” (I don’t have her
address and so I can’t write to her. It would be possible
if I had her address).

Type 3: third conditional - impossible

if + past perfect + would have + past participle
· “If we’d sold more goods, we would have made more money”
(We didn’t sell more goods, and we didn’t make more
money).

Variations
With the third conditional we can use ‘could have / might
have’ instead of the compound conditional to express ability
or possibility.

if + past perfect + could / might have + past participle

· “If the ambulance had arrived earlier, they could have saved
his life” (The ambulance didn’t arrive earlier, and they
didn’t save his life. It would have been possible to save
his life if the ambulance had got there earlier).
· “If the ambulance had arrived earlier, they might have
saved his life” (Maybe they would have saved his life).

60
 Work-out
A Put the words in the corresponding groups

wife / weather / job / information / hill / hair / sofa / luck / past / session / furniture /
owner / baggage / suitcase

COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE
wife past

B Complete the sentences

1. I haven’t got a girlfriend.

He said he hadn’t got a girlfriend.
2. I used to climb to the top.
He said

3. I’ll never love again.

Jennifer told me

4. My boyfriend’s left me.

She told me
5. We’re going to our house in the country.
They said

6. I’ll always find another job.

He told me

7. We’ve got a flat in the city.

They said

61
 Work-out
C Complete the sentences using these words

slow / short / high / difficult / hot / cold / dangerous

1. Go on! Jump over the wall! I can’t. It’s too high!

2. I don’t want to go swimming today. The water’s too
3. Ouch! I can’t eat this soup. It’s too
4. This homework is too . I can’t do it!
5. He can’t reach the cupboard, because he’s too
6. Let’s take the underground; the bus is too
7. We never go to the park at night. It’s too

D Write sentences using the verb seem

1. He smokes a lot. He seems to smoke a lot.

2. Her French is getting better. Her
3. They’re having a good time. They
4. Claire was very shy. She
5. John doesn’t know many people. John
6. You liked Adrian a lot. You
7. They’ve got a bit of money. They
8. I remember that man. I

62
 Work-out
E Rewrite the sentences as in the example

1. I haven’t got a boyfriend.

If only I had got a boyfriend.
2. I don’t know her telephone number.
If only
3. You can’t help me.
If only
4. I’m not tall enough to play basketball.
If only
5. I haven’t got anything to read.
If only
6. He doesn’t work for me.
If only
7. They don’t like us.
If only

F Complete the dialogue

1. You look sad, Phil. What’s the matter?

2. I can’t help it. Elaine’s me again, hasn’t she?
3. Not again! That’s the third this month.
4. I know. Oh, Ted! What am I going do?
5. Well, you could ask her to come back or, even better, buy some roses.
6. Do you think that work?
7. Of course, I do. I tried it last week and it for me!
8. Right! Flowers. Uh, Ted, do you know where there’s a near here?

63
 Word list

Here are the new words you have seen in this lesson

G e n e r a l v o c a b u l a r y
carry on (to-)
diversion
divert (to-)
drama
dramatic
freeze (to-)
frozen food
hill
If only she’d come!
keep (to-) / keep on (to-)
lose weight (to-)
slim (to-)
succeed (to-)
thick
turn into (to-)
valley

64
 Key

S c e n a r i o s
A ‘If‘Why
Pam calls, tell her I’ll be back in a while.’
are you so sure Pam will phone?’
‘She keeps ringing.’
‘She must be in love with me!’
‘She hasn’t phoned.’
‘I would have phoned you if I hadn’t gone out with Tom.’

W o r k - o u t
A wife / job / hill / session / sofa / owner / suitcase
past / weather / furniture / baggage / hair / information /
luck

B 2.3. He said he used to climb to the top.

She told me she would never love again.
4. She told me her boyfriend had left her.
5. They said they were going to their house in the country.
6. He told me he would always find another job.
7. They said they had a flat in the city.

C 2.3. hot
cold

4. difficult
5. short
6. slow
7. dangerous

D 2.3. Her French seems to be getting better.

They seem to be having a good time.
4. She seemed to be very shy.
5. John doesn’t seem to know many people.
6. You seemed to like Adrian a lot.
7. They seem to have a bit of money.
8. I seem to remember that man.

65
 Key

E 2.3. IfIf only

only I knew her telephone number.
you could help me.
4. If only I were tall enough to play basketball.
5. If only I had got something to read.
6. If only he worked for me.
7. If only they liked us.

F 2.3. left
time
4. to
5. her
6. would
7. worked
8. florist’s

66
 Work-out unit 27/4

O b j e c t i v e s

In Unit 27/4 you have:

Advised or decided what should be done using the

words ‘had better’ or the verb ‘ought to’: “We’d better leave
now” / “You ought to see my cousin”.

Learned how to talk about things you would like to do:

“It’s the dream of my life” / “I’d love to”.

Talked about what someone would possibly be able to

do or achieve: “She might be able to pass all her exams” / “She
might be able to help you”.

Practised modals again to make suppositions or de-

ductions: “He must be looking for us”; to express obligation:
“They must start getting fit right now”; and possibility: “It
might be our last chance”.

Learned vocabulary related to sports: ‘A ro u n d - t h e -

world sailing competition’, ‘to sail’, ‘to get fit’, ‘to take part in a
competition’.

unit 27/4 67
 Scenarios
You have to go for a walk there

We use the stru c t u re ‘go for’ when we go out specially to do

some activity, like, for example, ‘go for a drive’, ‘go for a meal’,
‘go for an interview’.

Are you going to enter the competition?

The verb ‘enter’ means to ‘go in / into’ and so isn’t followed by

a preposition. When we talk about participating in a competi-
tion, we can also use ‘take part in’ and ‘go in for’.

A You’re at home, and a friend arrives in his car. He says to you:

1. “Let’s go for a drive!”

2. “Let’s go to drive!”
3. “Let’s go to driving!”

You say:
1. “It’s very hot to go to drive”
2. “It’s so hot to go to drive”
3. “It’s too hot to go driving”

Your friend says:

“What about a swim in the lake?”

You accept, and you go for a swim in the lake. Your friend says:
1. “I didn’t know you were such a good swimmer”
2. “I didn’t know you swam such well”
3. “I didn’t know you were so good swimmer”

He tells you:
“They’re holding a race on the lake next month.”
1. “Why don’t you enter in the race?”
2. “Why don’t you take part at the race?”
3. “Why don’t you go in for the race?”

You exclaim:
1. “I’d love to but could help my parents paint the house”
2. “I like to but I ought to help my parents paint the house”
3. “I’d like to but I ought to help my parents paint the house”

68
 Structures

M o d a l s c o m p a r e d

should & ought to

These two modal verbs are practically the same. They

both express obligation or duty. We use them to advise and
to express what we think would be correct or best to do.
In most cases either verb can be used, although there is one
small difference:

‘Should’ expresses our own, subjective opinion.

‘Ought to’ has a slightly more objective aspect. We use it

when we talk about obligations, laws and regulations,
or when we want our opinion to have the strength of an
obligation:

· “If you’ve got toothache, you should / ought to go to

the dentist.”
· “You should / ought to ask your husband when you’re
going on holiday.”

In these sentences, both modals are correct. We are talking

about what we think would be better for you to do.

· “Sharon had a baby last month and we haven’t visited

her yet.”
· “We ought to visit her this week.”

In this sentence, ‘should’ doesn’t sound right, because it

expresses an opinion, when it is obvious that we are late
visiting Sharon, and now our visit is almost an obligation.
In this case, ‘ought to’ gives the idea of something more
compulsory.

69
 Work-out
A Find eight watersports

D I V T W S C W 1. swimming
S W D E T A A C 2.
S W I M M I N G
N A V S R L O F 3.
O T I U T I E A 4.
R E N R U N I W
K R G F W G N A 5.
L P R I F S G T
6.
I O H N E I N G
N L E G S W I E 7.
G O S K I I N G
8.

B Write sentences using the prompts

1. Those children are always tired. They ought to go to bed earlier.

they / go / bed earlier
2. It’s getting late.
we / leave now
3. He’s borrowed £50 from Robert.
he / pay / back
4. I haven’t phoned them since last year.
you / phone them
5. Look! It’s dark outside.
you not / go for / walk
6. We haven’t got enough money.
we not / put in / bank
7. I think Mike’s waiting at the station.
you / pick up
8. We don’t really like the Smiths.
we / not invite them / the party

70
 Work-out
C Choose the appropriate form of the verb

1. We could go back to New York, couldn’t we?

to go / going / go
2. I might able to help, if you tell me what happened.
to be / be / being
3. You’d better now.
go / to go / going
4. You must for me here.
to wait / wait / waiting
5. You have me what you know.
tell / to tell / telling
6. We ought to New Orleans.
go / to go / going
7. He can’t stop
to smoke / smoke / smoking
8. They tried the mountain, but they couldn’t.
to climb / climb / climbing
9. I used for a walk in the park at night.
to go / going / go

D Underline the places associated with New York

1. A F V N M K O P B R O O K L Y N B R I D G E A S J W E R T Y U
2. G H A L N B X W A L L S T R E E T K N Z X O P W E R T H G D
3. Q N K A O P T I M E S S Q U A R E M A S F K J L I R E G J H R E
4. W I O N T I M O M A D I S O N SQ U A R E G A R D E N N J K I P
5. Q O I K N D H R O C K E F E L L E R C E N T E R M N S G F M C
6. T H E S T A T U E O F L I B E R T Y U P L J K M N C B V O Q W P
7. Y H A N H O R G I R L T H E R I V E R H U D S O N M O T H E R R
8. T H K L S B R O A D W A Y S I N O Q U E E N O L O K G S A C O L
9. K S G J F C N H A R L E M Q E R T G N L P O L K N C X V L O P
10. WH J N T H E E M P I R E S T A T E B U I L D I N G N T Y I O P L

71
 Work-out
E Tick or cross the phrases to say yes or no

ought to (! ) / shouldn’t (" )

If you want to get fit, you ought to / shouldn’t:

1. Smoke a lot "

2. Do some exercise
3. Eat pizzas
4. Go jogging
5. Sleep properly
6. Drink alcohol
7. Do push-ups
8. Go to parties
9. Practise breathing

F Complete the sentences using these words

cleaning / party / might be able to / borrow / what to do / help / might / recommend

1. I think John will be able to help you.

2. I get five minutes peace and quiet.
3. If we get there on time, we see some of the game.
4. Julie’s doing nothing, perhaps she’ll be able to give you a hand with the
5. If you ask him nicely, he might be able to tell you
6. Maybe they will be able to somewhere to have dinner.
7. I can’t say for sure, but I think we might be able to my dad’s car.
8. I think he might not be able to come to the

72
 Work-out
G Complete the dialogue

1. So, you’ve decided to get fit for the competition, have you, Jim?

I often decide to / I think I ought to / I’m not fit yet

2. How are you going to train?

First, I have to go to the bank / First, I’ll have to start eating properly / I’m not
going to get the train
3. That’s sounds like a good start. What next?

The radio’s next to the chair / I’ll probably start / I’ll have to start jogging
4. Do you want me to go jogging with you?

That would be great! / Yes, I want to, too / I want some water
5. And I might be able to borrow my brother’s weights!

You mean we might be able to weigh ourselves? / That means we can do some weight
training / How much do you weigh anyway?

73
 Word list

Here are the new words you have seen in this lesson

K e e p i n g f i t
be fit (to-)
diving
do weight training (to-)
enter (to-)
get fit (to-)
go jogging (to-)
keep fit (to-)
practise (to-)
push-ups
sail
sail (to-)
sailing
snorkling
take... for a walk (to-)
train (to-)
training
waterpolo
weight-lifting

G e n e r a l v o c a b u l a r y
have a baby (to-)
ought to
pay back (to-)
properly

74
 Key

S c e n a r i o s
A ‘Let’s go for a drive!’
‘It’s too hot to go driving.’
‘I didn’t know you were such a good swimmer.’
‘Why don’t you go in for the race?’
‘I’d like to but I ought to help my parents paint the house.’

W o r k - o u t
A swimming / diving / sailing / canoeing / skiing /
waterpolo / snorkling / surfing

B 2.3. We ought to leave now.

He ought to pay him back.
4. You ought to phone them.
5. You oughtn’t to go for a walk.
6. We oughtn’t to put it in the bank.
7. You ought to pick him up.
8. We oughtn’t to invite them to the party.

C 2.3. bego
4. wait
5. to tell
6. to go
7. smoking
8. to climb
9. to go

D 2.3. Wall Street

Times Square
E 2.3. ought to
shouldn’t
4. Madison Square Garden 4. ought to
5. Rockefeller Center 5. ought to
6. The Statue of Liberty 6. shouldn’t
7. The River Hudson 7. ought to
8. Broadway 8. shouldn’t
9. Harlem 9. ought to
10. The Empire State Building

75
 Key

F 2.3. might
might
be able to

4. cleaning
5. what to do
6. recommend
7. borrow
8. party

G 1.2. IFirst,
think I ought to.
I’ll have to start eating properly.
3. I’ll have to start jogging.
4. That would be great!
5. That means we can do some weight training.

