05 24 44 56

Nominations for Grinding

ACA Technology 3D Construction
CoatingsTech Processes of
Roadmap Printing
Conference Awards TiO2 Pigments

OCTOBER 2022 | WWW.PAINT.ORG

Microspheres:
Meeting the
Additive
Challenge

Cover.indd 1 9/22/22 10:52 AM

 INSIGHT
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Untitled-1 1 8/18/22 11:20 AM

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Untitled-1 1 8/18/22 11:18 AM

 Sustainability Platinum
Awarded
Taking action together in 2021

Our commitment
to sustainable
product
development

Sustainable behaviors and solutions are vital. For the health of our planet and society, and for the
prosperity of Azelis.
Consumer demand for sustainable products is growing across the globe. And we’re proud to
Together we will continue
support ourto build a resilient,
customers thriving,
by driving and responsible
the development business. Weinnovations
of sustainable will meet the
and concepts.
needs of our stakeholders, whilst goes
Our commitment also creating a positive andsupport,
beyond formulation widespread impact on
application kitsthe
andenvironment
video demonstrations;
and communities around the world.
by collaborating with Future generations
customers need sustainable
and partners action now.
in our formulation labs, we’re proud to pioneer a
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Through ‘Action 2025’, our sustainability strategy, we want to become the world-leading distributor
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Learn more and services
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Untitled-1 1 9/20/22 4:02 PM

 In this issue... OCTOBER 2022 | VOL. 19, NO. 8

34
COVER STORY
Microspheres: Meeting the Additive Challenge
By Cynthia Gosselin, Ph.D., The ChemQuest Group
Additives afford coatings numerous qualities, which
makes them an essential component in the industry. The
raw materials for their production, however, are becoming
expensive and difficult to obtain. This article considers an
innovative solution to meeting the additive challenge in
the form of tiny microspheres.

FEATURES DEPARTMENTS
24 05
10
ACA Update
Business & Industry
ACA Technology Roadmap #1: Sustained Use of Critical Materials
ACA has started a collaboration with industry leaders to identify areas where research 17 People
is needed to sustain and grow the coatings industry. Enter ACA Technology Roadmaps. 18 ACA Issues In-Depth
This series aims to reach broad technical consensus on actionable research to encour-
age open innovation among those in the industry. The first roadmap addresses the 53 New Products
sustained use of critical materials. 54 Calendar
55 Ad Index

44 56 Inside Innovation

Differences Between the Grinding Process of COVER AND ABOVE PHOTOS: ©STOCK | ANTONIO BORDUNOVI

Titanium Dioxide Pigments in Glossy Acrylic Paints

By Artur Palasz, Spektrochem Check Out Our
The better titanium dioxide particles are grinded, the better the pigments work in Digital Edition!
paint: more gloss, better weathering resistance, more lightening power. This article
focuses on the results of an experiment in which three grinding methods were tested www.coatingstech-digital.org/coatingstech/library/
on these particles in order to highlight the necessity of extensively testing titanium
dioxide pigments for waterborne paints in general.
©2022 by ACA. JCT Coatings Tech (USPS: 22371)
is published monthly except combined May/June,
Aug/Sept, and Nov/Dec, by ACA, 901 New York
Avenue NW, Ste. 300 West, Washington, DC 20001;

56 ph: 202.462.6272. Periodicals postage paid at

Washington, DC and at additional mailing offices.

Inside Innovation: 3D Construction Printing and the Coatings Market POSTMASTER: Send address changes to
CoatingsTech, 901 New York Ave. NW, Ste. 300
By Victoria Scarborough, Ph.D., The ChemQuest Group West, Washington, DC 20001.

The global 3D construction printing market doubled during the past year, driven by Canada Post: Publications Mail Agreement
#40612608. Canada Returns to be sent to:
the high demand from the infrastructure and building markets. This column examines Pitney Bowes, P.O. Box 25542, London, Ont.,
the role the coatings industry will play as this market continues to grow. N6C 6B2 Canada.

PAINT.ORG | 03

TOC_1.indd 3 9/21/22 8:16 PM

 ©ISTOCK | ANTONIO BORDUNOVI
Another category of additives called microspheres has been gaining popularity in coatings and adhesive applications in recent years. Microspheres are functional additives that physically
modify coatings and films, generating special final properties without chemically based “steroids.”

COATINGSTECH
CoatingsTech provides a forum for publication of industry and association news, highlighting new materials
and technology in practice, regulatory and legislative updates, as well as essential business information related
to the coatings and allied industries. As the principal membership and industry publication of the American
Coatings Association, CoatingsTech serves the global membership of ACA and others in the coatings industry,
and showcases industry news, science and technology updates, and market insights. ISSN: 1547-0083

Editorial Staff Theodore Provder, Polymers and Subscriptions: An annual print and digital
subscription to CoatingsTech is a benefit
Coatings Consultants
Jacqui Barrineau, of individual and corporate membership in
Hannah Rogers, ACA. For more information, email ACA
Editor-in-Chief Journal of Coatings Technology
[email protected] at [email protected].
and Research
Charles R. Hegedus, Nonmembers may subscribe to
Lisa Román, ACA Vice President CoatingsTech at the following one-year
Technical Editor
of Communications subscription rate: $199.00 U.S.
[email protected]
Victoria Scarborough,
Cathy Banks, Production Manager Change of Address: ACA members and
The ChemQuest Group subscribers can submit address changes to
and Graphic Designer
[email protected] Clifford K. Schoff, [email protected]. When possible, send
Schoff Associates notice to ACA six weeks in advance of
Danielle Chalom, effective date. The publisher cannot accept
Contributing Editor Li-Piin Sung, National Institute of responsibility for undelivered copies.
[email protected] Standards and Technology
ACA assumes no responsibility for the opinions
expressed by authors in this publication.
Advertising CoatingsTech Advisory Board
©2022 by ACA. All rights reserved. No portion of this
Charles R. Hegedus, Chair publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
Kathy Falgout or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
Voice: 214.291.3648 Rajeev Farwaha, Celanese
photocopying, recording, or by any information storage
Email: [email protected] Paul Lewis, Univar Solutions or retrieval system without permission in writing from
Mark Nichols, the publisher. Authorization to photocopy or digitally re-
produce items for internal or personal use, or the inter-
The Ford Motor Company nal or personal use of specific clients is granted by the
Publications Subcommittee George R. Pilcher, American Coatings Association for users registered with
The ChemQuest Group the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional
Charles R. Hegedus, Chair Reporting Service. Contact CCC, 222 Rosewood Dr.,
Hegedus Consulting Theodore Provder, Polymers and Danvers, MA 01923; Voice: 978.750.8400; email:
Deepanjan Bhattacharya, Coatings Consultants [email protected]; www.copyright.com for permission
Eastman Chemical Company Ravi Ravichandran, King Industries, Inc. to reproduce copyrighted content.
CoatingsTech has first rights to the publication of
Graham A. Howarth, Diana P. Strongosky, papers presented at ACA-sponsored events and
Arropol Chemicals The Sherwin-Williams Company educational programs.
Vijay Mannari, Reprints of Articles may be obtained by contacting:
Eastern Michigan University [email protected]
Mark Nichols, Subscriptions/Membership Submit Letters to the Editor and press releases c/o
The Ford Motor Company Contact: [email protected] Editor, CoatingsTech, [email protected].

04 | OCTOBER 2022

Staff Page.indd 4 9/21/22 8:42 PM

 ACA Update

ACA Seeks Nominations for

2023 Mattiello Award and
Inaugural David F. Darling Prize
COATINGSTECH CONFERENCE AWARDS

Mattiello Award • other significant awards or lectures

(in brief)
The Darling Prize
ACA is seeking nominations for the 2023 As well as the following supporting ACA is seeking nominations for the
Joseph J. Mattiello Lecture Award. The materials: inaugural David F. Darling Prize. The
Mattiello Lecture Award recognizes an Darling Prize will recognize an individ-
• one (1) cover letter describing the
individual who has made outstanding ual who, through coatings science, tech-
significance of the nominee’s activi-
contributions in the field of science, nology, and research, has demonstrated
ties and accomplishments that could
technology, or engineering that are innovation in the areas of sustainability
qualify them for the award (exam-
related to the coatings industry. and environmental stewardship.
ples below)
Nominations and supporting materials Applications and supporting materials
must be received by December 1, 2022. • two (2) seconding letters to support must be received by December 1.
The Mattiello Lecture Award the nomination (at minimum) The Darling Prize recipient will be
recipient will be honored at the 2023 The activities and accomplish- announced at the 2023 CoatingsTech
CoatingsTech Conference set for June ments cited in the nomination must be Conference set for June 26-28 in
26–28 in Cleveland, OH. pertinent to the coatings industry or Cleveland, OH. There, the recipient will
At the conference, the recipient will germane to the those in the coatings be presented with a plaque and a $5,000
lead a session, which will be a technical industry. Activities and accomplish- monetary prize.
presentation on a discipline that is fun- ments considered appropriate for cita- As such, the recipient will be required
damental to the coatings industry. The tion in the nomination include, but are to register for the conference but will
presentation will consist of a lecture not limited to, the following: receive complimentary registration and
(50–55 minutes) and then a ques- • engineering contributions accommodations for the full confer-
tion-and-answer session. In addition, ence; please note that the recipient will
• inventions or discoveries pay for their own travel and per diem
the recipient will submit a completed
paper for inclusion in the conference • new or improved processes for the expenses.
proceedings and ACA publications. production of resins, coatings, etc. This prize was established to honor
This award commemorates Joseph • new scientific principles, under- David F. Darling, ACA vice president
J. Mattiello, whose many contribu- standings, or insights of health, safety, and environmental
tions helped expand the application of affairs, who passed away on January 30,
• novel uses or applications of
science in the decorative and protec- 2022. Darling was a staunch and effec-
products
tive coatings field. Mattiello Memorial tive advocate for ACA and the coatings
Lecture Committee members will rank • publications and communications* industry for 25 years, and his expertise
each nominated individual based on (e.g., journal articles; patents; books and contributions extended to the areas
their standards of technical accom- (authored, edited, or organized); lec- of sustainability and product steward-
plishment, service to the coatings tures and presentations; symposia or ship. One of his notable accomplish-
industry, and leadership within the meetings organized) ments was developing a wide network of
coatings industry. * Reprints may only be submitted if they reflect professionals with the goal of creating
seminal contributions. scientifically informed solutions for the
NOMINATION APPLICATION Please note that individuals cannot coatings industry.
nominate themselves. Teaching cre- In recognition of his exemplary
REQUIREMENTS contributions to ACA and the paint and
dentials or skills, per se, will not to be
All applications must include the considered. coatings industry, Darling was acknowl-
nominee’s: All nominations must be submitted by edged posthumously with the Award of
December 1 to Scott Braithwaite, ACA Honor and Meritorious Service at ACA’s
• name and contact information
director of product stewardship, science, Industry Awards Dinner in April in
• current position and job history and technology, at [email protected]. Indianapolis, IN.
(in brief) For more information, visit www.paint.org/ CONTINUED ON PAGE 06
• education and degrees, with dates mattiello-2023/.

PAINT.ORG | 05

ACA Update Final.indd 5 9/20/22 4:38 PM

 Many of the best
results are based on
Submissions Open for the
the simplest things.
2021 ACA Safety Awards
T
he annual ACA Safety Awards Program recognizes
those members with superior safety performance
records to promote occupational safety and health
within the industry.
The program also collects valuable data that are useful
to member companies in assessing the effectiveness of
their safety programs by comparing them with others in
the industry.
Submissions for the 2021 Safety Awards Program will
be accepted through December 1, 2022. The Safety
Awards will be presented to ACA corporate members for
safety performance based on a plant’s eligibility.
Members who wish to enter their eligible plant loca-
tion for consideration must log on to the Safety Awards
Program online submission portal with their ACA mem-
ber account information and follow the instructions there.
Like water. Starting with the most Learn more at www.paint.org/programs-publications/
natural of all raw materials, we develop programs/safety-awards/.
polyurethane and acrylate dispersions that
are superior to conventional systems in

The Darling Prize

every way.

We make eco-friendly chemistry

CONTINUED FROM PAGE 05
competitive, boasting both positive
environmental balance sheet and superb NOMINATION APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS
performance. A history worth celebrating -
All applications must include the nominee’s:
2022 marks the 250th anniversary of
• name and contact information
Alberdingk Boley’s inception, and a future
• current position and job history (in brief)
worth looking forward towards.
• education and degrees, with dates
The question is no longer “how?” As well as the following supporting materials:
but “when?” Environmentally compatible • one (1) cover letter describing the significance of the nomi-
high tech is feasible now. nee’s activities or accomplishments that could qualify them
for the prize (examples below)
Resisting prevailing tide is not easy
The activities and accomplishments cited in the nomination
but we accept the challenge. must be focused on coatings sustainability efforts that are
related to environmental solutions. They can include:
• education outreach efforts
• projects or programs centered on climate change miti-
gation or adaptation; environmental stewardship; and/
or social sustainability (i.e., inclusion, diversity, equity,
volunteerism, and collaboration)
• publications and communications (e.g., journal articles;
patents; books (authored, edited, or organized); chapters
in books; lectures and presentations; symposia or meet-
ings organized)
Alberdingk Boley, Inc. • technological innovations or discoveries that address an
6008 West Gate City Blvd environmental or human health concern
Greensboro NC 27407-7009 | USA
Individuals may nominate themselves. Products or product
Phone +1-336/454-5000
technologies cannot be nominated.
Fax +1-336/454-5007
All nominations must be submitted by December 1 to
[email protected]
Katherine Berry, ACA director of sustainability and environ-
ment, at [email protected].
For more information, visit www.paint.org/dfd-prize/.

06 | OCTOBER 2022

Untitled
ACA Update Final.indd 6 9/20/22 4:38 PM
 THE SCIENCE
BEHIND YOUR
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Untitled-1 1 8/17/22 12:14 PM

ACA Update Final.indd 7 9/20/22 4:38 PM
 CALL
CALL FOR
FOR PAPERS
PAPERS
CONFERENCE
CONFERENCE 2023
2023
COATINGS TECHNOLOGIES: www.paint.org/ctc-2023
www.paint.org/ctc-2023

Adaptation
Adaptation in
in aa Complex
Complex World
World
HYATT
HYATT REGENCY
REGENCY CLEVELAND
Cleveland, OH
CLEVELAND AT
June
AT THE
26-28,
THE ARCADE
Cleveland, OH June 26-28, 2023
ARCADE
2023

ACA
ACA isis seeking
seeking technical
technical papers
papers and
and posters
posters for
for its
its 2023
2023 CoatingsTech
CoatingsTech Guidelines
Guidelines && Important
Important Information
Information for
for Submitters
Submitters
Conference.
Conference. This biennial conference features a multi-track forum,
This biennial conference features a multi-track forum, industry
industry IfIf accepted,
accepted, submitters
submitters will
will be
be expected
expected toto provide
provide aa full
full paper
paper or
or poster,
poster, register
register
awards,
awards, and presentation opportunities for both industry professionals and
and presentation opportunities for both industry professionals and for
for the conference, provide slides and a headshot, and contribute an
the conference, provide slides and a headshot, and contribute an in-person
in-person
students
students alike.
alike. The
The conference
conference will
will follow
follow the
the theme,
theme, “Coatings
“Coatings Technologies:
Technologies: presentation/poster
presentation/poster during during the
the conference.
conference.
Adaptation
Adaptation in in aa Complex
Complex World,
World,”” which
which acknowledges
acknowledges today’s
today’s constraints
constraints
and For
For consideration, submitters are required
consideration, submitters are required to
to provide
provide the
the following:
and trends, be they increased bio-sourcing, supply chain unpredictability,
trends, be they increased bio-sourcing, supply chain unpredictability, or
or following:
manufacturing onshoring. Abstracts are due December
manufacturing onshoring. Abstracts are due December 1, 2022. 1, 2022. »» Title Title of paper/poster, author(s), and company/institution name
of paper/poster, author(s), and company/institution name
»» Speaker’s name and biographical information
Speaker’s name and biographical information
Paper
Paper && Poster
Poster Topics
Topics »» Mailing
Mailing address,
address, email
email address,
address, and
and telephone
telephone number
number
In
In keeping
keeping with with the
the theme,
theme, papers
papers and
and posters
posters on
on the
the following
following topics
topics are
are sought:
sought: »» Maximum 1,500-character abstract
Maximum 1,500-character abstract
»» Advances in analytical methods and technology »» Intent
Advances in analytical methods and technology Intent toto be
be considered
considered for for the
the Best
Best Paper
Paper Award
Award
»» Application/manufacturing/processing
Application/manufacturing/processing equipment equipment Please note the following vital details:
Please note the following vital details:
»» Architectural coatings »» To
Architectural coatings To comply
comply withwith expectations
expectations of of conference
conference attendees,
attendees, use
use ofof
»» Biocidal Biocidal controlcontrol (e.g.,
(e.g., preservation,
preservation, surface
surface protection,
protection, antifouling) commercial
antifouling) commercial trade names or product names is not permitted. All
trade names or product names is not permitted. All
»» Corrosion and adhesion abstracts
abstracts and subsequent papers must be non-commercial in content.
and subsequent papers must be non-commercial in content.
Corrosion and adhesion
»» Functional Functional coatings coatings »» All abstracts will be reviewed by the CoatingsTech
All abstracts will be reviewed by the CoatingsTech Conference Conference
»» High-throughput Programs
Programs Committee,
Committee, and and acceptance
acceptance decisions
decisions will
will be
be based
based on
High-throughput testing testing originality, quality, and relevance to the coatings industry.
on
»» Infrastructure coatings originality, quality, and relevance to the coatings industry.
Infrastructure coatings
»» Nanotechnology »» AfterAfter abstracts
abstracts are
are reviewed
reviewed and and accepted,
accepted, all
all presenters
presenters will
will be
be
Nanotechnology required
»» Pigments required to submit a paper by the indicated deadline for publication in
to submit a paper by the indicated deadline for publication in
Pigments and and other
other additives
additives the
»» Powder coatings the CoatingsTech
CoatingsTech Proceedings.
Proceedings.
Powder coatings »» Each
»» Protective Each presenter
presenter isis required
required to to register
register for
for the
the CoatingsTech
CoatingsTech Conference
Conference and
and
Protective coatingscoatings will receive complimentary registration for the day of the presentation.
will receive complimentary registration for the day of the presentation.
»» Radiation-cured
Radiation-cured coatings Speakers
coatings Speakers also
also benefit
benefit from
from aa full
full CoatingsTech
CoatingsTech Conference
Conference discount
discount
»» Renewable/bio-based
Renewable/bio-based coatings coatings
should they desire to attend sessions on
should they desire to attend sessions on other days. other days.
»» Transportation coatings »» Speakers
Transportation coatings Speakers willwill not
not be
be compensated
compensated and and are
are expected
expected to to pay
pay their
their
»» Waterborne own travel, lodging, and per diem expenses.
Waterborne coatings coatings own travel, lodging, and per diem expenses.
»» Weathering
Weathering and durability
and durability »» Student
Student registration
registration fees
fees are
are heavily
heavily discounted,
discounted, and
and student
student travel
travel
»» Wood coatings stipends
stipends maymay be be available.
available.
Wood coatings
»» Health, Key
Health, safety,
›› Hazard
safety, and
and environmental
environmental regulations/sustainability:
regulations/sustainability: Key Deadlines
Deadlines
Hazard communication
communication and and labeling
labeling
›› Hazardous
Hazardous air air pollutants
pollutants and
and indoor
indoor air
air quality
quality
All
All abstract
abstract submissions due: December
submissions due: December 1, 1, 2022
2022
›› Life-cycle assessment
Life-cycle assessment Speaker notification of acceptance: January 10,
Speaker notification of acceptance: January 10, 2023
2023
›› Life
Life safety
safety engineering
engineering
Student
Student poster
poster notification
notification of acceptance: February
of acceptance: February 10,10, 2023
2023
›› Volatile
Volatile organic compounds
organic compounds Submission of completed paper for Best Paper Award consideration: April
Submission of completed paper for Best Paper Award consideration: April 10,
10, 2023
2023
›› Waste Submission of all other completed papers: April 21,
Submission of all other completed papers: April 21, 2023 2023
Waste minimization
minimization
All
All abstracts
abstracts should
should bebe submitted
submitted to:to:
https://www.paint.org/aca-events/coatings-tech-conference/abstracts/
https://www.paint.org/aca-events/coatings-tech-conference/abstracts/