76
 Work-out unit 28/1

O b j e c t i v e s

In Unit 28/1 you have:

Revised the interrogative form of the present simple:

“Can I help you?” / “Who are you?” / “Do you know her per -
sonally?”

Practised answering such questions with long

answers: “I want to talk to her” / “Well, we’ve met once or
twice”; and short answers: “Who told Daniel that Alma was
a witch?” “Duke did” / “Who makes perfumes?” “Alma does”.

Learned how to convert these questions into reported

speech: “He asked me who I was” / “He asked what I wanted to
see her for”.

Practised interrogative and relative pronoun structures

with a preposition: “Who are Gina and Daniel looking for?” /
“That’s not what you’re here for”.

unit 28/1 77
 Scenarios
Let’s hold hands

The verb ‘hold’ means to take in your hand. So, ‘hold my hand’
means take my hand in your hand.

Can you wait a minute?

When speaking on the telephone we usually say ‘hold on’ or

‘hold the line’. This last expression is used exclusively on the
telephone.

A You and a couple of friends, Mark and Perry, are going on a trip. You ask:

1. “Mark, have you collected the tickets from the travel agent’s?”
2. “Mark, have you collect the tickets of the travel agent’s?”
3. “Mark, did you collected the tickets at the travel agent’s?”

Mark replies:
1. “They said that the tickets were
not already ready”
2. “They said that the tickets weren’t
ready yet”
3. “They told that the tickets weren’t
still ready”

And adds:
1. “I saw Peter this morning and
he has asked me if he could join us”
2. “I saw Peter this morning and
he asks me if he can join us”
3. “I saw Peter this morning and
he asked me if he could join us”

Perry asks:
“Is he going to come with us then?”

You reply:
1. “He can come with us if he books his ticket”
2. “He cans come with us if he books his ticket”
3. “He will can come with us if he books his ticket”

78
 Structures

R e p o r t i n g q u e s t i o n s

In unit 25 you saw how to convert a question into reported

speech. In this unit we are going to look in more detail at
this change.

First, we must remember that only a direct question (one

which takes a question mark) inverts the order of the
structure, putting the subject after the verb, or, in the
case of the present and past simple, using the auxiliary
‘do / does / did’.

When this is no longer a direct question but an indirect one

(which doesn’t take a question mark), these changes do not
happen.

We must still make other changes to pronouns, verb tenses

and time expressions.

We must differentiate between two kinds of question: those

which begin with an interrogative word or pronoun (who,
what, why, where…) and closed questions which have a
‘yes / no’ answer.

Here are some examples of both kinds of question:

Wh- questions
DIRECT SPEECH:

· “Where are you from?’ he asked the boy.”

INDIRECT SPEECH:

· “He asked the boy where he was from”

79
 Structures

You can see that we have made the following changes:

The verb tense in the direct question is the present simple,

and changes to the past simple in the indirect question.
The pronoun ‘you’ in the direct question refers to the boy,
and changes to ‘he’ in the indirect question.

In the indirect question the verb ‘was’ goes after the subject
‘he’ – we do not invert the verb / subject.

Yes / no questions
DIRECT SPEECH:

· “Have you ever met a witch?’ he asked Mary.”

INDIRECT SPEECH:

· “He asked Mary if she had ever met a witch.”

In this kind of question we use the word ‘ i f’ to introduce the

i n d i rect question. An alternative to ‘asked’ is ‘wanted to know’:

DIRECT SPEECH:

· “What’s the time?’ asked the child.”

INDIRECT SPEECH:

· “The child wanted to know what the time was.”

80
 Work-out
A Fill in the gaps with a word that rhymes with eat

1. Liverpool beat Everton in the Cup last year.

2. Take a _ _ _ _ .
3. Which _ _ _ _ do you prefer, lamb or beef?
4. It’s too hot for me. This _ _ _ _ is too much. Look! I’m sweating.
5. Most people have got two hands and two _ _ _ _ .
6. Let’s _ _ _ _ outside the cinema at 8.

B Write sentences using the prompts

1. I / look for / job

I’m going to look for a job.
2. she / buy / some perfume

3. we / conjure up / some spirits

4. I / not be able to help / you

5. the witch / tell us / about immortality

6. what / you / do?

7. she / not hold / my hand

81
 Work-out
C Rewrite the questions in the indirect form

1. Can I help you?

He asked if he could help me.
2. How are you?
He asked me
3. Where do you live?
They wanted to know
4. What are you doing?
He asked me
5. How old are you?
She enquired
6. Why are you waiting?
He wanted to know
7. Where have you been?
They asked me
8. What do you want to see him for?
She enquired

D Rewrite the sentences in the direct form

1. He asked me when I had met her.

When did you meet her?
2. She wanted to know what a witch’s job was.
What ?
3. They enquired where she had last seen the stolen car.
Where ?
4. She wants to know how they make perfume.
How ?
5. He asked me what he should do to get fit.
What ?
6. He asked us if we were waiting for the bus.
Are ?
7. I asked her if she had been diving very deep.
Have ?
82
 Work-out
E Complete the dialogue with a suitable word

Can I help you?

1. Yes, I’m looking Steve.
2. Oh! You must John.
3. Who you?
4. I’m Steve’s sister. My is Tina.
Has he gone out?
5. He me to tell you to wait him at the old café.
Did he say anything else?
6. No, else.
OK. Well, thanks a lot.

F Complete the dialogue

1. Can I help you?

I’m looking after my son / I’m looking for some perfume / I’m looking at that picture
2. Who’s it for? I mean, is it for your girlfriend or your wife?

It’s actually for my mum / It’s from my girlfriend / I mean for my wife
3. I see. I’ve got just the thing! Come this way, please!

I’ve lost my way / No way! / It has to be special, though

4. Of course. Now, smell this one and tell me what you think.

I’m thinking it’s special / I think of her a lot / It smells nice

5. You know what they say about perfumes, don’t you?

No, I didn’t say anything / Do they really? / No, what’s that?

6. Perfumes are the source of immortality.

That’s interesting / In the mountain / I might be

83
 Word list

Here are the new words you have seen in this lesson

G e n e r a l v o c a b u l a r y
beat (to-)
beef
conjure up the spirits (to-)
enquire (to-)
heat
hold hands (to-)
hold on (to-)
lamb
pork
scent
source
suitable
sweat (to-)
This way!

84
 Key

S c e n a r i o s
A ‘Mark, have you collected the tickets from the travel agent’s?’
‘They said that the tickets weren’t ready yet.’
‘I saw Peter this morning and he asked me if he could join us.’
‘He can come with us if he books his ticket.’

W o r k - o u t
A 2.3. seat
meat
4. heat
5. feet
6. meet

B 2.3. We’re
She’s going to buy some perfume.
going to conjure up some spirits.
4. I’m not going to be able to help you.
5. The witch is going to tell us about immortality.
6. What are you going to do?
7. She’s not going to hold my hand.

C 2.3. He asked me how I was.

They wanted to know where I lived.
4. He asked me what I was doing.
5. She enquired how old I was.
6. He wanted to know why I was waiting.
7. They asked me where I had been.
8. She enquired what I wanted to see him for.

D 2.3. What is a witch’s job?

Where did you last see the stolen car?
4. How do they make perfume?
5. What should I do to get fit?
6. Are you waiting for the bus?
7. Have you been diving very deep?

E 1.2. befor F 2.1. It’s

I’m looking for some perfume.
actually for my mum.
3. are 3. It has to be special, though.
4. name 4. It smells nice.
5. asked, told / for 5. No, what’s that?
6. nothing 6. That’s interesting.

85
 Work-out unit 28/2

O b j e c t i v e s

In Unit 28/2 you have:

Talked about animals and their physical characteris-

tics: “It’s a reptile” / “It hasn’t got any legs” / “It’s an amphi -
bian” / “It’s green”; their habitat: “It lives in holes in the wall” /
“They come from African and Asia and live in the jungle”; and
their habits: “It loves lying in the sun” / “People say it loves
cheese” / “It comes out at night”.

Learned how to compare by talking about the similari-

ties between two things: “As light as Ariel”.

Learned the names of different animals: ‘snakes’, ‘toads’,

‘lizards’ and ‘apes’; and related vocabulary – parts of the
body: “They haven’t got any legs” / “It has wings” / “They
don’t have any tails”; and the group to which they belong:
“It’s an amphibian” / “It’s a reptile”.

unit 28/2 87
 Scenarios
I can’t go on

‘Go on’ is a phrasal verb which means ‘to continue’. We can say:
“I can’t go on working like this”, or “I can’t go on with this re l a -
tionship”.

It’s a small animal, very much like a mouse

When we say something ‘is like’ something else, we are mak-

ing a comparison: “This exercise is like the one that we did last
week”.

A You’re watching your favourite TV show, and your young son is reading a book.
You ask him what he’s reading and he says:

1. “I’m reading the story of Big Foot”

2. “I read the story of Big Foot”
3. “I reading the story of Big Foot”

You ask him:

1. “What is it?”
2. “Of what does it treat?”
3. “What’s it about?”

He answers:
1. “Well, it’s treat of a giant ape”
2. “Well, it is a gigantic ape”
3. “Well, it’s about a giant ape”

And he adds:
1. “It’s over 2 metres big”
2. “It’s about 2 metres tall”
3. “It has 2 metres high”

You ask him:

1. “Wow! What do it eat?”
2. “Wow! What does it eating?”
3. “Wow! What does it eat?”

Your son says:

1. “It eats people as you!”
2. “It eats people like you!”

88
 Structures

C o m p a r i s o n

as… as
We use this structure to talk about similarities between two
people or things:

· “I can run as fast as Kevin.”

As you can see we use the following structure:

Person / thing + verb + as + adjective + as + person / thing

· “Katherine is as efficient as Margaret.”

The adjective does not change in any way.

We can also use ‘not so… as’, but this is much more formal
and less common:

Person/thing + verb + not + so + adjective + as +

person/thing

· “My cooking is not so good as yours.”

We can also make comparisons in this way with adverbs:

· “It was raining hard and I drove as carefully as

I could.”

89
 Work-out
A Match the animal with the correct sound

1. frog (a) hiss

2. snake (b) purr
3. horse (c) grunt
4. cat (d) bark
5. monkey (e) neigh
6. sheep (f) moo
7. pig (g) bleat
8. dog (h) chatter
9. cow (i) croak

B Write sentences using these words and the prompts

yet / already

1. Spain’s a great place to have a holiday.

I / be / there
I have already been there.

2. Why don’t you do your homework?

I /do

3. What’s ‘The Tempest’ about?

I / not read

4. Do you fancy something to eat?

I / have lunch

5. What’s the weather like?

it / not stop raining

90
 Work-out
C Put these words into rhyming groups

bought / beat / brave / bat / eat / hand / sheep / face / fact / caught / ape / leave / horse /
sat / taught / race

face eat fact bought

D Fill in the gaps using these words or nothing (ø)

a / an / the / ø

1. Could you tell me if there’s a florist’s near here?

2. Yes, there’s one at the end of this street.
3. We used to be good friends, but we had argument and broke up.
4. What can you see in photo?
5. I think it’s laboratory we work in, but I’m not sure.
6. I love books. In fact, I’ve just finished reading book, now.
7. Do you like snakes?
8. No, especially not poisonous snakes.
9. This animal is amphibian and it lives in water.
10. I had a dream about man in laboratory last night.
Oh, really!
11. Yes. man had grey hair and moustache.
12. We went to cinema last night. film was rubbish,
though!

91
 Work-out
E THE ANIMAL TRIVIA QUIZ

true / false

1. In England the most popular pet is a dog.

true
2. A shark has four rows of teeth.
false
3. A lioness does more hunting than a lion.

4. In England, rabbits are kept as pets.

5. Sharks have very poor vision.

6. The lion is the fastest animal in the world.

7. 50% of all species of snakes are fatally poisonous to man.

8. The pregnancy of a female elephant lasts 9 months.

9. The blue whale is even bigger than the dinosaurs were.

10. There are only two Albino gorillas in the world.

11. A cat can fall from very high up and still survive.

12. The black widow is an African woman.

92
 Word list

Here are the new words you have seen in this lesson

A n i m a l s
amphibian
ape
bark (to-)
bat
bird
bleat (to-)
chatter (to-)
chicken
croak (to-)
dinosaur
frog
gorilla
grunt (to-)
hiss (to-)
insect
lioness
lizard
monkey
moo (to-)
neigh (to-)
pet
poisonous
purr (to-)
rabbit
rat
reptile
toad
whale

93
 Word list

G e n e r a l v o c a b u l a r y
brave
fatally
hole
laboratory, lab
poor
pregnancy
row
sewer
tube
vision

94
 Key

S c e n a r i o s
A ‘I’m reading the story of Big Foot.’
‘What’s it about?’
‘Well, it’s about a giant ape.’
‘It’s about 2 metres tall.’
‘Wow! What does it eat?’
‘It eats people like you!’