Visit www.paint.org/ctc-2023
Visit www.paint.org/ctc-2023 for
for more
more infomation.
infomation.

File Positioning_USE.indd 2 9/20/22 4:29 PM

 COATINGSTECH Award
The CoatingsTech Best Paper Award will be presented for the best overall paper contributed to the CoatingsTech
Conference, and the award winner will earn a $2,500 cash prize. Final papers must be submitted by April 10, 2023,
for consideration.
t.t. To submit a paper for the 2023 competition, the following rules must be observed:
» Participants must complete an entry to the Call for Papers, and request to be considered for this award
» All submissions must have high technical merit, including objectivity and sound experimental design
» Papers must have strong relevance to coatings technology and its high potential impact on the industry
nn
Student Poster & Awards Sessions
nd
nd Student Poster Awards will be given for the top three student posters presented at the CoatingsTech Conference. Student
posters will be judged on site, and the award winners will be chosen based on experimental design and execution,
originality, and relevance to the future of the coatings industry. Student Poster Awards are as follows: First Place - $500;
Second Place - $300; Third Place - $200.
To submit a poster for the 2023 competition, the following rules must be observed:
» Participants must complete an entry to the Call for Papers, designate student status and a preference for the
poster session.
» Posters must include original research on a subject related to coatings technology or present a significantly
insightful comprehensive review of a field of coatings technology.
» Posters may be related to a senior project, thesis, or dissertation and will be accepted from undergraduate,
Master’s degree, and PhD students, respectively.
23
23

File Positioning_USE.indd 3 9/20/22 4:29 PM

 Business & Industry

Hempel Acquires
Store Network in
Southeast France ©ISTOCK | MUCAHIDDIN

H
empel A/S has acquired Cap Couleurs protective and decorative concrete to our customers—we can now leverage
Group’s store network in southeast coatings systems for the residential and a complementary product portfolio,
France. The acquisition, which the commercial markets, selling primar- additional manufacturing capacity
company says complements its existing ily through a network of distribution across two sites to meet the growing
network of ten Renaulac stores in France, partners globally. Ice Epoxy produces a needs of our customers, and a more
will help Hempel maintain its segment suite of DIY resins for hobby and craft robust supply chain,” said Erik Gravel,
leadership in the Var region and support projects. PurEpoxy founder and CEO.
its growth initiatives, the primary of “We are excited to partner with Erik
which is its Double Impact strategy. and the PurEpoxy team to grow our
Cap Couleurs holds a leading position concrete coatings business together.
in the Var region with stores in Brignoles, Erik has built a thriving business
TEKNOS OPENS NEW COMMERCIAL AND
Fréjus, Grimaud, La Garde, and La Seyne through his energy and drive, deep
COMPETENCE CENTRE IN VIETNAM
sur Mer. Former owner Francois Herisson understanding of the product require-

T
will retire, but the whole management ments, and customer service orien- eknos Group Oy opened its new
team (Gilles Herisson, Pascal Le Tenoux, tation,” said Mark Nonweiler, APN Commercial and Competence
and Jean-Philippe Burtschy) will stay on founder and board member. Centre on September 13 in Dong
board at Cap Couleurs under Hempel’s “APN is the perfect partner to Nai Province, Vietnam. The office has
ownership. enhance our mission to provide the best a technical application laboratory and
“It is a great milestone in our expan- coatings systems at competitive prices training and warehouse facilities.
sion plan of our store network,” said Joe
Devitt, executive vice president of the
decorative segment at Hempel. “I am
pleased to welcome our 32 new colleagues
to the Hempel family.”
Pascal Le Tenoux, head of store BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS PRODUCER PAINT INDEX
operations at Cap Couleurs Group, said,
“We are very excited to join the Hempel PREPARED PAINT 1,2 PAINT MATERIAL3 NET INPUTS TO
family as this will ensure a prosperous Commodity Code: 0621 (1991=100) COATINGS INDUSTRY1
future for all Cap Couleurs employees (1982=100) (March 2013=100)
and we are proud to be the pioneers of 2021
Hempel’s growth strategy for its decora-
AUGUST 337.4 234.0 121.2
tive segment in France.”
Hempel’s Double Impact strategy, the SEPTEMBER 343.0 230.6 120.9
company’s primary growth initiative, is
OCTOBER 346.9 234.7 122.1
to double by 2025. The company seeks
to achieve this through acquisitions, NOVEMBER 349.7 239.0 123.6
organic growth, and investments in sus- DECEMBER 352.9 234.5 122.8
tainability, innovation, and digitalization.
2022
JANUARY 375.5 236.6 123.1
FEBRUARY 378.0 240.1 123.8
A.P. NONWEILER, CO. ACQUIRES
PUREPOXY, ICE EPOXY MARCH 381.9 243.2 126.0

A
.P. Nonweiler, Co. (APN), a man- APRIL 402.1 248.6 129.5
ufacturer of specialty coatings, MAY 404.6 (P) 255.6 (P) 132.7 (P)
announced the acquisition of
PurEpoxy and Ice Epoxy (Vortex JUNE 410.2 (P) 258.8 (P) 134.0 (P)
Coatings Inc. and Groupe Distribution JULY 419.3 (P) 260.2 (P) 134.1 (P)
Inc., respectively).
PurEpoxy formulates and man- AUGUST 420.9 (P) 254.7 (P) 132.7 (P)
ufactures a focused product line of SOURCE: 1. U.S. Dept. of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics; 2. Not seasonally adjusted; 3. ACA Managment Info Committee; (P)–preliminary, (R)–revised

10 | OCTOBER 2022

Business Industry.indd 10 9/21/22 7:15 AM

 According to Teknos, Vietnam is

©ISTOCK | PITCHET_W
an important growth market for the
company, and this expansion will enable
them to be closer to their existing and
potential customers. Those customers
will have access to waterborne and UV
products imported from Malaysia and
guaranteed access to products from
Teknos factories in China, Denmark,
Finland, and Germany.
“The decision to establish the new
service center in Asia Pacific supports
our growth plans. Vietnam was a logical
choice for us as our Vietnamese export
business has grown steadily over the
past year. We want to meet customers
where they are located to be able to
enhance our collaboration and support
them with faster response times and tai- Since its establishment in 1997, Kuni
lored solutions and services,” said Paula Chemical has specialized in industrial
Salastie, CEO and owner of Teknos applications including those in coatings,
IMCD JAPAN ACQUIRES KUNI CHEMICAL
Group. “This will also enhance our sus- construction, automotive, and pack-

I
tainability as it reduces the emissions MCD N.V., a distributor of specialty aging materials. The Osaka, Japan-
from logistics.” chemicals and ingredients, announced based company generated a revenue of
In line with their sustainability com- that its IMCD Japan division had approximately €18 million in 2021 and
mitments, Teknos says they aim to be acquired 100% of the shares of Kuni has 28 employees.
the “partner of choice” in Vietnam for Chemical Co., Ltd., a specialty distribu- “IMCD Japan was established as a
sustainable coating solutions. tion company. greenfield in 2016, and this acquisition

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Business Industry.indd 11 9/21/22 7:15 AM

 Business & Industry
marks a major milestone as we continue
to grow in the country,” said Shunsaku
Kubo, IMCD Japan managing director.
“We are delighted to join IMCD as we
see a good fit between our culture and
business model,” said Kengo Matsubara,
president of Kuni Chemical. “I’m con-
fident our customers and partners will
benefit from IMCD’s global network and
expertise.”

SHAWCOR RECEIVES CONTRACT AWARD

FOR PIPELINE PROJECT

S
©ISTOCK | JUAN MONINO
hawcor Ltd. announced that its
pipe coating division (Pipeline
Performance Group) has been project, which will be underway immi-
awarded a definitive contract by Allseas nently,” said Simon Dewey, pipeline
to provide anti-corrosion, internal flow group senior vice president of the DAW OPENS NEW DISTRIBUTION CENTER
coat, and concrete weight coatings for Eastern Hemisphere. “We believe this IN OBER-RAMSTADT
the Darwin Pipeline Duplication Project, experience, combined with our market
located offshore of northern Australia. leading technology and highest quality In September, building paints manu-
The value of the award is approximately standards, positions Shawcor to be a facturer DAW inaugurated a logistics
35 million Canadian dollars. Shawcor’s strong partner to Allseas.” center at its headquarters in Ober-
facility in Kabil, Indonesia will execute In related news, Shawcor recently Ramstadt, Germany.
this contract starting in 2023. announced that it is changing its name The logistics center includes an auto-
“Shawcor has many years of expe- to Mattr, which will take effect in early mated high-bay warehouse with about
rience successfully executing large, 2023, and is also launching a review of 30,000 storage locations for pallets, an
complex coating projects from our Kabil strategic alternatives for three of its AutoStore system for small containers, and
facility, including the Scarborough operating units. an automated, dynamic picking buffer. An

12 | OCTOBER 2022

Business Industry.indd 12 9/21/22 4:33 PM

 Visitor Registration Now Open
Physical Show: www.chinacoat.net
Online Show: www.chinacoatonline.net

Visit Our Physical &

Online Hybrid Show
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Untitled-1 1 10/12/22 10:36 AM

 electric overhead conveyor (EHB) supplies a producer of waterborne resins for pending final negotiations with Temple
the AutoStore, buffer storage, and the applications in markets such as archi- EDC, the City of Temple, and Bell
numerous associated picking locations. tectural and decorative paints, tex- County. The project, which includes
“The new distribution center, with its tiles, pressure sensitive adhesives and the expansion of PPG’s adhesives and
high degree of automation and digita- construction. Arkema reports Polimeros sealants line, will create 12 jobs.
lization, is a clear commitment to the Especiales made $40 million in 2021 and “The company has found great suc-
Ober-Ramstadt location and goes hand- employs 230 people. cess in our community,” said Adrian
in-hand with a significant improve- According to the company, the acqui- Cannady, president and CEO of Temple
ment in goods availability,” said Ralf sition will strengthen Arkema’s offering EDC. “We look forward to the opportu-
Murjahn, CEO of DAW. in solvent-free solutions. The com- nities this continued growth will bring
One of the objectives of the project pany says as part of Arkema’s Coating to our residents.”
was to unite the warehouses that were Solutions segment, Polimeros Especiales “Our expanded partnership with
previously dispersed at the site, as will strengthen its position in high- Temple EDC is not only an investment
well as the external warehouses in the growth markets, drive the development in the community of Temple, Texas,
region, under one roof and thus opti- of further sustainable innovations creating new jobs in the area, but also an
mize the entire supply chain process. together with Arkema’s other key sol- extension of our adhesives and sealants
“Through automated processes, we are vent-free technologies, and reinforce its line, products that our professional cus-
also creating a considerable reduction in presence in the Americas market. tomers rely on to complete many of their
workload for our logistics employees,” jobs,” said Scott Bartlett, PPG vice pres-
said Daniel Weber, the managing director ident, operations, Global Architectural
responsible for the supply chain at DAW. Coatings.
PPG TO INVEST $9M TO EXPAND PPG’s Temple Adhesive and Sealant
PRODUCT LINE IN TEMPLE, TX plant manufactures the company’s
LIQUID NAILS® and MULCO® adhe-

T
ARKEMA FINALIZES THE ACQUISITION emple Economic Development sive products. In 2020 alone, the Temple
OF POLIMEROS ESPECIALES Corporation (Temple EDC) in facility produced approximately 48
Temple, TX, has announced that million tubes of Liquid Nails. The plant
Arkema has finalized the acquisition of PPG will invest $9 million to expand ships to U.S. and Canadian retailers
the Mexico-based Polimeros Especiales, an existing product line at its facility, including The Home Depot, Lowe’s

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14 | OCTOBER 2022

Business Industry.indd 14 9/21/22 7:15 AM

 Home Improvement, Menards® and PPG with Univar, which has served as Stahl’s The center will deliver local technical
PAINTS™ stores. distributor in Eastern Europe for sev- support and service to customers in
PPG says its Architectural Coatings eral years. the South Asia Pacific region, where
business employs more than 600 people Under the new agreement, Univar Eastman has a large customer base.
in locations across Texas. Solutions will distribute Stahl’s exten- “This puts Eastman scientists and
sive range of products and polymers for world-class technical experts closer to
coatings material customers. The prod- our customers in India and the South
ucts are mainly acrylic resins, polyure- Asia Pacific region, which will acceler-
STAHL AND UNIVAR SOLUTIONS thanes and the special polymers from ate our ability to collaborate and develop
EXPAND DISTRIBUTION AGREEMENT Stahl’s European and Brazilian produc- solutions for the customers and markets
IN BRAZIL AND COLOMBIA tion and are used in various industrial we serve,” said Chris Killian, Eastman
and wood coating applications. The senior vice president and chief technol-

S
tahl has a new distribution agree- registered trade names PICASSIAN® ogy officer.
ment with Univar Solutions, a and RELCA® are already established in Located in Thane, Mumbai, the cen-
chemical and ingredients distribu- the market and are well known in the ter has more than 1,500 square meters
tor. Univar Solutions Brazil and Univar coatings industry. of laboratory space with the personnel
Solutions Colombia will deliver Stahl and advanced tools to provide direct
products to customers in Brazil and technical support to downstream
Colombia, respectively. manufacturers and customers. It houses
Univar provides specialty ingredients experienced chemists, engineers and
EASTMAN OPENS NEW
and chemicals for coatings, adhesives, TECHNOLOGY CENTER IN INDIA technical service scientists and is
sealants and elastomers, with almost equipped with analytical, formula-

E
100 years of experience in the industry. astman recently opened its new India tion, application, and physical testing
According to Stahl, Univar helps the technology center in Thane, Mumbai, equipment. By closely partnering with
company leverage growth opportunities Maharashtra state, to provide customers, the development cycle for
in two of South America’s most dynamic technology support and faster regional new innovations will be significantly
economies. The new agreement builds service for its coatings and inks and shortened from initial concept to final
on Stahl’s long-standing partnership specialty fluids and energy businesses. commercialization.

PAINT.ORG | 15

Business Industry.indd 15 9/21/22 7:15 AM

 Datacolor says the teams at Eurotécnica According to the company, the capac-
Textil S.A de C.V. and CTR bring exten- ity increase will help meet the rising
DATACOLOR ANNOUNCES PARTNERSHIPS sive knowledge of applied technology demand for matting agents in Asia,
WITH MEXICO-BASED COLOR EXPERTS consulting. with the capacity expansion scheduled
Roland and Karl Zimmerman from for completion by the second half

D
atacolor, which specializes in color Eurotécnica Textil S.A. will support of 2023.
management solutions, recently Datacolor’s customers for all textile “The capacity expansion of our lead-
announced two partnerships with color applications. Abelardo Perches and ing matting agents in Taiwan further
Mexico-based agencies, Eurotécnica his team at CTR will provide support emphasizes our commitment to the
Textil S.A. de C.V. and Control Técnico across pigment, paint, coatings, plastics growing markets in Asia and to all our
y Representaciones S.A. de C.V. (CTR). applications and more. regional and multinational custom-
The partnerships will expand support ers,” says Maximilian Morin, head of
for Datacolor customers throughout Industrial & Transportation Coatings
the country. at Evonik Coating Additives. “We are
“Collaborating with new representa- EVONIK INCREASES PRODUCTION continuously expanding our position as
tives in Mexico enables us to better pro- CAPACITIES FOR ACEMATT® a truly global partner for our coatings
vide customers across all industries with MATTING AGENTS customers.”
access to specialized local resources,” The company says the ACEMATT®

E
said Suleman Madha, director of sales vonik’s Coating Additives business matting agents manufactured in Taiwan
and support, Americas, Datacolor. “Each line is expanding the production exhibit the same properties as the prod-
agency offers a diverse set of expertise to capacity of its ACEMATT® precipi- ucts currently manufactured at Evonik’s
help streamline color measurement.” tated matting agents at its manufactur- production site in Bonn, Germany.
ing facility in Taiwan.

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16 | OCTOBER 2022

Business Industry.indd 16 9/21/22 7:15 AM

 People

Michael Hansen
HEMPEL A/S
Hempel A/S has announced the appoint-
ment of Michael Hansen as group president In the Industry,
On the Move
and chief executive officer. He will succeed
Lars Petersson, who has held these roles
since 2019. Hansen joined the company in
2017 as chief commercial officer and has
most recently served as executive vice president of its Energy
& Infrastructure segment. The company notes that he achieved JEFFREY PROSINSKI Michelman has appointed Jeffrey J.
praiseworthy results as a central driver of its recent global trans- Prosinski to its Board of Directors. He is the executive
formation. Prior to working at Hempel, Hansen gained 19 years vice president and chief financial officer at J.M. Huber
of experience at Maersk, one of the world’s largest shipping Corporation, having held the CFO position since 2006. Before
joining Huber, Prosinski worked at PolyOne Corporation,
companies, where his last position was vice president and global
where he was the finance director for the North American
head of sales at Maersk Line.
Plastics organization.