W o r k - o u t
A 2.4. (a)(b) 3. (e)
5. (h)
B 3.2. II’vehaven’t
already done it.
read it yet.
6. (g) 7. (c) 4. I’ve already had lunch.
8. (d) 9. (f) 5. It hasn’t stopped raining yet.

C face / brave / ape / race

eat / leave / sheep / beat
fact / sat / bat / hand
bought / caught / horse / taught

D 3. an
4. the
E 3. true
4. true
5. the 5. true
6. a 6. false
7. ø 7. false
8. ø 8. false
9. an 9. true
10. a / the 10. false
11. The / a 11. true
12. the / The 12. false

95
 Work-out unit 28/3

O b j e c t i v e s

In Unit 28/3 you have:

Seen how we can use the first conditional to make

threats: “If you don’t give me a break, I’ll turn you into a
computer”.

Revised how to tell a story, using the typical language:

“Once upon a time there was a prince…” / “…and they lived
happily ever after”.

Used diff e rent verb tenses and complex passives: “One

day his daughter was playing with a ball and it fell into the
water” / “The prince had been turned into a frog by a witch”.

Learned to use ‘ w i l l ’ to offer help: “I’ll help you if you

promise to help me” / “Do me a favour, will you?”

unit 28/3 97
 Scenarios
Now give me a break, will you?

‘Will you?’ is a question tag. We can also say “Give me a break,

w o n ’t you?” ‘To give someone a bre a k ’ is like saying ‘give me a
chance’.

When the frog gave her the ball,she wouldn’t give him a kiss

‘She wouldn’t give him something’ means ‘she refused to give him
something’. Be careful with this use of ‘would’ in the past, be-
cause it also has another meaning: “My grandfather would take
me for long walks in the country” means that he ‘used to’ take me
for walks.

A Your friend has broken his leg skiing, and you go to visit him in the hospital.
You ask him:

1. “Shall I bring you something for reading?”

2. “Will I bring you something to read?”
3. “Shall I bring you something to read?”

Your friend answers:

“Could you bring me the newspaper?”

You ask:
1. “Sure! Which one do you want to read?”
2. “Sure! Which one would you like
me to bring you?”
3. “Which would you like?”

Your friend replies:

“Any one will do”, and adds:
“By the way, did Ray give you the wallet
I dropped when I had my fall?”

You say:
1. “I’m afraid he didn’t want give it to me”
2. “I’m afraid he wouldn’t give it to me”

Your friend says:

“That’s strange!”

98
 Structures

Modal auxiliaries - offering help

As you know, modal verbs have lots of different uses. So far

we have used them to express possibility, probability or
supposition.

Now we’re going to look at how to use modals to offer help.

will
We can use ‘will’ to ask for help:
· “Who will help me carry these bags?

To offer or refuse help:

· “I will, but I know John won’t.”

We use ‘will’ in these examples because we are talking

about help in the immediate future:
· “’Waiter, this glass is dirty!’ ‘I’m sorry, sir. I’ll get you a
clean one right away.”

shall
We use ‘shall’ instead of ‘will’ when we ask questions in the
first person in the future simple. So, when we ask if we can
help someone, ‘shall I…?’ or ‘shall we…?’ mean ‘do you want
me / us to…?’
· “You seem to be rather busy today. Shall I look after
the baby for you?”
· “Shall we drop in on the Wilsons? We haven’t seen
them for ages.”

would
We can also say ‘would you like?’ instead of ‘will’ or ‘shall’:
· “It’s getting cold in here. Would you like me to close
the window?”
· “Would you like me to bring in the towels. I think it’s
about to rain.”

A more informal offer of help is:

· “Do you want me to pick up the children from school?”

99
 Work-out
A Complete the sentences with these phrasal verbs in the correct form

turn off / bring in / turn on / come off / turn down / turn into / turn out / turn up

1. Turn the lights off when you leave.

2. Do you often late for your English class?
3. One of my shoes when I was riding my bicycle.
4. When you heat ice it eventually water.
5. Please the dog–it’s snowing outside!
6. We thought the weather was going to be awful today, but it has
to be quite nice.
7. I was offered a good job, but I didn’t want it, so I it
8. My daughter usually the telly before anyone else.

B Match the phrases to form sentences

1. If I go to New York, (a) or I’ll go straight to the police.

2. Turn on the light (b) or I’ll tell my dad.
3. Finish the exercises, children, (c) or I’ll give you all extra work.
4. Give me back my ball (d) I’ll visit the Statue of Liberty.
5. Make your bed (e) or I won’t give you any pocket money.
6. Don’t tell anyone about this (f) if you promise to help me.
7. I’ll help you, (g) or you won’t see a thing.

100
 Work-out
C Complete the sentences by underlining the correct verb

1. Will you borrow / lend / give me your car for tonight?

2. Will you get / pay / take me a drink? I’m dying of thirst.
3. Will you open / close / break the window? It’s a bit chilly.
4. Will you collect / post / bring this letter for me? I’m too busy to go to the post box.
5. Will you help / work / be me with this huge workload?
6. Will you buy / come / go to the shops for me? I need some sugar.
7. Will you make / have / do me a favour? Could you ask the waiter for some more wine?
8. Will you call / wait / stand for me when we leave tonight?
9. Will you have / make / give me a break? I’m exhausted.

D Complete the dialogue

1. Phil! What did Jenny say when you asked her out?

She asked me the time / She didn’t take any notice of me / She was going out
2. Right! You have to keep your promise!

If you keep promising / You must be joking / I don’t like your jokes
3. You know what they say. A promise is a promise!

What will you do if I don’t pay? / Jenny promised she would / She promised to do it
4. Let me see! I’ll probably ask my mum to turn you...

up a frog / on a frog / into a frog

5. What do you know about witches?

I can’t spell that / More than you realise / I don’t know them

101
 Work-out
E Complete the sentences using these words

keep / kiss / play / stop / quiet / laugh / pay

1. He made her pay for the meal.

2. I made the children be
3. She made me give her a
4. They made us with them.
5. Her father made her her promise.
6. Don’t make me !
7. The policeman made me my car.

F Answer the questions

1. What makes you angry?

2. What makes you cry?

3. Do you make other people laugh?

4. Who makes you make your bed?

5. Who made you study English?

6. What makes you tired?

7. What makes you happy?

102
 Word list

Here are the new words you have seen in this lesson

G e n e r a l v o c a b u l a r y
angry
bring in (to-)
blueberry
break
chilly
come off (to-)
die of thirst (to-)
do a favour (to-)
favour
furious
keep a promise (to-)
make someone do something (to-)
mushroom
pocket money
smartass
stupid
take notice of (to-)
turn down (to-)
turn out (to-)
workload

103
 Key

S c e n a r i o s
A ‘Shall I bring you something to read?’
‘Sure! Which one would you like me to bring you?’
‘I’m afraid he wouldn’t give it to me.’

W o r k - o u t
A 2.3. turn up
came off
B 2.3. (g)
(c)
4. turns into 4. (b)
5. bring in 5. (e)
6. turned out 6. (a)
7. turned... down 7. (f)
8. turns on

C 2.3. get
close
D 1.2. You
She didn’t take any notice of me.
must be joking.
4. post 3. What will you do if I don’t pay?
5. help 4. into a frog.
6. go 5. More than you realise.
7. do
8. wait
9. give

E 2.3. kiss
quiet F Free answers.
4. play
5. keep
6. laugh
7. stop

104
 Work-out unit 28/4

O b j e c t i v e s

In Unit 28/4 you have:

Used the expression ‘even though’ to explain that

something happened which was surprising in some way:
“John went dancing with Mary even though he was very tired” /
“Tom passed the exam, even though he didn’t study”.

Practised talking about things which could have hap-

pened but didn’t: “ We could have seen each other again” /
“We could have got married”.

Said what you would have done in another person’s

place: “I would have written to Philip” / “I wouldn’t have for -
gotten about him”.

unit 28/4 105

 Scenarios
Philip and Liz first met in 1981

We use ‘first’ to talk about when something happened for the

first time.

They fell head over heels in love with each other

We say that we ‘fall’ in love with someone. ‘Head over heels’

means ‘completely’.

A While walking down the street with your daughter, you hear miaowing,
and you find a lost kitten underneath a car. Your daughter says:

“Can we take it home?” You reply:

1. “Well, mum cannot like it”
2. “Well, mum may not like it”
3. “Well, mum may not have liked it”

You decide to take the kitten home. You hide it in a box,

and your daughter speaks to your wife:
1. “Did you ever had a pet when you were a child?”
2. “Have you ever had a pet when you were a child?”
3. “Did you ever have a pet when you were a child?”

Your wife answers:

1. “Once I find a little kitten in the street”
2. “I once found a little kitten in the street”
3. “I once see a little kitten in the street”

And she adds:

1. “But my mother didn’t let to me keep it”
2. “But my mother wasn’t allowed to me to keep it”
3. “But my mother wouldn’t allow me to keep it”

Your daughter asks: “Did you feel sad about it?”

Your wife replies:

1. “Yes, a lot. I still remember that cat”
2. “Yes, many. I still remember that cat”
3. “Yes, too much. I still remember that cat”

Your daughter takes the kitten out of the box, and says:
“Don’t worry, mum. We’ve got a present for you!”
106
 Structures

‘ S a y ’ a n d ‘ t e l l ’

‘Say’ and ‘tell’ are very similar. We say ‘something’, but we

tell ‘someone’. That is, the object of ‘tell’ is the person we are
speaking to.

· “She said that she would be late.”

· “She told me that she would be late.”

However, there are a number of expressions with ‘tell’ when

the meaning is not the same as ‘say’, and its object is not a
person:

tell a lie
tell the truth
tell a story
tell the time
tell fortunes
tell the difference

Common expressions with ‘say’ are:

say something
say that you love me
say it’s not true

We can use both ‘say’ and ‘tell’ in indirect speech:

· “I said that I was tired.”

· “I told my mother that I was tired.”

107
 Structures

In direct speech, there are some small differences between

the two verbs. Look at these three examples:

· “What a nice idea!’, said Mary” (When we don’t specify

who we are talking to, as in this example, we cannot
use ‘tell’).
· “Look behind the door,’ I told Mack” (We use ‘tell’ for
giving instructions).
· “I’ve never seen this man before,’ I told them” (We use
‘tell’ when we give information).

Tell + object + infinitive

We use this structure to give orders, and in this case
‘say’ is impossible:

· “My mother always tells me not to speak

to strangers.”
· “I told my sister to stop shouting
so much.”
· “Dad has often told me not to go into
that dangerous area.”

108
 Work-out
A Complete the words associated with relationships

1. Me and my husband didn’t get on, so eventually we got d i v o r c e d.

2. I m_t this gorgeous boy on holiday!
3. It was love at first s _ _ _ t.
4. We’re head over h _ _ _ s in love.
5. Lucky Francis! Every year he has a holiday r o m _ _ _ e.
6. She was so in love that she couldn’t stop t h _ _ _ _ _ g about her sweetheart.
7. Alan kept writing to liz, even though she was m a _ _ _ _ d.

B Fill in the gaps using these words

married / marry / get married

1. Darling, I’m so in love with you! Will you marry me?

2. “Are you ?” “No, I’m single. I don’t like men!”
3. Did you hear about Terry and Sharon? They last week.
4. He’s only 25 and he’s already been twice!
5. What do you think is the best age to ?
6. “What ever happened to Anne? She was such a shy girl.”
“Shy? She an American and they’re living in Miami!”

109
 Work-out
C Rewrite the sentences using even though

1. She didn’t want to go to the party. However, I made her go.

Even though she didn’t want to go to the party, I made her go.
2. They continued writing to each other. However, they were both married.

3. She had an umbrella. However, she still got wet.

4. He hasn’t been to England. However, he speaks English fluently.

5. She didn’t pass the exam. However, she studied very hard.

6. She married him. However, she knew he didn’t love her.

7. We were very tired. However, we couldn’t sleep.

8. The soup was awful. However, I ate it.

9. He was wearing a coat. However, it was very sunny.

D Complete the sentences using the correct preposition

1. Have I ever told you of / about / in the holiday romance I had?

2. She never stopped thinking in / with / of him.
3. Maureen’s not here. She’s on / in / during holiday until next week.
4. When they met, they fell head over / on / round heels in love.
5. Please write to / for / at me when you get the chance.
6. Did you speak about / to /of him about me?
7. They went on / for / of a lovely ride around the harbour.