EMMANUELLE BROMET Arkema has named Emmanuelle Bromet

as vice president of sustainable development. Her objective is
Edye Fox Abrams to implement the company’s climate plan. As such, her respon-
sibilities include steering the company toward environmen-
THE CHEMQUEST GROUP tally friendly product offerings and prioritizing its initiatives
The ChemQuest Group has promoted relating to the circular economy and the management of
Edye Fox Abrams to vice president of resources. During the past 25 years, Bromet has held executive
business development and marketing. industrial and engineering positions at Axens and Air Liquide.
In her new role, she will be responsible She joined Arkema in 2019 as industrial director for its PMMA
for the development and execution business before taking over as industrial director for its
of ChemQuest’s global marketing Coating Solutions segment in 2021.
strategy. She has been a member of the company’s executive
leadership team since 2015 and has 25 years of experience ROSEY MALCHOW Sheboygan Paint Company has added Rosey
in specialty chemicals and materials. Fox Abrams previously Malchow as customer experience manager. Her responsibil-
owned Fox Industries Inc., a manufacturer of engineered ity in this role is to manage the day-to-day operations of the
products and systems relating to various substrates, until she company’s customer service team, with the goal of ensuring a
sold the business in 2011. high level of customer satisfaction. Prior to joining Sheboygan
In other ChemQuest news, Jean Luc Guillaume, Ph.D., has Paint Company, she held various customer service positions at
Hydrite Chemical Co. and Everbrite, LLC.
been appointed as director. The company says that Guillaume
will use his expertise in polymer chemistry to expand the
company’s capabilities in growing segments. GIEDRE SERRITSLEV Teknos A/S has appointed Giedre Serritslev
to managing director of the Finnish company’s activities in
Denmark. Teknos says her years of international managerial
experience will enable her to enhance its company culture and
customer experience. Her management background includes
Jennifer Gleisberg serving as senior vice president and regional director Europe
at Andritz Feed & Biofuel and as general manager at Union
TNEMEC Engineering.
Tnemec has appointed Jennifer Gleisberg
as senior manager of performance coat- DOUG HARTMAN Specialty chemical company Mayzo Inc.
ings. The promotion is also a recognition of recently named Doug Hartman to the executive team as direc-
her 20 years at Tnemec, having joined the tor of sales and customer care. Hartman replaces Eduardo
company in 2002. Most recently, she was Padilla in this role, following Padilla’s promotion to president
an inside sales manager for the company’s of Mayzo in 2021. Hartman brings more than 20 years of expe-
Eastern Region. Gleisberg has a broad range of experience rience with chemicals, coatings, inks, and resins. He holds an
across many of the departments at Tnemec and is regarded as MBA in finance/strategic management from The Wharton
its primary resource for architectural market support, as well as School.
a key resource on a diverse set of subjects. That experience will
help in her new role, a large part of which will be architectural
sales as well as assisting on a wide variety of performance
coating applications.

PAINT.ORG | 17

People.indd 17 9/21/22 7:17 AM

 ACA Issues In-Depth

©ADOBESTOCK | MULDERPHOTO

EPA Proposes Amendments

to Risk Management Program
T
he U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed BACKGROUND
amendments to the Risk Management Program (RMP)— Section 112(r) Prevention of Accidental Releases and General
Safer Communities by Chemical Accident Prevention Duty Clause of the Clean Air Act Amendments requires EPA
rule1 in August. Per EPA, the proposed amendments seek to publish regulations and guidance for chemical accident
to improve chemical process safety; assist in planning for, prevention at facilities that use certain hazardous sub-
preparing for, and responding to RMP accidents; and enhance stances. EPA published their regulations and guidance in
public awareness of chemical hazards at regulated sources. the RMP rule, which requires facilities that use extremely
Proposed updates to the RMP include but are not limited to hazardous substances to develop a Risk Management Plan.
the following areas: These facilities must revise the plan and resubmit it to EPA
• hazard evaluation and accident prevention amplifications; every five years.
• safer technology and alternatives analysis (STAA), including The Risk Management Plan must:
facility safety and hydrogen fluoride (HF) requirements; • identify the potential effects of a chemical accident;
• root cause analyses; • identify steps the facility is taking to prevent an
• third-party compliance audits; accident; and
• employee participation obligations concerning recom- • spell out emergency response procedures should an
mendations and decisions, stop work authorities, and accident occur.
accident and non-compliance reporting; These plans provide information to local fire, police, and
• emergency response exercises; other emergency response personnel to enable them to
• community notification of RMP accidents regulations and prepare for and respond to chemical emergencies in their
community emergency response plan amplifications; communities.
• information availability and process safety information Notably, some RMP amendments made in 2017 were scaled
requirements; during then-President Donald Trump’s administration.
• hot work permits retention; Contact ACA’s Rhett Cash ([email protected]) or Suzanne
• recognized and generally accepted good engineering Chang ([email protected]) for more information.
practices (RAGAGEP) compliance requirements for
Program Level 2 and 3 processes; and REFERENCE
• storage incident to transportation language. 1. Accidental Release Prevention Requirements: Risk Management
EPA held three virtual public hearings on the proposal at Programs Under the Clean Air Act; Safer Communities by Chemical
the end of September and will accept comments on the pro- Accident Prevention. Federal Register. https://www.federalregister.gov/
posal until October 31. documents/2022/08/31/2022-18249/accidental-release-prevention-
ACA will submit comments written with input from its requirements-risk-management-programs-under-the-clean-air-act-safer
Environmental Management Committee. (accessed Sept 7, 2022).

18 | OCTOBER 2022

ACA InDepth.indd 18 9/22/22 10:37 AM

 ACA Submits Comments to
EPA on Proposed Amendments
to NESHAP for MCM ©ISTOCK | ENTER89

A
CA submitted comments to the U.S. Environmental of the above statement from EPA’s proposal is unclear: it could
Protection Agency (EPA) in August on the proposed either mean that each existing MCM-subject process vessel
amendments to the National Emission Standards for that will become subject to the metal HAP requirements is
Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) for Miscellaneous already controlled by a PM control device, or instead that each
Coating Manufacturing (MCM) facilities.1 EPA’s proposed MCM-subject facility has at least one PM control device that
amendments would establish inorganic HAP standards for it uses to control PM emissions from at least one of its pro-
process vessels, following the mandated technology review cess vessels. Because the rule applies to vessels, one or more
conducted under the Clean Air Act (CAA), originally promul- facilities that have multiple vessels will likely need additional
gated in August 2020. The current MCM NESHAP does not control devices, which may not be in place yet.
regulate metal HAP from process vessels.
Specifically, EPA is proposing to revise Table 1 of 40 CFR part
Alternative to Method 5 Compliance Testing
63 subpart HHHHH2 to include the emission limits that apply When coatings are made, the addition of dry solids to MCM-
ERPHOTO
to process vessels based on the following findings by EPA: subject process vessels tends to be short in duration and
often occurs infrequently, which limits the amount of time to
• Existing sources demonstrate initial compliance with the
conduct the required Method 5 test runs. The proposed rule
particulate matter (PM) emissions limit of 0.014 gr/dscf
correctly specifies that the metal HAP emission limits apply
(grains per dry standard cubic foot); and
to MCM-subject process vessels only “during the addition of
• New sources demonstrate initial compliance with the PM dry pigments and solids that contain material containing metal
emissions limit of 0.0079 gr/dscf. HAP” (see proposal at 40 C.F.R. §§ 63.8005(a)(1)(iii) and Table
1, Item 2.c.). Moreover, facilities are required to conduct a com-
BACKGROUND pliance demonstration under “normal operation,” consisting
During the manufacturing process, with the addition of raw of at least three Method 5 test runs of the corresponding PM
materials in powder form to paint mixing vessels, PM emis- control device (see proposal at 40 C.F.R. § 63.8005(i)(1)).
sions of metal HAP may occur and are typically collected and In practice, Method 5 test runs usually require an hour or
routed to a PM control device (i.e., baghouse, fabric filters, more, whereas the addition of dry solids to an MCM-subject
cartridge filters, or scrubbers). EPA’s proposal addresses the vessel typically takes far less than an hour. For example, under
currently unregulated metal HAP emissions from this cate- normal operation, the addition of solids from bags or sacks into
gory and proposes Maximum Achievable Control Technology some vessels takes no more than 10 or 15 minutes for each batch.
(MACT) for emission sources of metal HAP. Also, making batches involving the addition of dry solid metal
As proposed, facilities will be required to comply continu- HAP is usually only needed infrequently — sometimes these
ously with the standards during all operations that emit metal processes occur days or months apart. For such vessels, only one
HAP; however, the proposal does not apply to pigments and of the three Method 5 test runs might reasonably occur while
other solids that are in paste, slurry, or liquid form. If materi- dry solids are being added to the vessel, and that solids addition
als containing inorganic HAP metals are below certain levels, may only span part of the duration of the single-test run.
EPA has provided a mechanism for owners and operators In its comments, ACA emphasized that Method 5 testing is
to demonstrate that these materials are not subject to these not feasible for vessels that are infrequently or rarely subject
standards. The agency seeks to add a definition for “material to MCM. The MCM rule applies to vessels ≥ 250 gallons only
containing metal HAP” to assist in regulation. Finally, the during uses of the vessel that meet the rule’s applicability
agency proposed monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting criteria at 40 C.F.R. § 63.7985(a). At some facilities, only a small
requirements that apply specifically to these facilities. number of batches (in some cases, no more than one or two
EPA has proposed a compliance date of one year from the batches in a year) are subject to MCM, and even fewer of these
date of the final rule for existing sources. might involve the addition of metal HAP in dry solids. Notably,
some facilities manufacture many different types of materials
ACA COMMENTS
in the same vessel. Some of the manufactured materials might
Request for Compliance Date Extension not be coatings, and/or some materials are coatings made
In its comments, ACA urged EPA to provide three years to com- without “processing, using, or producing a HAP.” Neither of
ply with the revised rule for existing facilities that need to install those uses of a vessel are subject to MCM (see 40 C.F.R. §§
a PM control device or modify or replace an existing control 63.7985(a)(2)–(3)). Overall, Method 5 testing is not feasible for
device to meet the metal HAP emission limits specified in Table PM control devices that service one or more vessels that are
1. ACA expressed support for the one-year compliance timeline subject to the MCM and those that service the addition of dry
for all other existing sources. metal HAP for a few instances each year.
ACA noted that the EPA proposal erroneously states that In addition, Method 5 testing is not feasible for vessels
“all facilities in the source category currently have PM for which PM emissions are routed to a control device that
controls in place using existing baghouses, fabric filters, or operates only while the dry materials are being added to the
cartridge filters.” The proposal also does not account for CONTINUED ON PAGE 22
facilities that may need to install new controls. The intention