110
 Work-out
E Complete the dialogue

1. Were you able to speak to your family before coming to London?

Well, I certainly tried to / My friends live there, too / Yes, I spoken them

2. You didn’t manage to get in touch with them, did you? What happened?
I was looking for him / Didn’t they tell you? / I might have been wrong

3. No! What should they have told me?

I’ve told you already / What do you do on holiday? / That they might be going on
holiday

4. I knew they were going away, but I didn’t know when.

Well, I suppose they must have gone / Neither am I / What’s going on?

5. Anyway, now that you’re here, tell me all about this new fragrance of yours.
It’s become mine / I don’t want to tell them / It’s become so well-known

6. Congratulations! May I ask how much it costs?

A long time / About £30 / If you want to!

Mmmmmm. Quite reasonable, I suppose!

111
 Word list

Here are the new words you have seen in this lesson

G e n e r a l v o c a b u l a r y
divorce
even though
fall head over heels in love (to-)
first
fluently
fragrance
go dancing (to-)
manage to (to-)
reasonable
romance
single
tell a lie (to-)
tell a story (to-)
tell fortunes (to-)
tell the difference (to-)
tell the time (to-)
tell the truth (to-)
well-known

112
 Key

S c e n a r i o s
A ‘Well, mum may not like it.’
‘Did you ever have a pet when you were a child?’
‘I once found a little kitten in the street.’
‘But my mother wouldn’t allow me to keep it.’
‘Yes, a lot. I still remember that cat.’

W o r k - o u t
A 2.3. met
sight
B 3.2. got
married
married
4. heels 4. married
5. romance 5. get married
6. thinking 6. married
7. married

C 2. writing
Even though they were both married, they continued
to each other.
3. Even though she had an umbrella, she still got wet.
4. Even though he hasn’t been to England, he speaks English
fluently.
5. Even though she studied very hard, she didn’t pass
the exam.
6. Even though she knew he didn’t love her, she married him.
7. Even though we were very tired, we couldn’t sleep.
8. Even though the soup was awful, I ate it.
9. Even though it was very sunny, he was wearing a coat.

D 2.3. ofon E 2.1. Well, I certainly tried to.

Didn’t they tell you?
4. over 3. That they might be going on holiday.
5. to 4. Well, I suppose they must have gone.
6. to 5. It’s become so well-known.
7. for 6. About £30.

113
 Work-out unit 29/1

O b j e c t i v e s

In Unit 29/1 you have:

Talked about a continent (Australia), explaining when

it was discovered: “It was discovered by Captain Cook in the
eighteenth century”.

Explained the history of its colonisation: “It was popu -

lated by convicts”.

Discussed its native tribes: “The aborigines – the people

who lived in Australia before it was discovered by Captain
Cook” / “The boomerang was invented by the aborigines”.

Spoken about its animals: “Australia is well known for

animals such as the kangaroo, the koala bear…”

Used the passive voice in the present and the past.

Seen how to form nouns from certain adjectives: “I can

see happy faces” / “I can see happiness”.

unit 29/1 115

 Scenarios
I can see happy faces and yet I feel only sadness

When we use ‘yet’ as a conjunction to join two ideas, it means

‘but’ or ‘however’.

Australia is well-known for the animals that live there

‘ We l l - k n o w n ’ means the same as ‘famous’. With adjectives

formed by two words, we make comparisons like this: ‘better-
known’, ‘best-known’.

A When you arrive home one day, you find that all the furniture has been moved
and the curtains taken down. You ask your wife:

1. “Why is everything heels over head?”

2. “Why is everything in trouble?”
3. “Why is everything in such a mess?”

Your wife answers:

1. “I just been having a look at one home decoration magazine, and…”
2. “I’ve just been looking at a home decoration magazine, and…”
3. “I just had a look at a home decoration magazine, and…”

Surprised, you say:

1. “And you want change all the house for a home decoration magazine?!”
2. “And you’re going to change the whole house because of a home decoration
magazine?!”
3. “And you are change all the house because of a home decoration magazine?!”

Your wife says:

1. “If only you had seen the model house!”
2. “If you would see that house!”
3. “If you would have seen that house!”

And she adds:

1. “It had been decorated by one of the most well-known American interior designers!”
2. “It was done by one of the best-known American interior designers!”
3. “It has been decorated by one of the famousest American interior designers!”

You say:
“But you aren’t an interior designer!”

116
 Structures

Passive and active voice of all tenses

The following table shows you how to convert an active

sentence into the passive in all the tenses:

TENSE ACTIVE PASSIVE

SIMPLE PRESENT keep/keeps am/is/are kept

PRESENT CONTINUOUS am/is/are keeping am/is/a re being kept
SIMPLE PAST kept was/were kept
PAST CONTINUOUS was/were keeping was/were being kept
PRESENT PERFECT have/has kept have/has been kept
PAST PERFECT had kept had been kept
FUTURE will keep will be kept
CONDITIONAL would keep would be kept
PERFECT CONDITIONAL would have kept would have been kept
PRESENT INFINITIVE to keep to be kept
PERFECT INFINITIVE to have kept to have been kept
GERUND keeping being kept
PAST PARTICIPLE having kept having been kept

Examples:

ACTIVE: · “Someone has left this handbag under the table.”

PASSIVE: · “This handbag has been left under the table.”
ACTIVE: · “They are building a new bridge.”
PASSIVE: · “A new bridge is being built.”

As you know, when we change an active sentence into the

passive, we use the same tense for the verb ‘be’ as the
principal verb in the active sentence. So, in our second
example above, ‘are building’ (present continuous) becomes
‘is being’ + ‘built‘ (the participle of the active verb).

117
 Work-out
A See if you can answer this QUIZ ON AUSTRALIA

1. What is the common language in Australia?

(a) English (b) French (c) German
2. What is the capital of Australia?
(a) Canberra (b) Melbourne (c) Sydney
3. Who discovered Australia?
(a) Napoleon (b) Captain Cook (c) Columbus
4. Who invented the boomerang?
(a) Captain Cook (b) The Queen of England (c) The aborigines
5. Who or what were first sent to Australia?
(a) kangoroos (b) convicts (c) coffee
6. Why were they sent there?
(a) They needed French people (b) There were too many people in the prisons

B Complete the table

INFINITIVE PAST SIMPLE PAST PARTICIPLE

build built built

find
hear
hurt
know
make
see
steal
take

118
 Work-out
C Complete the sentences using these verbs and was or were

tidy / invent / discover / build / kill / pay / rescue

1. Australia was discovered by Captain Cook.

2. His bedroom by his sister yesterday.
3. I to clean the windows.
4. The telephone by Alexander Graham Bell.
5. These houses in 1954.
6. My dog by a lorry last month.
7. The mountaineers by helicopter.

D Write questions using the prompts

1. Australia / when / discover?

When was Australia discovered?
2. boomerang / who / invent?

3. convicts / why / send / Australia?

4. Australia / who /discover?

5. my car / who / steal?

6. my car / when / steal?

7. kangaroos / where / find?

119
 Work-out
E Fill in the table with the correct word

ADJECTIVE NOUN
angry anger
sad
fright
happiness
immortal
danger
ambition
dark

F Complete the newspaper report using these words in the correct form

take / call / find / believe / discover / hurt / steal

Last night a fire was discovered in the upstairs room of an old pensioner’s house. The
fire brigade was to the scene, but luckily nobody was ,
although the pensioner’s cat was dead. The pensioner’s mother was
to hospital for treatment. It is that burglars caused
the fire, because all the pensioner’s gold and silver was from the
house.

120
 Word list

Here are the new words you have seen in this lesson

D i s c o v e r y
ambition
ambitious
anger
boomerang
captain
convict
discover
kangaroo
koala (bear)
overcrowded
populate (to-)
population

G e n e r a l v o c a b u l a r y
darkness
decoration
decorator
fire brigade
fright
happiness
happy
immortal
invent (to-)
pensioner
sadness

121
 Key

S c e n a r i o s
A ‘Why is everything in such a mess?’
‘I’ve just been looking at a home-decoration magazine and...’
‘And you’re going to change the whole house because of a
home decoration magazine?’
‘If only you had seen the model house!’
‘It was done by one of the best-known American interior
designers!’

W o r k - o u t

A 1.2. (a)(a) B find / found / found

hear / heard / heard
3. (b) hurt / hurt / hurt
4. (c) know / knew / known
5. (b) make / made / made
6. (b) see / saw / seen
steal / stole / stolen
take / took / taken

C 2.3. was
was tidied
paid
4. was invented
5. were built
6. was killed
7. were rescued

D 2.3. Why
Who was the boomerang invented by?
were (the) convicts sent to Australia?
4. Who was Australia discovered by?
5. Who was my car stolen by?
6. When was my car stolen?
7. Where were kangaroos found?

E sadness
frightened
immortality
dangerous
F hurt
called

happy ambitious found

darkness taken
believed
stolen

122
 Work-out unit 29/2

O b j e c t i v e s

In Unit 29/2 you have:

Talked about food: “This chocolate cake is absolutely gor -

geous” / “Would you prefer a green salad?”; and its eff e c t s :
“This must be extremely fattening” / “It’s very good for the
skin”.

Spoken about negative emotions: “I feel awful when

I can’t get into my bikini” / “And there I was feeling guilty!”

Learned to talk about ecology, the environment and

the extinction of species: “It’s time we started taking care of
our planet” / “How many animals and plants are in danger of
extinction?” / “Two or three species of plants, animals or in -
sects become extinct every hour”.

Seen how to explain what will have happened by a cer-

tain time in the future using the future perfect tense:
“Twenty years from now, a million species will have died out for
ever”.

Learned a series of adverbs of ‘degree’: ‘extremely’, ‘abso -

lutely’, ‘quite’, ‘very’.

unit 29/2 123

 Scenarios
Blimey! I’m absolutely lost

‘Blimey’ is a slang exclamation of surprise. It isn’t very com-

mon, and although it is perhaps considered vulgar, it is not a
‘curse’ or ‘swear word’, which, of course, we should never use.

This is really weird

‘Weird’ means ‘strange’, or even ‘supernatural’, and is very com-

mon as a colloquial expression to describe things or people. Be
c a reful with its spelling: as you can see, it doesn’t follow the
‘rule’ “i before e except after c”.

A You are reading a magazine article, which says that:“Many of our animals are
in danger of extinction: for example…”

1. “leopards and tigers, that are hunted for its beautiful furs”
2. “leopards and tigers, which are hunted for its beautiful furs”
3. “leopards and tigers, which are hunted for their beautiful fur”

You continue reading:

1. “Another animals, like gorillas, are in danger, too”
2. “Other animals, like gorillas, are in danger, too”
3. “Others animals, like gorillas, are in danger, too”

The article explains:

1. “Forests are being cut down”
2. “Forests are been cut down”
3. “Forests are being cutted down”

It continues:
1. “If we don’t do something soon,”
2. “If we don’t do anything soon,”
3. “If we won’t do anything soon,”

“by the 21st century…”

1. “most of the tropical rainforests

will had disappeared”
2. “most of the tropical rainforests
will have disappeared”
3. “most of the tropical rainforests
will disappear”
124
 Structures

F u t u r e p e r f e c t

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I will have worked I will not have worked will I have worked?
you will have worked you will not have worked will you have worked?
he will have worked he will not have worked will he have worked?
she will have worked she will not have worked will she have worked?
it will have worked it will not have worked will it have worked?
we will have worked we will not have worked will we have worked?
you will have worked you will not have worked will you have worked?
they will have worked they will not have worked will t h ey have wo r ked?

As you can see, the future perfect is formed with the future
of the verb ‘have’ plus the participle of the principal verb.

When speaking, as you know, we usually use the

contractions: ‘I’ll have worked’ / ‘I won’t have worked’.
We sometimes even say ‘I’ll’ve worked’, so watch out!

We use the future perfect to talk about an action that will

have happened by or before a certain time in the future,
and so we always use it with a future time expression.

· “I will have finished this exercise before 5 o’clock.”

· “By the year 2010, she will have finished her university
studies.”

125
 Structures

A d v e r b s o f d e g r e e

absolutely quite a little

extremely fairly not at all
very rather enough*

*With the exception of ‘enough’, these adverbs go in front of

the adjective or adverb which they modify:

· “You are absolutely mad.”

· “We didn’t work quickly enough.”
· “John is fairly clever, but his brother
is rather stupid.”