PAINT.ORG | 19

ACA InDepth.indd 19 9/22/22 10:37 AM

 ACA Issues In-Depth

PHMSA Issues International Harmonization Final Rule

T
he U.S. Department of Transpor- (HMR) to maintain alignment with provisions, packaging authorizations,
portation’s (DOT) Pipeline and international regulations and standards air transport quantity limitations, vessel
Hazardous Materials Safety Admin- (specifically, the Transportation of stowage requirements, and so on.
istration (PHMSA) issued the inter- Dangerous Goods (TDG) Regulations Notably, the final rule includes
national harmonization final rule administered by Transport Canada). amendments to the HMR concerning:
(HM-215P)1 in July. With this final Those amendments generally include • technical name requirements for
rule, the agency is officially amending changes to proper shipping names, marine pollutants;
the Hazardous Materials Regulations hazard classes, packing groups, special
• authorization of Transport Canada
temporary certificates;
• the Hazardous Materials Table;
• removal of metal wall thick-
ness requirements for certain
Intermediate Bulk Containers;
• extension of the periodic inspection
requirements for chemicals under
pressure; and
• addition of stability testing require-
ments for nitrocellulose.
The final rule became effective on
August 25, 2022. The delayed compli-
ance date is July 26, 2023.
BACKGROUND
On August 10, 2021, PHMSA issued
a notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM)
for HM-215P. The federal hazardous
materials transportation law (49 U.S.C.
5101 et seq.) directs PHMSA to partici-
pate with international standard-setting
bodies and encourages alignment of
the HMR with international transport
standards as consistent with promotion of
safety and the public interest. This stat-
utory mandate reflects the importance
of international standard-setting activity
given the globalization of commercial
transportation of hazardous materials.
Importantly, harmonization of the HMR
with those efforts can reduce the costs and
other burdens of complying with multi-
ple or inconsistent safety requirements
between nations. Consistency between the
HMR and current international standards
can also enhance safety by:
• ensuring that the HMR is informed
by the latest best practices and les-
sons learned;
• improving understanding of and com-
pliance with pertinent requirements;
• facilitating the smooth flow of
hazardous materials from their
points of origin to their points of
destination, thereby avoiding risks
to the public and the environment
associated with the release of haz-
ardous materials caused by delays
or interruptions in the transporta-
tion of those materials; and
CONTINUED ON PAGE 22

20 | OCTOBER 2022

Untitle
ACA InDepth.indd 20 9/22/22 10:37 AM
Untitle
 The
The Link
Link to
to Chemistry
Chemistry
11 -- 877-
877- LINTECH
LINTECH

Untitled-3 1 2/22/22 3:07 PM

ACA InDepth.indd 21 9/22/22 10:37 AM
Untitled-3 1 2/22/22 3:07 PM
 ACA Issues In-Depth

EPA Proposed Amendments to NESHAP for MCM International

CONTINUED FROM PAGE 19 Harmonization Final Rule
CONTINUED FROM PAGE 20
vessel. As such, ACA encouraged EPA effect; ACA proposed some verbiage for
to modify the proposed rule by adding this subsection to make the require- • enabling consistent emergency
design evaluations in lieu of Method 5 ments explicit and clear. response procedures in the event
testing with specific suggestions for that ACA will continue to engage with of a hazardous materials incident.
option outlined in its comments. ACA EPA as it progresses through its
also stressed that the agency already amendment rulemaking process. ACA, through its Transport
authorizes design evaluations under Committee, has submitted comments
some circumstances for the MCM’s Contact ACA’s Rhett Cash (rcash@ in support of this harmonization effort
organic HAP emission limits and paint.org) for more information. throughout its development process.
authorizes those for particulate HAP in Contact ACA’s Rhett Cash (rcash@
REFERENCES
several related NESHAP rules. paint.org) for more information.
1. National Emission Standards for Hazardous
Clarification for Inapplicability Air Pollutants: Miscellaneous Coating REFERENCE
of Subpart SS Manufacturing Technology Review. Federal
1. Hazardous Materials: Harmonization with
Finally, ACA sought official clarification Register. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/
International Standards. Federal Register.
from EPA that subpart SS, which the pkg/FR-2022-06-07/pdf/2022-12180.pdf
https://www.federalregister.gov/
existing MCM rule references, does not (accessed Sept 7, 2022).
documents/2022/07/26/2022-15358/
apply to PM control devices. Specifically, 2. Code of Federal Regulations. Table 1 of 40
hazardous-materials-harmonization-
ACA asked EPA to state in the subsec- CFR part 63 subpart HHHHH. https://www.
with-international-standards (accessed
tion language that subpart SS does not ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-
Sept 7, 2022).
apply to the proposed requirements for C/part-63/subpart-HHHHH (accessed
metal HAP and to add qualifiers to this Sept 7, 2022).

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 ACA TECHNOLOGY
ROADMAP #1
Sustained Use of Critical Materials

ACA TECHNOLOGY
ROADMAP #1 SUSTAI NED U SE OF CR I

24 | OCTOBER 2022

ACA Technology Roadmap #1_Final 2.indd 24 9/22/22 11:26 AM

 T
he American Coatings Association (ACA)1,
through its Science and Technology (S&T)
Committee, is developing a series of
Technology Roadmaps that aim to establish broad
technical consensus on actionable research that is
organized according to themes.

Through an open, collaborative, and consensus-

based process, ACA staff and industry leaders seek
to identify research needs that have the potential
to advance industry sustainability and growth by
informing manufacturers, raw materials suppliers,
academic institutions, government research
laboratories and other research organizations.
The first of these themes looks at the industry’s
challenges in sustained use of critical materials for
formulating both existing and emerging products.
The rigorous, multi-step analysis undertaken for this
Technology Roadmap collected consensus-based input
from a diverse set of industry experts using anonymous
initial surveys followed by personal interviews to explore
identified concepts for consideration. The resultant
synthesis of potential consensus points was further
refined by broader industry peer review. Key consider-
ations included exploring the relevance and value of
materials for coatings, the definition and communication
of “safety,” the challenges of formulation and application,
the importance of customer relationships, and the overall
industry posture on emerging public policy with respect
O F CRITICA L M ATE R I A L S to product stewardship.
The key considerations offered in the findings of
this Technology Roadmap include:
Ê The broad formulary required by an industry
producing a diverse product line for an expanding
group of end users (for both industrial and
consumer products);

The rigorous, multi-step analysis Ê The complicated “substitution process” for many
unique raw materials;
undertaken for this Technology Ê The role of the supply chain in supporting
procurement and manufacturing use of new
Roadmap collected consensus-based materials;
Ê End-user capacity for safe use and its relationship
input from a diverse set of industry to product performance;
experts using anonymous initial surveys Ê Coatings industry collaboration and transparency
on advancing policies and science requirements
followed by personal interviews to explore for safe materials; and
Ê Industry capacity for “proactive change,” and its
identified concepts for consideration. acceptance by a diverse customer base.

1
The American Coatings Association (ACA) is a voluntary, nonprofit trade associa-
tion working to advance the needs of the paint and coatings industry and the
professionals who work in it. The organization represents paint and coatings
manufacturers, raw materials suppliers, distributors, and technical professionals.
ACA serves as an advocate and ally for members on legislative, regulatory, and
judicial issues, and provides forums for the advancement and promotion of the
industry through educational and professional development services.