126
 Work-out
A Fill in the missing letters and complete the sentence

1. Many animals are in danger of e x t i n c t i o n.

2. Nowadays, there are fewer animals that live in the w _ _ d.
3. Many s _ _ _ _ _ s of animals have already died out.
4. The destruction of tropical r _ _ n f _ _ _ _ _ s has caused serious problems
to many animals.
5. Every hour, plants and animals are in danger of becoming e _ _ _ _ _ t.
6. Organisations such as G r _ _ _ _ _ _ _ e are fighting to save our planet.
7. The number of natural r _ _ _ _ _ _ _ s available to humankind is decreasing
day by day.
8. Did you know that certain plants don’t e _ _ _ t anymore?
9. People ought to start taking care of the e n v _ _ _ _ _ _ _ t.

B Match the opposites in the two columns

1. expensive (a) alive

2. synthetic (b) cheap
3. fattening (c) boring
4. safe (d) light
5. in the wild (e) dangerous
6. dead (f) in captivity
7. exciting (g) natural

127
 Work-out
C Rewrite the sentences

1. A plant produces this oil.

This oil is produced by a plant.

2. They sell red mushroom oil in the supermarket.

Red

3. Hunting has reduced the number of animals.

The

4. They are finally doing something to protect the Earth’s resources.

Something

5. IBM design many computers.

Many

6. They are killing animals for sport.

Animals

7. Someone wrote it on the cover of the book.

It

D Choose the correct adverb to complete the sentence

How are you?

1. I’m very / fairly / absolutely exhausted.
Why? What’ve you been doing?
I’ve been shopping at the new health store in Edward Street.
2. That’s the one that’s completely / absolutely / really expensive, isn’t it?
3. Well, I thought it was quite / completely / rather reasonable, actually.
Were you able to park you car there?
4. You must be joking! There’s a car park alright, but it was quite / rather / completely
full.
5. Huh! The same happened to me. However, I was quite / extremely / completely
surprised by the size of the whole place.
6. Yes, it’s very /extremely / absolutely enormous, isn’t it?
7. Yes. I was certainly really / very / completely impressed.

128
 Work-out
E Rewrite the sentences using the same... as

1. Sandra read ‘The Times’ and so did Julie. /newspaper/

Sandra read the same newspaper as Julie.
2. We had roast beef for dinner and the Williams did, too. /restaurant/
We went
3. Geoff is 28 and so is Tom. /age/
Geoff
4. Tim’s computer was made by IBM and so was Steve’s. /company/

5. Lucy arrived at 9 o’clock and so did Dave. /time/

6. Paul gets £12,000 and so does Kenneth. /salary/

7. Your eyes are blue and so are John’s. /colour/

Your eyes

F Choose the correct answer

1. Did the boys behave themselves?

Yes, they were as good as (a) sweets (b) gold (c) girls
2. That story is as old as (a) my grandfather (b) the world (c) the hills
3. Are you ready for the race? Yes, I’m as fit as
(a) a fiddle (b) a bicycle (c) a train
4. She’s always the first to answer a question; she’s as keen as
(a) a teacher (b) baby (c) mustard
5. When she saw the ghost, she went as white as a
(a) tin of paint (b) dog (c) sheet
6. Shall I help you with those bags?
No, it’s alright, they’re as light as a (a) mouse (b) rose (c) feather
7. Maurice doesn’t feel too well today.
In fact, he looks as sick as a (a) dog (b) drunk (c) horse
8. Are you drunk?
No, I’m as sober as (a) my mum (b) a judge (c) a glass of water

129
 Word list

Here are the new words you have seen in this lesson

T h e e a r t h’s r e s o u r c e s
artificial
bikini
calorie
captivity
cut down (to-)
decrease (to-)
die out (to-)
ecological
ecology
extinct
extinction
fattening
leopard
resources
species
synthetic

G e n e r a l v o c a b u l a r y
as far as I know
behave (to-)
cause
copy (to-)
feather
fiddle
judge
megastore
mustard
salad
sheet
trade secret
weird

130
 Key

S c e n a r i o s
A ‘‘Other
leopards and tigers, which are hunted for their beautiful fur.’
animals, like gorillas, are in danger too.’
‘Forests are being cut down.’
‘If we don’t do something soon,’
‘most of the tropical rain forests will have disappeared.’

W o r k - o u t
A 2.3. wild
species
B 2.3. (g)
(d)
4. rain forests 4. (e)
5. extinct 5. (f)
6. Greenpeace 6. (a)
7. resources 7. (c)
8. exist
9. environment

C 2.3. Red mushroom oil is sold in the supermarket.

The number of animals has been reduced by hunting.
4. Something is finally being done to protect the
Earth’s resources.
5. Many computers are designed by IBM.
6. Animals are being killed for sport.
7. It was written on the cover of the book.

D 2.3. quite
really

4. completely
5. quite
6. absolutely
7. very

131
 Key

E 2.3. We went to the same restaurant as the Williams.

Geoff is the same age as Tom.
4. Tim’s computer was made by the same company as Steve’s.
5. Lucy arrived at the same time as Dave.
6. Paul gets the same salary as Kenneth.
7. Your eyes are the same colour as John’s.

F 1.2. (b)
(c)
3. (a)
4. (c)
5. (c)
6. (c)
7. (a)
8. (b)

132
 Work-out unit 29/3

O b j e c t i v e s

In Unit 29/3 you have:

Learned important telephone vocabulary: “I have the

number but I don’t know the code” / ‘International Enquiries’ /
“Can you give me the telephone number for someone in the
United States, please?” / “International Operator, can I help
you?” / “I’d like to make a call to Germany”.

Practised making calls to the ‘operator’ and ‘information’.

Used specific telephone expressions: “Who’s that?” /

“Hold on” / “I’ll put you through”.

Seen the ‘danger areas’ where typical mistakes are

made: “I’m Jane” / “Who are you?”

unit 29/3 133

 Scenarios
Surely there must be a trick

‘Trick’ has diff e rent uses: “I can’t open this. What’s the trick?”
(what is the special way of opening this?). “You can’t trick him”
(you cannot fool or cheat him). A ‘trick’ can also be a joke. On
October 31, Halloween, American kids go to the houses in
their neighbourhood asking ‘trick or treat’. A ‘treat’ can be some
candy / sweets, or money. But if there is no ‘treat’, the kids will
play a ‘trick’ on their neighbours, filling the entrance hall with
flour or water, for example.

Unless she had a very good reason

‘Unless’ is a negative conjunction which means the same as

‘if… not’, and is used with a positive verb.

A You call a hotel to make a reservation. The receptionist answers the phone:

1. “Park Hotel. Hello, I’m Mathew. Can I help you?”

2. “Park Hotel. Hi, my name’s Mathew. Can I help you?”
3. “Good morning. Park Hotel. Can I help you?”

You say:
1. “Good morning. Can you have Reservations, please?”
2. “Good morning. May I have Reservations, please?”
3. “Hello. Give me Reservations, please”

The receptionist says:

1. “Wait. I’ll put you through”
2. “Hold on. I’ll put you with reservations”
3. “Hold the line. I’m putting you through”

A moment later the receptionist tells you:

1. “I’m sorry, I’m busy. Could you hold on?”
2. “I’m afraid they’re engaged. Would you like to hold?”
3. “Excuse me, but they’re busy. Can you wait?”

You answer:
1. “Yes, of course”
2. “Yes, I hold on”
3. “Yes, I wait”

134
 Structures

P h o n e c a l l s

Now let’s look at some of the expressions and vocabulary

we need when speaking on the telephone:

When the phone rings

In an office, hotel, shop or other business:

· “Hotel Savoy. Good morning. Ray Wilson speaking.

Can I help you?”
· “Hotel Savoy. Good morning. Can I help you?

In a private residence:

· “Hello.”
· “Five six one two eight seven four. Hello.”
· “Hello, Thompson speaking.”

To confirm the identity of the person who has answered

the phone:

· “Is that Brian Thompson?”

He answers:

· “Speaking.”

To introduce ourselves:

· “This is Deborah Smart.”

If we dial the wrong number, we say:

· “I’m sorry, I must have the wrong number.”

135
 Structures

During the conversation

If we want to speak to someone else:

· “I’d like to speak to Harold, please.”

· “Could I speak to Harold, please?”
· “Is Harold there, please?”

If we want to be connected to another line or extension:

· “Can/could you put me through to Ms Moneypenny,

please?”

To ask someone to wait and not hang up:

· “Hold the line, please” / “Hold on, please”

· “Don’t hang up!”

If there’s no signal, or we cannot connect the caller:

· “I can’t get through.”

· “The line’s out of order.”

If the phone is being used by another caller:

· “I’m afraid the line’s engaged (GB) / busy (US).”

· “The number’s busy all the time.”

Types of call
local call
long-distance call
reverse-charges call / collect call (The receiver of the call
pays).

We say:

· ‘to make a call’ but ‘to dial a number.’

136
 Work-out
A Fill in the gaps using these words

tone / reverse / leave / back / on / wrong / who / code / reply / operator / through

1. I’m afraid you’ve got the wrong number.

2. I’ll put you
3. Hold please.
4. I’ll call later.
5. ’s that?
6. Would you like to a message?
7. I’d like to make a charge call.
8. There’s no
9. I don’t know the country
10. International ; can I help you?
11. Listen for the change of

B Match the words in the two columns

1. credit (a) cake

2. health (b) zone
3. chocolate (c) food
4. green (d) card
5. telephone (e) salad
6. time (f) professor
7. university (g) number

137
 Work-out
C Rewrite the sentences using

don’t / doesn’t have to

1. I needn’t send him that letter. I don’t have to send him that letter.
2. We needn’t phone home until tomorrow.
3. He needn’t call the operator.
4. They needn’t pay the telephone bill.
5. You needn’t use the international code.
6. She needn’t retire at 65.

D Complete the dialogue using these words

tone / up / like / line / help / city / welcome / code / speak / call / spell / number / dial

1. Operator: International operator; can I help you?

2. Caller: I’d like to make a phone to England, please.
3. Operator: What , please?
4. Caller: Sorry, I don’t English very well.
5. Operator: Could you speak , please?
6. Operator: What city would you to telephone?
Caller: Oh! Uh, Liverpool.
7. Operator: I don’t understand you. Could you that, please?
Caller: Yes, L-I-V-E-R-P-O-O-L. OK?
8. Operator: Hold the , please. Dial 00; then wait for the ,
and the country for England is 44. After that, 0151
for Liverpool.
9. Caller: So, that’s 00-44-0151 and the . Thank you very much.
10. Operator: You’re

138
 Work-out
E Fill in the gaps with the correct form of these verbs

keep / die / watch / find / get / turn

1. I thought the exam would be really difficult, but it didn’t out to be that bad.
2. I was out of the car when I saw Richard.
3. I’ll ring directory enquiries to out her number.
4. Many species of insects have already out.
5. out! We’re going to crash!
6. What did that sign say?
Well, with those dangerous dogs about it must have said out!

F Complete the dialogue

1. Emergency services. Which department do you want–fire, police or ambulance?

I work in finance department / I’m a fireman / There’s a house on fire

2. I’ll put you through to the fire department. Hold the line.
Please hurry! There are people in the house / Is my husband in that department? /
I’ve already put my fire out

3. Hello. Fire department here. Can you give me the address of the house, please?
Yes, I’ve lived at my present address for two years / It’s not my house /
Yes, it’s 42, Skipton Park

4. Skip... Can you spell that, please?

Yes, I love make magic spells, too / Of course I can’t spell / Yes, it’s S-K-I-P-T-O-N

5. Right! We’ll be there as soon as possible. By the way, do you know how many
people there might be in the house?
No way! / Yes, there are four houses / There could be two or three people

Don’t worry! And thanks for calling.

139
 Word list

Here are the new words you have seen in this lesson

T e l e p h o n i n g
be busy (to-)
be engaged (to-)
call back (to-)
code
collect call (USA)
country code
get through (to-)
hang up (to-)
hold on (to-)
hold the line (to-)
local call
long-distance call
make a call (to-)
operator
put through to (to-)
reply
reply (to-)
reverse–charge call (UK)
ring (to-)
speak up (to)
tone
trunk call
wrong number

140
Word list

G e n e r a l v o c a b u l a r y
be on fire (to-)
enquiries
enquiry / inquiry
international
put out (to-)
repeat (to-)
Surely...!
technology
time zone
trick
unless

141
 Key

S c e n a r i o s
A ‘Good morning. Park Hotel. Can I help you?’
‘Good morning! May I have Reservations, please?’
‘Hold the line. I’m putting you through.’
‘I’m afraid they’re engaged. Would you like to hold?’
‘Yes, of course.’

W o r k - o u t
A 2.4. back
through 3. on
5. who
B 2.3. (c)(a)
6. leave 7. reverse 4. (e)
8. reply 9. code 5. (g)
10. operator 11. tone 6. (b)
7. (f)

C 2.3. We don’t have to phone home until tomorrow.

He doesn’t have to call the operator.
4. They don’t have to pay the telephone bill.
5. You don’t have to use the international code.
6. She doesn’t have to retire at 65.

D 2.4. call
speak
3. city
5. up
E 2.1. turn
getting
6. like 7. spell 3. find
8. line / tone / code / dial 9. number 4. died
10. welcome 5. Watch
6. keep

F 1.2. There’s a house on fire.

Please hurry! There are people in the house.
3. Yes, it’s 42, Skipton Park.
4. Yes, it’s S-K-I-P-T-O-N.
5. There could be two or three people.

142
 Work-out unit 29/4

O b j e c t i v e s

In Unit 29/4 you have:

Learned about the origin, advantages and financing of

the Internet: “The Internet was started by the Pentagon in the
1960’s as a way of interconnecting military computers” / “In -
formation could be shared easily” / “Originally the funding
came from academic sources but increasingly funding is coming
from the commercial sector”.

Seen how to get connected to Internet: “ To connect to

Internet you need a PC and a modem, which links the computer
to your telephone line”.

Talked about e-mail: “You can also communicate with

other people by e-mail”.

unit 29/4 143

 Scenarios
Thanks for letting us send a message through the Internet

We use ‘through’ in this sentence to mean ‘by means of’.

Don’t be such a bore!

A ‘bore’ is a boring person. Notice the diff e rence between the

adjectives ‘boring’ and ‘ b o red’. We say ‘I’m bore d ’ when we
haven’t got anything interesting to do. It is unlikely that we
would say ‘I’m boring’, which means that I bore other people.

A You have got together with some friends to surf the Internet.
One of them asks:

1. “Where shall we go surfing?”

2. “Where do we surf to tonight?”
3. “Where are we going to surf tonight?”

You suggest:
1. “Let’s join that chat group we saw yesterday”
2. “We could point ourselves on the chat group we saw yesterday”
3. “We ought find the chat group we seen last night”

Suddenly a message appears on the screen:

1. “If you’re over 21, click here”
2. ”If you’re on 21, click here”
3. “If you’re more 21, click here”

You click on the option, and another

message appears on the screen:
1. “Access the chat group is been
denied”
2. “Accessing the chat group has
been denied”
3. “Access to the chat group has
been denied”

One of your friends says:

1. “I’ve got a better way of to spend the evening!”
2. “I’ve got a more good way of spending the evening!”
3. “I’ve got a better way of spending the evening!”

144
 Structures

Use and omission of the definite article

As you have seen, the use of the definite article in English

can be confusing, and it is not always used where you
might expect it. The general rule is that we use ‘the’ when
we’re talking about something specific, and we omit ‘the’
when we are talking in more general terms:

Look at the following examples:

Countable nouns in the plural and uncountable

nouns
Compare these examples:

· “I like flowers” (Flowers in general).

· “I like the flowers you sent me” (These specific ones).
· “Coffee makes me tense” (All coffee in general).
· “The coffee I gave you is Colombian” (This specific coffee).

Abstract nouns
· “Love is a wonderful thing” (Love in general).
· “The love between George and Harriet was over”
(A specific ‘love’).

145
 Work-out
A Complete the sentences using these words

down / modem / e-mail / surfing / home page / log on / server

1. We use to send messages over the Internet.

2. We’ve been trying to for hours but there’s no connection.
3. We need a to connect the computer to the telephone line.
4. My provides me with access to the Internet.
5. She was denied access to their because she was only 15.
6. The best thing about the Internet is that you can’t get wet!
7. Hurricane Bertha blew all the Internet connections !

B Write the questions using the prompts

1. Who / Internet / start by? The Pentagon.

Who was the Internet started by?
2. When / it / extend / universities? In the 1970’s.

3. What / be / estimated number / subscribers? There are about 35 million.

4. What / advantage / networking? Information can easily be shared.

5. Where / funding / come from? It came from academic sources.

6. How many servers / be / operation /1999? About 5 million.

7. When / be / service open / the public? In the 1980’s.

146
 Work-out
C Rewrite these sentences in the indirect form

1. You will never get married.

She told me I would never get married.
2. You will be extremely rich.
She told me

3. You won’t make any friends on the Internet.

He told me

4. You’ll buy a modem for your computer.

She told me
5. You’ll be one of the 35 million subscribers.
They told me

6. You won’t ever wear fancy dress.

She told me

7. You’ll meet a beautiful woman at Carnival time.

They told me
8. You won’t ever take up an academic career.
They told me

D Choose the correct phrase to complete the dialogue

1. Hi, Rachel! Are you coming / Do you come to the Carnival tonight?
2. I’d love to / I have loved to, but I’ve got nothing to wear.
3. I wear / I’m wearing this old dress. Basically, you can wear anything you want.
4. Are you having / Do you have a costume I could wear?
5. Why don’t you wear / to wear this dress and I’ll find something else.
6. But what will you / are you going to wear?
7. Don’t worry about me! I was able to / would get two old dresses from my mum!
8. Do I have to / Am I having to wear that?
9. Look! No argue / arguing! Just get dressed, will you? Don’t being / be such a bore.
10. But I’ve never worn / I didn’t ever wear fancy dress!!
147
 Work-out
E Complete the dialogue

1. I tried to send a message to my girlfriend on the Internet once.

Really? Did it work? / Do you work? / I haven’t got a girlfriend

2. I don’t know. She hasn’t replied yet.

Why are you so interested in the Internet? / There’s no reply / I never send a reply

3. It’s fascinating. I mean, you can access thousands of different places.

Well, I haven’t got a credit card / How does it work? / I’ve worked in many
different places, too

4. All you need is a modem that links your computer to the telephone line.
Didn’t you ring earlier? / Is it cheap to use? / Where’s your computer?

5. Yeah! It’s about the cost of a local call.

Wow! That’s really cheap / I often get calls / I prefer to call after 6 p.m.

6. Yes, it is. Why don’t you become a subscriber?

I’d better call you back / I’d better get a computer first / I don’t normally subscribe,
do you?
That would help!

148
 Word list

Here are the new words you have seen in this lesson

T h e I n t e r n e t
access
chat
click (to-)
connect
e-mail
home page
interconnect (to-)
Internet provider
link (to-)
log on (to-)
modem
navigator program
networking
personal computer
provider
server
subscribe (to-)
subscriber
surf (to-)
telephone line

149
 Word list

G e n e r a l v o c a b u l a r y
academic
advantage
blow down (to-)
bore (a-)
carnival
commercial
deny (to-)
estimate (to-)
extend (to-)
fancy dress
fund (to-)
funding
honest
honesty
in operation
military
Pentagon
provide (to-)
sector
share (to-)
tame
tame (to-)
tense
vulnerable

150
 Key

S c e n a r i o s
A ‘Where shall we go surfing?’
‘Let’s join that chat group we saw yesterday.’
‘If you’re over 21, click here.’
‘Access to the chat group has been denied.’
‘I’ve got a better way of spending the evening!’

W o r k - o u t
A 1.2. log
e-mail
on
3. modem
4. server
5. home page
6. surfing
7. down

B 2.3. When was it extended to universities?

What is the estimated number of subscribers?
4. What is the advantage of networking?
5. Where did funding come from?
6. How many servers were there in operation in 1999?
7. When was the service opened to the public?

C 2.3. She told me I would be extremely rich.

He told me I wouldn’t make any friends on the Internet.
4. She told me I would buy a modem for my computer.
5. They told me I would be one of the 35 million subscribers.
6. She told me I wouldn’t ever wear fancy dress.
7. They told me I would meet a beautiful woman at Carnival
time.
8. They told me I wouldn’t ever take up an academic career.

151
 Key

D 2.3. I’d love to

I’m wearing
4. do you have
5. wear
6. are you going to
7. was able to
8. do I have to
9. arguing / be
10. I’ve never worn

E 1.2. Why
Really? Did it work?
are you so interested in the Internet?
3. How does it work?
4. Is it cheap to use?
5. Wow! That’s really cheap.
6. I’d better get a computer first.

152
 Work-out unit 30/1

O b j e c t i v e s

In Unit 30/1 you have:

Talked about the celebration of carnival: “Carnival is an

ancient festival that is celebrated in Europe in mid-winter” / “It
precedes the period of Lent, which lasts until Holy Week”.

Explained what people do during the carnival: “People

celebrate carnival by going to fancy dress parties or dressing up
and walking around the city” / “Originally the mask was a form
of disguise so that your family and friends would not recognise
you” / “You could do things that were not normally permitted”.

Learned to talk about fancy dress and items of cloth-

ing: “You could go as a frog: green trousers or tights and a
shirt, a green mask and Ping-Pong balls for eyes”.

Used the structure ‘look forward to’ to talk about events

that you are waiting for with anticipation: “I’m looking for -
ward to carnival” / “I look forward to reading the report”.

unit 30/1 153

 Scenarios
I’ve got my memory back!

When we add the word ‘back’ to a verb, it gives it the meaning

of ‘return’. Other verbs which take ‘back’ include: ‘give back’ (He
gave me back the book he had borrowed), ‘pay back’ (I haven’t
paid back the money I owe the bank), ‘go back’ (It’s getting dark,
we’d better go back), ‘come back’ (I wish my wife would come
back), ‘take back’ (When John visited our new house, he took
back the tools he had lent us), ‘bring back’ (Walter Raleigh
brought potatoes and tobacco back from the Americas).

I’m looking forward to carnival

‘Look forward to’ is a phrasal verb which means to wait for some-
thing with anticipation. In the above example it’s followed by a
noun, but when it’s followed by a verb, remember to use the
‘-ing’ form: “I look forward to hearing from you” is a common way
of closing a letter.

A It’s carnival time, and a friend asks you:

1. “Are you looking forward to dress up?”

2. “Are you looking forward to dressing up?”
3. “Are you looking forward for dressing up?”

You say: “Well, I’m not too sure…” Your friend asks:
1. “What’s the matter?”
2. “What’s the problem?”
3. “What’s happen?”

You say:
1. “I don’t have any disguise”
2. “I don’t have some disguise”
3. “I don’t have a disguise”

Your friend says:

1. “You could dress up as a woman”
2. “You could go like a woman”
3. “You could dress a woman”

You exclaim:
“That’s what I did last year!”

154
 Structures

Unless + conditional sentences

We can sometimes use ‘unless’ instead of ‘if… not’ in

conditional sentences. Although ‘unless’ has a negative
meaning, it is followed by a positive verb:

· “He’ll join the street party unless he has to dress up like the
others.”
· “He’ll join the street party if he doesn’t have to dress up like
the others.”

These two sentences have the same meaning. But you must
be very careful, because we cannot always use ‘unless’
instead of “if not”:

· “She’d get better jobs if she were nicer.”

In this example, ‘unless’ is impossible. We use ‘unless’

when we talk about an exception to what is said in the
result clause:

· “ I won’t wear an eye patch unless it’s transparent.”

(I will only wear an eye patch if it is transparent).

You cannot use ‘unless’ in sentences where the condition is

unreal. This means that it is impossible as a substitute for
‘if… not’ in the third conditional.

155
 Work-out
A Write sentences using the prompts

1. carnival / celebrate / Europe / winter.

Carnival is celebrated in Europe in winter.
2. the most famous carnivals / hold / Venice, Rio de Janeiro and New Orleans

3. an effigy of the character ‘Carnival’ / burn

4. pancakes / eat / the English

5. in New Orleans / it / call / Mardi Gras

6. Easter / precede / Lent

B Complete the sentences with these words

French / famous / races / a lot of fun / mask / celebrate / comes from / best known

1. The fancy dress usually includes a mask.

2. One of the carnival celebrations is held in New Orleans.
3. The name ‘carnival’ the Latin word for flesh.
4. Mardi Gras is for Shrove Tuesday.
5. The English eat pancakes and hold pancake on that day.
6. Nowadays people by going to fancy dress parties.
7. For most people, carnival is a time for having
8. In Rio, carnival is for being licentious.

156
 Work-out
C Rewrite the sentences using unless

1. Don’t phone me except if you have to.

Don’t phone me unless you have to.
2. If you’re not a man they won’t let you enter.

3. You can’t retire at the age of 50 if you haven’t got a good reason.

4. We’ll miss the train if we don’t hurry.

5. My parents never call me–only if it’s absolutely necessary.

6. I won’t lend you my fancy dress if you don’t help me wash the car.

D Fill in the gaps using these words

as / after / at / forward to / for

1. I’m looking for my fancy dress. Have you seen it anywhere?

2. No, I haven’t. But I thought you weren’t looking dressing up?
Well, you know I don’t want to spoil everyone’s fun and I don’t want people to call
me a bore.
3. Fine, but who’s going to look Tom while we’re away?
4. He can look himself, can’t he? I mean, he’s old enough now,
goodness sake!
5. Your attitude is quite unbelievable, you know. If you must know, I’m not looking
this at all. Can’t we stay home?
6. Look. You’re going as a banana and I am well. So, let’s get
moving. After all, it was your idea!