ACA Technology Roadmap #1_Final 2.indd 25 9/22/22 11:26 AM

 A consensus vision statement was Where further collaborative action among Practically every manufactured item
developed for the industry’s current companies is recommended herein, it is has a coating, and the “value added” by
and ongoing management of critical intended to be with the consultation of the coating to enhance its performance
materials from consideration within this legal counsel to ensure compliance with or lifespan is extraordinary. References
Technology Roadmap: antitrust rules and other applicable laws. to paint and coatings go beyond paint
The coatings industry is recognized As one of the initial steps in project used to cover walls in the home; enamels,
as a leader in supporting the underlying development, other similar efforts were primers, undercoats, stains, varnishes,
science and public policy for safe use of consulted. The administrative processes aerosol paint, caulks, sealants, and
raw materials, accessing the most up-to- used to achieve consensus (e.g., for water adhesives are all coatings. And, more
date information on product stewardship, treatment industry see https://www. and more often, a thin film of coating
and supporting established programs that nrel.gov/docs/fy21osti/79886.pdf) were is being used to replace traditionally
both recognize and advance improvements reviewed along with the technology used materials — like plastic laminate
in safe practices. roadmaps for the allied chemical — because of the ease, economy, and the
With this and future ACA Technology industry (see https://onlinelibrary.wiley. technologically engineered advantages
Roadmaps, the paint and coatings com/doi/10.1002/anie.202014779), most that coatings offer.
industry aims to build on its continued notably in regard to sustainability efforts. The paint and coatings industry is
focus of offering paints and coatings that not only integral to providing products
meet the needs of its customers without that sustain day-to-day living, but
compromising their safety or endangering With this background, the ACA S&T also provides jobs for its thousands of
the environment. employees and end-use customers. The
Committee established a Steering manufacture of paints and coatings is
Committee to hold initial, exploratory a small industry in the United States
Background on the ACA discussions on the development as compared with other industries,
Technology Roadmap Project of ACA Technology Roadmaps for with some 41,300 workers.2 Industry
For over two years, the ACA S&T Com- facilities are in urban areas like Chicago,
mittee has developed a plan for
the industry and the formal process Cleveland, and Louisville, as well as
producing a series of ACA Technology that would be used to solicit input in Northern New Jersey, throughout
California, Florida, and Washington
Roadmaps intended to spur research and and establish consensus. The State. However, it is important to note
development needed by the industry.
The goal of the project is to support
following key guiding principles that the manufacture of paints and
both near- and long-term needs of the served to maintain focus during the coatings feeds not only the health of jobs
related to the sale of paints and coatings
coatings industry in an “open innovation” development efforts. — paint and wall covering contractors, as
setting by identifying and communicating
basic and applied research needs to well as retail establishments — but also
manufacturers, raw materials suppliers, those in manufacturing end-use markets
VALUE OF COATINGS that use those paints and coatings: auto,
academic institutions, government
The paint and coatings industry is an aerospace, paper, machinery, home
research laboratories and other research
important and dynamic part of our appliances, electronics, wood furniture,
organizations.
nation’s economy and plays a key role in and metal containers, among the
First and foremost, the Technology
creating products that help preserve and universe of other applications.
Roadmaps are not intended to promote or
protect everything, from everyday objects Overall, the U.S. paint and coatings
advance any product, practice, solution,
to our most important infrastructure. industry employs some 299,500
or technology over or to the exclusion
of others, nor restrain in any fashion the
Aside from providing aesthetic appeal, workers.3 The U.S. paint and coatings
paints and coatings act as a protective industry includes manufacturers, raw
individual competitive effort of any com-
barrier to extend the useful life of the materials suppliers, and distributors.
pany. Rather, the Technology Roadmaps
surfaces and substrates to which they Raw materials for paints and coatings
are intended to drive innovation
are applied. While often overlooked are derived not only from petroleum
and competition by broadly sharing
or invisible, coatings are indispensable and minerals, but also from natural
identified technological needs of the
products. Coatings not only preserve our products, such as clays, tree saps, and
industry. Further, the process used to
cars and homes but also preserve the vegetable oils. Petrochemicals are still
develop report content was carefully
bridges we drive across and the tunnels among the most critical raw materials,
established to ensure contributors were
through which we travel. They even save and the industry is seriously affected
cautioned not to disclose any confidential
energy by keeping buildings cooler and by petrochemical shortages and price
business information, research plans
provide many other benefits. fluctuations.
or competitively sensitive information.

2
Statistics are from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages. Labor statistics were derived using the following NAICS Code 325510 Paint and Coating
Manufacturing (see https://www.paint.org/about/industry/economic-contributions/)
3
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages

26 | OCTOBER 2022

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 ACA TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP #1

IMPORTANCE OF Materials used and developed for

NOTE: Appendix A provides a more detailed the coatings industry provide a major
RESEARCH TO COATINGS description of the development topics contemplated contribution to the U.S. economy.
The coatings industry makes use of for future ACA Technology Roadmap efforts. Finished coatings by U.S. manufacturers
an extremely broad array of materials, are valued at $26.1 billion5 dollars, and
knowledge, equipment, and sciences to the industry and its efforts to support
make effective and durable products. new product development provide
Coatings contain polymers, solvents, ACA TECHNOLOGY employment for thousands of researchers
minerals, biocides, pigments and more, ROADMAP #1: in industry, academia, and government.
and the potential for interactions within The remaining sections of the
this complex product formulation SUSTAINED USE OF Technology Roadmap outline the key
requires its own knowledge and science.
Additionally, as they are used to coat
CRITICAL MATERIALS considerations raised by the interviewees.
Under each heading, the bulleted list
vastly different surfaces ranging captures the insights provided by the
from medical devices to concrete, the
Relevance and Value various experts consulted during the
industry must command a detailed It is possible that no other industry uses interview process. General considerations
knowledge of a coating’s behavior as it and depends on such a wide variety are presented first, followed by four
is formulated, manufactured, packaged, of raw materials as does the coatings specific categories of critical materials.
applied, cured, used, repaired, and industry. ACA has often advocated that
recycled. Application of chemistry, more than 20,000 discrete chemicals
microbiology, physics, and mathematics are used in paints and coatings, which The goal of the project is to support
are all essential components of the does not include myriad proprietary
required expertise to produce a viable materials or base stock materials from both near- and long-term needs of
coating product. which they are produced. The average the coatings industry in an “open
The coatings industry and its supply coatings firm uses as many as 1,500 to innovation” setting.
partner industries are among the most 2,000 materials to produce its product
intense generators of intellectual line at any time. These materials
property. In 2020 alone, more than include polymers, pigments, solvents,
40,000 patent applications were made biologicals, and minerals. Substitution Considerations of
in the fields relatable to coatings. Most of any one of these materials is an “Safer” Materials
of these were application patents arduous and rigorous process to ensure
with a myriad of uses. To sustain and that established product safety and While terms like volatile organic
Ê compounds (VOCs), green chemi-
expand this growth, however, advances multifaceted performance are not
are needed in several areas of basic compromised. Thus, a critical need for cals, and sustainable development
research. According to the National long-term coatings industry growth and have gained some familiarity with the
Science Foundation (NSF), data support relevance is a continual supply of new, public, the concept of what is a “safer
the conclusion that basic science functional, and safe raw materials. material” is complex and may not be
research assists the production of To meet this need, coatings manufac- widely understood by occupational
innovation peaks.4 turers and raw material suppliers must and consumer end users of chemicals
Surveys of coatings scientists reflect work diligently and rely on current and formulated products.
the need for progress in underlying science and sustainable practices to The definition of these terms varies
knowledge if the industry is to continue ensure that all raw materials (those used Ê widely across industries, consumer
its global leadership in innovation, currently and potential substitutes), as groups, and regions.
particularly those innovations leading acknowledged by procurement, manufac-
Ê Some may classify safety based on
to a whole new class of coatings and turing, applications, and end users, are
“low odor,” while for others, long-term
coatings performance. The competitive reliably safe, functional, and lasting.
health risks associated with exposure
position of coatings as a technology Consensus definitions of safety based on
are the major concern, and still others
and their advancement depends on current science and regulatory policy are
focus on environmental safety.
new developments in chemistry, essential to guide product development
microbiology, physics, and mathematics and ensure a continued and viable product Ê Priorities for seeking chemical and
that can then be applied to provide line. Raw materials that allow coatings formulated product safety are often
innovative products that will serve to to meet ever-more-stringent regulations different among groups, especially
meet the demands of our world in the are of particular interest today and for the parents, other caregivers, and
decades to come. foreseeable future. sensitive populations.

4
https://www.nsf.gov/eng/iip/innovation.pdf and https://nsf.gov/nsb/publications/2012/nsb1203.pdf
5
U.S. Census Bureau’s Annual Survey of Manufactures. Data for 2020 are the most recent available from the U.S. Census Bureau.

PAINT.ORG | 27

ACA Technology Roadmap #1_Final 2.indd 27 9/20/22 3:37 PM

 Consideration of Safety do not mandate the use of safer advance risk management and use
alternatives. Despite this, companies benefits strategies often are deemed
Communication should consider embracing the insufficient when policymakers
Ê As there is agreement around the practice of advancing safe use of want risk elimination.
lack of knowledge associated with materials everywhere, not only in While alternatives to known
the definition of “safer” materials, it regions that require it. Ê
hazardous materials can be offered
is essential for industry communi- Consumers say they want safer as a safety benefit, the fact that
cations to offer education and insight Ê
materials but may buy what is they may not have as much data
around the terms used in this report, cheaper and “safe enough.” This supporting their inherent safety
to ensure they are clear, concise, and paradox must be confronted by may be a barrier to acceptance.
easily understood. coatings manufacturers, and In addition, the cost of acquiring
Ê There are multiple safety and education is key. additional safety data (i.e., toxicity
sustainability terms that are used testing) may preclude substitution.
in communications (e.g., carbon Policies that support transparency
footprint, life-cycle assessment, eco- Challenges to the Sustained Ê
of information on the safety of
label programs). Each of these terms Use of Critical Materials materials can help drive awareness
has benefits, but each was designed and educate all customers, advancing
Ê For all products (both existing and
to meet the needs of a specific acceptance. This can also provide
safer alternatives), the industry
audience and most people do not for a level playing field for product
needs to rely on proper application
understand the terminology or know manufacturers. These policies center
and other end-user constraints
how to interpret their underlying around hazard communication (e.g.,
to get a high-quality finished
reference. Use of such terms may not product labeling) and green product
substrate. New, safer materials that
be the most effective/accessible way standards (with objective criteria).
disrupt the ability to achieve this
to present safer materials.
face obstacles to acceptance. Proactive efforts by manufacturers
Social media and other outlets of Ê
Ê Ê Confirmation bias6 may play a role to adopt safer technologies can have
public perception are powerful short-term business impacts, but may
in assessing market acceptance for
forces in today’s world and should be also offer prospects for continued or
new, safer materials and products.
considered and utilized for effective expanded long-term business. As a
communication. Ê Where cost is a barrier to acceptance
result, institutionalizing proactive
of new, safer materials, advancing
Ê To be successful in advancing safe substitution, given the varied
acceptance will require different
formulation, use, and disposal of outcomes, is a challenging goal to
strategies for “Business to Business”
paint and coatings products, everyone achieve in the broader coatings
(B2B) versus “Business to Consumer”
(companies, raw material suppliers, marketplace.
(B2C). Claims (and supportive
formulators, industry consortia, Safer materials with unproven
data) with equivalent (or better) Ê
advertisers, customers, etc.) must be supply chains are not likely to be
performance than existing materials
involved in education and awareness embraced by coatings companies.
can make a difference, but acceptance
raising, as no group can do it alone. Likewise, safer materials that
of increased costs only comes
Ê All materials, both existing and new, with the confirmed performance have not been through required
have benefits and risks associated improvements for critical innovations regulatory hurdles (e.g., TSCA
with their use. It is important (e.g., aerospace, where critical life- evaluation, REACH registration,
to educate the public about the safety performance requirements are biocide approval in all markets) will
industry’s decision to provide safe paramount). In addition to achieving not be accepted.
manufacturing and use of products. equivalent (or better) product Collective efforts to advance proper
This commitment to open and performance, creative marketing/ Ê
risk assessment on safer materials
candid communication can help consumer education efforts are (i.e., life-cycle assessment vs.
advance innovation and promote important to explain why the benefits conventional risk assessment) and
the use of safer alternatives. of the use of safer materials justify a common-sense advocacy on what
In many cases, the technology- higher cost. constitutes “safer” materials and
Ê
forcing regulations compelling the Ê Innovation for safer materials is products is required to create a
move to “safer” materials can mean often stymied when developers pathway to acceptance. This effort
more expensive inputs and higher and potential end users do not must be undertaken by and for
manufacturing costs. In some have a “voice” in the process of coatings companies, as reliance on
cases, business opportunities may regulatory approval. At the same raw material supplier approaches
lag in regions where regulations time, timely industry efforts to may be insufficient to affect change.