157
 Work-out
E Underline the correct preposition in each sentence

1. I’m going as / by a witch.

2. It lasts for / during 4 days.
3. I look forward to / for carnival every year.
4. Neville doesn’t really like dressing up / down, does he?
5. ‘Bonjour’ is French for / by ‘Good morning’.
6. Carnival is celebrated in / on Europe as well.
7. People celebrate for / by going to parties.
8. Why don’t you use ping-pong balls as / with eyes?

F Complete the dialogue

1. Jerry! Who’s making the pancakes in your family this year?

The family all / I’ve made it already / The whole family, of course!

2. I don’t believe it! You mean, you’re going to help?

Yeah, I’m really looking forward to it! / Yes, I’ll look after it myself / I’ll look for it

3. I never thought you’d say something like that, Terry.

I’m dressing up as well / Do you like my dress? / Listen to what I’m saying

4. What? Now you’re joking, aren’t you? What are you going as?
Yes, I am / I went there last year / A pirate

5. That suits you down to the ground.

I’m not sitting on the ground / My suits at the cleaner’s / I know it does

158
 Word list

Here are the new words you have seen in this lesson

C a r n i v a l t i m e
ancient
Ash Wednesday
broomstick
cape
disguise
dress up (to-)
Easter
effigy
eye patch
fast (to-)
flesh
go as (to-)
Holy Week
indulge in (to-)
last (to-)
Lent
licentious
mask
pagan
pancake
Shrove Tuesday
street party

159
 Word list

G e n e r a l v o c a b u l a r y
cleaner’s
disorder
get moving (to-)
look forward to (to-)
mid-winter
period
ping pong
pirate
precede (to-)
spoil ( to- )
suit someone down to the ground (to-)
tights
transparent
unbelievable

160
 Key

S c e n a r i o s
A ‘Are you looking forward to dressing up?’
‘What’s the matter?’
‘I don’t have a disguise.’
‘You could dress up as a woman.’

W o r k - o u t
A 2. Janeiro
The most famous carnivals are held in Venice, Rio de
and New Orleans.
3. An effigy of the character ‘Carnival’ is burnt.
4. Pancakes are eaten by the English.
5. In New Orleans it is called Mardi Gras.
6. Easter is preceded by Lent.

B 2.3. best known

comes from
C 2.3. Unless you’re a man...
...unless you have got a good reason.
4. French 4. ...unless we hurry.
5. races 5. ...unless it’s absolutely necessary.
6. celebrate 6. ...unless you help me wash the car.
7. a lot of fun
8. famous

D 2.3. after
forward to E 3.2. tofor
4. after / for 4. up
5. forward to / at 5. for
6. as 6. in
7. by
8. as

F 1.2. Yeah,
The whole family, of course!
I’m really looking forward to it!
3. I’m dressing up as well.
4. A pirate.
5. I know it does.

161
 Work-out unit 30/2

O b j e c t i v e s

In Unit 30/2 you have:

Learned how to interview a famous person and ask

questions about his or her life: “Tell us about your childhood,
about going to school”.

Seen how to answer questions about yourself and your

past: “I was born in Liverpool” / “I didn’t like school very
much” / “I used to go to John’s house”.

Talked about meeting someone who played an impor-

tant role in your life: “We got talking and then we got to -
gether one afternoon to play and sing together… and, well, we
just became partners”.

A n s w e red questions about your future plans: “ W h a t

are your plans for the future?” / “I’m thinking of recording a
new record”.

Converted an interview into text using indirect speech:

“In yesterday’s interview, Beetle said that he had been born in
Liverpool” / “He later told the interviewer that he was thinking
of recording a new record”.

unit 30/2 163

 Scenarios
Can you tell us a little bit about your background, please?

Your ‘background’ is your family, education, how you grew up,

where you are from. In a photograph or picture, the back-
g round is what is behind the main subject. The opposite is
‘foreground’.

I’m thinking of going to the football match

I’m considering going to the match. As we saw in an earlier

unit, ‘think’ is a verb which we don’t usually use in a continu-
ous tense. This is when it has the meaning of ‘believe’ or ‘have
an opinion’. However, if we use think as in this example, to
mean ‘consider’, then the continuous form is possible. Also, we
can use think in a continuous tense to describe the action of
thinking: “What are you doing?” “Nothing. I’m just thinking”.

A You and your brother have found some old photos of when you were young.
One of them shows some kids playing in the snow. You remember:
1. “It made a lot of cold and my feet got frozen”
2. “It was extremely cold and my feet got frozen”
3. “It was extremely cold and my feets got frozen”

Suddenly your brother remembers:

1. “You were wearing your new sports shoes those day”
2. “You wore your new sports shoes that day”
3. “You were wearing your new sports shoes that day”

You say:
1. “How a silly thing to wear in the snow!”
2. “What silly to wear this in the snow!”
3. “What silly things to wear in the snow!”

You say: “And look! That’s Michael throwing a snowball at Dad!”

Your brother says:
1. “I remember – there was a stone in that snowball!”
2. “I remember – there was stone to the snowball”
3. “I remember – there was a stone across it”

You ask why, and your brother explains:

1. “Michael didn’t used to get on well with Dad at that time”
2. “Michael didn’t use to get on well with Dad at that time”

164
 Structures

Exclamations - ‘how’ and ‘what’

We often use ‘how’ and ‘what’ in exclamations.

How
how + adjective
· “How nice!”

how + adjective + subject + verb

· “How disgusting this film is!”

how + adverb + subject + verb

· “How beautifully you sing!”

how + subject + verb

· “How you’ve grown!”

What
what + noun
· “What a car!”

what + adjective + noun

· “What a pleasant surprise!”

what (+ adjective) + noun + subject + verb

· “What a beautiful dress she was wearing!”

Exclamations with ‘what’ which have a countable noun in the

singular, must include the indefinite article ‘a/an’:

Uncountable: “What awful weather!”

Countable singular: “What a good-looking guy!”
Countable plural: “What strange things are happening!”

165
 Work-out
A Complete the sentences using these words

play / water / tame / provide / watch / look forward / share

1. I used to play the guitar when I was young.

2. She used to her plants every evening.
3. He used to all the soccer matches on TV.
4. I used to to the spring after such long, cold winters.
5. She used to the bedroom with her sister.
6. We used to them with all their building material.
7. Mike used to lions for the circus.

B Write questions using the prompts

1. did / childhood Did you enjoy your childhood?

Yes, I enjoyed it very much.

2. what school
I went to Hampton Boys School.
3. what sports
I used to play tennis, rugby and some soccer.
4. did / teachers
Yes, I got on very well with them.
5. did / friends
Yes, I had quite a few.
6. how often / friends
I used to meet them at least twice a week.

166
 Work-out
C Write the direct form of the sentences

1. He said he’d been born in Liverpool.

I was born in Liverpool.
2. She said she’d had a normal childhood.

3. They said they hadn’t liked going to school.

4. He said he had met John in a pub.

5. He said they had become partners.

6. He said he was thinking of cutting a new disc.

D Arrange the dialogue in the correct order

1. But I don’t want to spoil your holiday.

2. That sounds great.
3. Why don’t you ask your brother?
4. We’d better start planning, then.
5. I’m thinking of travelling around the world.
6. I’m looking for someone else to go with me.
7. I want you to be my companion.
8. Don’t worry. You won’t.
9. What are your plans for the future?

(a) 9 (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)

167
 Work-out
E Complete the sentences using the co r re ct p reposition and these wo rds in the
correct form

cut / retire / get / become / share / go / play / dress up

1. Jane’s not interested in getting married.

2. We’re interested guitarists.
3. They are thinking the costs.
4. I’m thinking on holiday.
5. Eric’s interested football.
6. You’re thinking at the age of 60, aren’t you?
7. Are you thinking for the party?
8. They’re not interested another disc at the moment.

F Complete the dialogue

Good evening, Mr Bull!

1. Question number one: where were you born?
My mother was / In 1963 / In London

2. I see. And what can you tell us about your background, Mr Bull?
Yes, my back hurts a little / Well, we moved to Liverpool when I was 3 / I‘ve already
told you about the ground

3. So, you didn’t spend your childhood in London, did you?

I think I spent too much / On the right / That’s right

4. Interesting! So, what made you go to Egypt later on?

I was 22 / I was interested in doing research / I love interesting people

5. Egypt is an amazing country, isn’t it?

You amaze me / I’m working there at the moment / Yes, I quite agree

168
 Word list

Here are the new words you have seen in this lesson

G e n e r a l v o c a b u l a r y
background
building
cut a disc (to-)
disgusting
partner
perform (to-)
performance
plan(s)
pupil
snowball
technical
What a pleasant surprise!

169
 Key

S c e n a r i o s
A ‘You
‘It was extremely cold and my feet got frozen.’
were wearing your new sports shoes that day.’
‘What a silly thing to wear in the snow!’
‘I remember-there was a stone in that snowball!’
‘Michael didn’t use to get on well with Dad at that time.’

W o r k - o u t
A 2.3. water
watch
B 2.3. What school did you go to?
What sports did you use to play?
4. look forward 4. Did you get on well with your teachers?
5. share 5. Did you have (many / a lot of) friends?
6. provide 6. How often did you use to meet them?
7. tame

C 2.3. We
I had a normal childhood.
didn’t like going to school.
D (d)
(b) 5
6
(c) 2
(e) 3
4. I met John in a pub. (f) 7 (g) 1
5. We became partners. (h) 8 (i) 4
6. I’m thinking of cutting a new disc.

E 2.3. ofin becoming

sharing
4. of going
5. in playing
6. of retiring
7. of dressing up
8. in cutting

F 1.2. Well,
In London.
we moved to Liverpool when I was 3.
3. That’s right.
4. I was interested in doing research.
5. Yes, I quite agree.

170
 Work-out unit 30/3

O b j e c t i v e s

In Unit 30/3 you have:

Expressed your opinion about a film: “I thought the film

was brilliant” / “I thought it was boring”.

Given your opinion about the actors: “Johnson gives a

powerful performance as the doctor”.

Agreed and disagreed with someone else’s opinion:

“I quite agree” / “I disagree entirely”.

Spoken about your tastes and preferences: ”I loved it” /

“I enjoyed it” / “It was interesting” / “I hated it” / “It was terri -
ble” / “I didn’t like it”.

Learned vocabulary related to the cinema and films:

“The film is a thriller set in a hospital” / “A Mafia boss has been
m u r d e red” / “Peter Johnson stars in this thriller” / “Johnson
gives a powerful performance”.

unit 30/3 171

 Scenarios
I disagree entirely

‘Disagree’ is the opposite of ‘agree’, although of course you can

also use ‘don’t agree’. Don’t forget that if you use ‘ d i s a g ree’, it
takes a positive structure.

The HQ Corporation are prepared to give us a lot of money

You will be asking yourself, why not ‘the HQ Corporation is

p re p a red…’? The answer is that both ‘is’ and ‘ a re ’ a re corre c t
when we talk about a collective, such as a company. It
depends whether you think of, say, IBM as one company, or a
group of many different people.

A You and your partners are discussing

the best way of using an important
new investment in your company. You say:

1. “They’re reading to invest in the company”

2. “They’re prepared to invest in the company”
3. “They preparing to invest on the company”

One of your partners proposes:

1. “I’m thinking we should use it for production”

2. “I believe we ought use it with production”
3. “I think we should use it to increase production”

The other replies:

1. “I disagree – exports are our priority”

2. “I not agree – exportation’s our priority”

You give your opinion:

1. “I disagree with either of you.

I feel we ought invest it in marketing”
2. “I don’t agree with either of you.
I feel we ought to invest it in marketing”

172
 Structures

Q u a n t i t y a d j e c t i v e s

Much / many / a lot of

We use these adjectives to talk about large quantities.

much

We use ‘much’ with uncountable nouns in interrogative and

negative sentences:

· “We didn’t drink much at the party because we had to drive.”

· “How much time have we got to catch the train?”
· “Hurry up! We haven’t got much time!”

many

We use ‘many’ with countable nouns in interrogative and

negative sentences:

· “Were there many people at the conference?”

· “Brian hasn’t got many friends at the factory.”

a lot of

We use ‘a lot of’ with either countable or uncountable

nouns, and in interrogative, negative and positive
sentences. It is more common, however, in positive
sentences:

· “He’s entered a lot of races, but he hasn’t won many.”

· “You always put a lot of sugar in my coffee. I don’t take
so much.”

In sentences where we omit the noun (such as the second

halves of the above two examples), we must say ‘a lot’
instead of ‘a lot of’.

173
 Work-out
A Complete the dialogue using these words

disagree / good / invention / intelligent / developed / nuclear / agree / enough / power

1. I think that women are more intelligent than men.

2. I don’t with you. Why do you say that?
3. Well, what about nuclear ? That’s a male
4. And a one!
5. I I think energy is dangerous.
6. Without it, there wouldn’t be energy for today’s needs.
7. Well then, other sources of energy should be !

B Write the corresponding person in the gaps

1. murder murderer

2. act
3. criticise
4. interview
5. burgle
6. teach
7. direct
8. sing
9. guitar
10. play

174
 Work-out
C Match the items in the two columns

1. I saw an adventure film (a) a ridiculous family saga.

2. Ghosts often appear (b) about a journey through the jungle.
3. Comedy films (c) spies in the Middle East.
4. Westerns are usually (d) make you hold your breath.
5. Musicals involve a lot of (e) about catching a criminal.
6. Suspense movies (f) in horror movies.
7. Detective stories are usually (g) make people laugh.
8. I saw an amazing thriller about (h) singing and dancing.
9. There was this soap opera about (i) about cowboys.

D Complete the dialogue using these words

with / suspense / disagree / performance / think / enjoyed / actors / like / stars / critic

‘What did you (1) think of the film, Adrian?‘

‘I really (2) it. I mean Mel Gibson, who (3) in it,
gave another great (4) as a Mafia boss. What about you?’
‘Well, I (5) entirely. I thought all the (6) were false
and completely unconvincing. I didn’t (7) it at all’.
That’s your opinion and you’re entitled to it. However I have to agree (8)
the newspaper’s film (9) , when she says that it keeps you
in (10) !’

175
 Work-out
E Complete the dialogue

1. Kevin! How’s the work going?

We went there yesterday / It’s coming along nicely / Why don’t you come, too ?

2. I’m glad. However, I don’t seem to be making much progress myself.

You look finished! / Really? Why are you so glad? / What sort of progress?

3. I know. I’m having problems at home, too .

What’s wrong? / What are you having? / I’ll have a steak

4. It’s my wife. She’s pregnant and she wants an abortion.

Goodness! Who’s taking it up? / My God! And I suppose you don’t agree?

5. Of course I don’t. I mean, we haven’t got any children and I’m getting on!
When are you getting on? / You’ve got a point there / I’m not pointing at you

6. But Elaine disagrees entirely. I don’t know what to do!

Well, congratulations / Well, good luck, anyway / So have I

176
 Word list

Here are the new words you have seen in this lesson

Q u e s t i o n s o f c o n s c i e n c e
abortion
agreement
ban
ban (to-)
be entitled to (to-)
conscience
critic
criticize (to-)
death penalty
disagree (to-)
entirely
euthanasia
issue
mafia
make progress (to-)
need
nuclear power
power
priority
root
religion
religious sect

177
 Word list

F i l m s
be set in (to-)
cowboy
main actor
script
scriptwriter
shooting, filming
suspense
star (to-)
thriller
western

G e n e r a l v o c a b u l a r y
anyway
attendant
be finished (to-)
be getting on (to-)
be prepared to (to-)
half-dead
hold one’s breath (to-)
invest (to-)
ridiculous
take place (to-)
unconvincing

178
 Key

S c e n a r i o s
A ‘They’re prepared to invest in the company.’
‘I think we should use it to increase production.’
‘I disagree–exports are our priority.’
‘I don’t agree with either of you–I feel we ought to invest it in
marketing.’

W o r k - o u t
A 2.3. agree
power / invention
B 2. actor / actress
4. interviewer
3. critic
5. burglar
4. good 6. teacher 7. director
5. disagree / nuclear 8. singer 9. guitarist
6. enough 10. player
7. developed

C 2.4. (f)(i) 3. (g)

5. (h)
D 2. enjoyed
4. performance
3. stars
5. disagree
6. (d) 7. (e) 6. actors 7. like
8. (c) 9. (a) 8. with 9. critic
10. suspense

E 1.2. You
It’s coming along nicely.
look finished!
3. What’s wrong?
4. My God! And I suppose you don’t agree?
5. You’ve got a point there.
6. Well, good luck, anyway.

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 Work-out unit 30/4

O b j e c t i v e s

In Unit 30/4 you have:

Talked about things you should perhaps have already

done: “It’s time we went to visit Payne at the HQ Corporation
in New York” / “It’s time we visited her”.

Practised modal verbs to talk about your obligations:

“I ought to go and see him” / “I must leave”; and what is pro-
hibited: “You can’t tell him”.

Used the diff e rent past tenses to tell a story: “She had
made a decision at last” “She felt relieved” / “She was going”.

Revised question forms: “Why did her husband start

drinking?” / “Where did she go after she left her husband?” /
“Who is she with now?”.

Learned adjectives related to our feelings and senti-

ments: “She felt very relieved” / “The situation had become
unbearable” / “She was so unhappy” / “It was sad”.

unit 30/4 181

 Scenarios
It’s time we visited him

‘It’s time’ implies that it’s necessary to do something. “It’s time

to go” means it’s necessary to go. “It’s time we went” has a sim-
ilar meaning, but the use of the past form after ‘ i t ’s time’ s o f-
tens the meaning, suggesting that maybe we won’t go. The
use of the past form after ‘it’s time’ doesn’t refer to a past
action. It always refers to the present or immediate future.

She was going to live life to the full

‘To the full’ has the sense of ‘entirely’, ‘completely’, ‘to the maximum’.

A Your wife wants you to take her out for dinner and a dance. You tell her:

1. “Last time we went dancing you were in bed during three days!”
2. “Last time we went dancing you were in bed since three days!”
3. “Last time we went dancing you were in bed for three days!”

She complains:

1. “If you loved me, you’d try to please me”

2. “If you love me, you would try to please me”
3. “If you would love me, you would please me”

She adds:

1. “I’m going to leave you and live my life to the full on myself”
2. “I’m going to leave you and live my life to the full on my own”
3. “I’m going to leave you and live my life to the full by my own”

You exclaim:

“Darling, remember you’re eighty-five years old!”

182
 Structures

P a s t p e r f e c t c o n t i n u o u s

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I had been working I had not been working had I been working?
you had been working you had not been working had you been working?
he had been working he had not been working had he been working?
she had been working she had not been working had she been working?
it had been working it had not been working had it been working?
we had been working we had not been working had we been working?
you had been working you had not been working had you been working?
they had been working they had not been working had they been working?

C o n t r a c t e d f o r m s

AFFIRMATIVE
I’d been working
you’d been working
he’d been working
she’d been working
it’d been working
we’d been working
you’d been working
they’d been working

As always, the contraction of the negative is ‘hadn’t’, for all

persons.

183
 Structures

Don’t confuse the contraction ‘d’ with the conditional.

Although both contractions are the same, if it is conditional
you’ll know because the ’d’ will be followed by an
infinitive. ’d’ meaning ‘had’ is, of course, followed by a
participle.

We use the past perfect continuous to talk about repeated

past actions:

· “She had been trying to lose weight for a long time,

and was feeling very depressed.”

We also use the past perfect continuous for an action which

comes before another past action:

· “It was six o’clock, and he had been working all day.”

The difference between the past perfect simple and

continuous is very small, and often it doesn’t matter which
tense we use.

184
 Work-out
A Place the words in the corresponding group

washed / stopped / waited / asked / helped / quarrelled / happened / retired / decided /

remembered / involved / watched / wanted / tolerated / convinced / visited / finished /
intended

/t/ /d/ /id/

washed quarrelled decided

B Complete the sentences with the correct form of these verbs

lie / shoot / fight / make / try / take / do / write

1. I’d been trying to fix the machine for hours before Barry came and gave me a hand.
2. She’d been a fancy dress for the carnival parade.
3. What had you been for him to get so angry with you?
4. They’d been the new film when the director fell ill.
5. My boss asked me why I’d been so long over the project.
6. I’d been letters for two hours when she came back.
7. He got badly sunburned because he’d been in the sun for too long.
8. Who had he been with when the police came and broke it up?

185
 Work-out
C Answer the questions using the prompts

1. What was her husband like? he / be not / very nice

He wasn’t very nice.
2. What had happened? situation / become unbearable

3. What had she intended to do? she / intend / live life to the full

4. How did she feel? she / feel/very relieved

5. What did she have to do? she / have / leave

6. Why did he start drinking? he / lose / job

7. Where had she met her husband? she / meet / Paris

D Underline the correct phrases in the story

The other day, as I (1) walked / was walking down the road, I (2) met / was meeting
my old friend Tom Cartwright. We (3) didn’t see / hadn’t seen each other for years, but
he (4) was / had been still the same old Tom. He said he (5) bought / had bought a new
house and (6) is decorating / was decorating it. He (7) asked / was asking me to help
him, but I told him that I (8) can’t / couldn’t. Anyway, we (9) must have talked / must
be talking for a long time, because I (10) was realising / realised it was already
7 o‘clock and I (11) was having / had to meet my friends, who should have been at the
cinema. However, when I (12) arrived / was arriving, they (13) had already left / did
already leave. T h e re (14) was / had been no point in waiting, so I (15) was leaving / left.
Fortunately, when I (16) got / was getting home, my mother told me they (17) left / had
left a message for me. I (18) made / was making s u re my mum (19) d i d n ’t made / hadn’t
made a mistake; then I headed for Market Square, which was the second place we
(20) decided / had decided to meet at. As I (21) was walking / walked along the street,
I thought about how lucky I (22) was / had been.

186
 Work-out
E Complete the dialogue

1. Hey Bill! Did you hear what happened the other day?
I can’t hear you / Of course I don’t / No. Why?

2. Well, I found my cat dead in the garden.

No, how is it? / Was it soup that you ate? / Gosh! What had happened?

3. Are you sure you won’t tell anyone else?

Are you sure? / You made me do it / Alright, I promise

4. Apparently, someone saw Brian do it.

I didn’t see him / What did he say? / What! Brian? No way!

5. That’s what I think. But I’ve got a funny feeling someone may have made him do it.
He’s really selfish at times / Do you really think so? / He’s not at all funny

6. Yes, in fact, I’m convinced he did it!

My goodness! It’s already 4 o‘clock / Brian must have convinced you / I think it’s
time we spoke to him

Good idea! Come on!

187
 Word list

Here are the new words you have seen in this lesson

G e n e r a l v o c a b u l a r y
be involved (to-)
decorate (to-)
fix (to-)
funny feeling
intend to (to-)
intention
involve (to-)
live life to the full (to-)
make a mistake (to-)
make sure (to-)
relieved
sunburn
There’s no point...
to the full
tolerate (to-)
unbearable
What’s the point?

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 Key

S c e n a r i o s
A ‘Last time we went dancing, you were in bed for three days.’
‘If you loved me, you’d try to please me. ‘
‘I’m going to leave you and live my life to the full on my own.’

W o r k - o u t
A finished
washed / stopped / asked / helped / watched / convinced /

quarrelled / happened / retired / remembered / involved

decided / tolerated / waited / intended / visited / wanted

B 2.3. doing
making C 2.3. She
The situation had become unbearable.
had intended to live life to the full.
4. shooting 4. She felt very relieved.
5. taking 5. She had to leave.
6. writing 6. He lost his job.
7. lying 7. She had met him in Paris.
8. fighting

D 2.4. met
was
3. hadn’t seen
5. had bought
6. was decorating 7. asked
8. couldn’t 9. must have talked
10. realised 11. had
12. arrived 13. had already left
14. was 15. left
16. got 17. had left
18. made 19. hadn’t made
20. had decided 21. was walking
22. had been

E 1.2. No. Why?

Gosh! What happened?
3. Alright, I promise.
4. What! Brian? No way!
5. Do you really think so?
6. I think it’s time we spoke to him.

189
Summary of structures
Unit Page
Verb tenses
Past Simple -Past Continuous 26.1 5
Future Continuous 26.4 31
Third Conditional 27.1 39
Conditional sentences 27.3 59
Passive and active voice of all tenses 29.1 117
Future Perfect 29.2 125
Unless + Conditional sentences 30.1 155
Past Perfect Continuous 30.4 183

Modal verbs
Modal verbs in the Passive 27.2 50
Modals compared: should & ought to 27.4 69
Modal auxiliaries: Offering help 28.3 99

Relative clauses and pronouns

Relative clauses + preposition 26.2 13
Relative pronoun: whose 27.2 49

Adverbs and adjectives

Comparison: as... as 28.2 89
Adverbs of degree 29.2 126
Quantifiers: much / many / a lot of 30.3 173

Other
Time prepositions / conjunctions 26.3 23
Reporting questions 28.1 79
‘Say’ and ‘tell’ 28.4 107
Use and omission of the definite article 29.4 145
Exclamations: ‘how’ and ‘what’ 30.2 165

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