6
https://www.britannica.com/science/confirmation-bias

28 | OCTOBER 2022

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 ACA TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP #1

Opportunities for Ê Available data on both new/ Ê Consider forming a coatings

developing materials and existing consortium to investigate, support,
Consideration and feedstocks should be revisited and fund research that could spur
Advancement to expand the underlying basis innovations in product safety. Such
It is a widely shared sentiment for continued safe use to identify research could include advances
Ê potential forward-looking safety in risk assessment models and
that advance action in support of
critical materials would benefit the testing needs. analytical tools.
industry, especially if undertaken Ê A major opportunity for broad
before public concerns and industry collaboration lies in devising
specifications for enhanced, readable,
CRITICAL MATERIALS —
regulatory interests require a
retrospective industry response. modern, and simple label/scannable FOUR FOCUS AREAS
The industry should acknowledge information for all end users that In developing this Technology Roadmap,
Ê supports outreach and education on
published data and case studies that four categories and/or characteristics
advance the positive impacts it is product safety and function. of critical materials were discussed to
having on concerns such as global Ê In general, there are considerable identify areas for further focus. The four
warming through cool roofing advantages for expanding programs categories were:
coatings, use of recycled plastics, to educate consumers/industrial
Ê Biocides
and other innovations. end users, policy makers, and other
The industry should do more to influencers on the requirements Ê Human sensitizers
Ê for the composition of coatings, the
develop collaborative relations and Ê Alkylphenol ethoxylate (APEO)
projects with third parties, micro formulation impacts on their broad surfactants
influencers, regulators, insurance utility, and, where appropriate,
the continued need to require use Ê VOC/Maximum Incremental
companies, NGOs, and other
of personal protective equipment Reactivity (MIR)-compliant
stakeholders with good standing
(PPE), including respiratory, skin, materials
and responsible positions to help
educate consumers and standardize and eye protection. This could be In exploring these four categories,
necessary definitions like “green,” accomplished through webinars, the participants applied the general
“sustainable,” etc. case studies, and other new media principles identified previously but were
formats based on good science. requested to offer integrated content,
Ê The industry should work
Awareness and interest, especially based on their awareness of current
aggressively and collaboratively,
among younger end users, will practice and efforts in support of safer
using an appropriate mechanism
continue to grow, albeit slowly. materials in each category. The following
for research, and invest in the
development of data sharing and Ê There are technical challenges that specific, consensus takeaways emerged
technical approaches for testing, could benefit from collaborative from the project’s extensive and open
analytical equipment/methods, efforts, including securing govern- review process.
and toxicity models that support ment funding (i.e., through the NSF,
innovations in safety. Department of Energy, or Department The Biocides Roadmap
of Defense), and addressing scale-up
Ê Links should be established to
barriers for producing commerce- CHALLENGES
published databases that provide
ready materials.
both available and developing Ê Replacing current biocides with
information on the safety and new ones is extremely difficult from
environmental impacts of General Considerations for a cost and regulatory standpoint.
existing and new materials. The The lack of reliable toxicity models
referenced databases should help
Industry to Explore and experimental data increases
identify alternative feedstocks Ê Consider establishing an industry registration timelines.
for production and the potential working group to discuss “Sustained
Ê Currently, there are few materials
impacts of their widespread and Use of Critical Materials for Coatings.”
with the right performance
diverse end uses (e.g., biobased This group should include scientists,
(biocidal activity) that are also
materials in competition with product stewards, marketing/
considered safe in conservative
food uses). Linkages to regional communications staff, and other
risk assessments conducted by
use approvals for such materials stakeholders. The exercise itself is
regulators.
(e.g., government green purchasing the benefit, generating better under-
requirements) can help in decision- standing, positive image possibilities, Ê In many instances, the consequences
making and fact-checking for customer education programs, and of biocide failure in coatings are real
broader markets. labeling improvements. and expensive.

PAINT.ORG | 29

ACA Technology Roadmap #1_Final 2.indd 29 9/20/22 3:37 PM

 Ê Better education among formulators
regarding the function and risks
associated with biocides may help to
better target their use.
Ê Biocides are required to enable
waterborne technology, yet there
is a lack of understanding whether
waterborne solutions are inherently
more ecofriendly (e.g., from an LCA
perspective) at the outset.
Ê New materials require new supply
chains. It is challenging to bring
new materials to the market with
uncertainty in demand and/or
required supply. VISION STATEMENT OPPORTUNITIES
Ê Enable the development of safe Ê Customers can be better educated
TECHNOLOGY GAPS/RESEARCH NEEDS biocides that become widely on the hazards/risks of specific
Ê Currently, there are no materials available to support innovation ingredients in paint and best
that are recognized as matching of new coatings products and are handling practices. Proper PPE has
the cost and performance of today’s not an impediment to achieving been the most effective method for
biocides. To bring alternative other safety goals, both human and handling sensitizers. Focus should be
materials into this space, better environmental. on education and use of proper PPE,
toxicity models and long-term especially in spaces such as DIY.
exposure data need to be generated. Apply for available funding from
Industry collaboration can help The Human Sensitizers Ê
agencies, such as NSF, to support
all companies to get through the Roadmap non-sensitizing options.
registration process and supply-
chain challenges. CHALLENGES Ê Engage with U.S. EPA and
toxicology experts to develop new
Ê The topic of sensitization is not and reliable toxicity sensitization
OPPORTUNITIES well understood, and it is widely models to expedite the development
Developing toxicity data and acknowledged as something that of new materials.
Ê triggers a response in some people
other critical information is costly
and time-consuming; by working yet does not affect others. Without
together, companies and industry a thorough understanding of the RECOMMENDATIONS
consortia can develop new models problem, newer alternatives may Investigate the development of new
and experimental data to quickly have similar problems as incumbent Ê
and reliable toxicity sensitization
screen for toxicity and potential materials. models to expedite the development
insights on efficacy. Proper PPE has been the most of new materials. In the event such a
Ê
New materials require effective method for handling group exists, offer to join that group
Ê sensitizers. Focus should be on if coatings interest can be achieved.
reformulation; formulators must
be offered support or incentives to education and use of proper PPE, PPE, its current status, development
convert to safer alternatives. especially in spaces such as do-it- Ê
activities, and educational opportu-
yourself (DIY). nities should be the focus of an annual
Ê It is important to provide education
on the safe use of current biocides ACA conference, as it relates to
(including proper PPE) and new TECHNOLOGY GAPS/RESEARCH NEEDS coatings. This could be the basis of a
alternatives. joint research investment, if warranted,
Ê New materials require new formu- and even organized outside of ACA.
lations, so businesses should be
RECOMMENDATIONS offered support or incentives to
Ê With government and industry convert to advance product safety- VISION STATEMENT
funding, initiate and support a center related changes. Available PPE, sensitization test
to advance the availability and use
Ê
Ê Research should be conducted methods, and knowledge for
of biocides including jointly funded to identify new, non-sensitizing coatings applications is considered
research on materials and methods materials and document their the foundation for advancing new
of evaluation/safe-use prediction. performance in real-use scenarios. technology.

30 | OCTOBER 2022

ACA Technology Roadmap #1_Final 2.indd 30 9/20/22 3:37 PM

 ACA TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP #1

The APEO Surfactants include current safety evaluations TECHNOLOGY GAPS/RESEARCH NEEDS
and prospects for reduced cost
Roadmap alternatives. Ê More research is necessary on safer
solvents, selection and use of PPE,
CHALLENGES and other exposure- and release-
A number of APEO surfactants VISION STATEMENT mitigation methods.
Ê
and metabolites have shown Industry use of APEO alternatives Structure-activity relationship
some evidence of being endocrine Ê Ê
is well understood. models should guide research and
disruptors, which has led to efforts to meaningful regulation.
phase out use in paints and coatings.
Ê Technical advances in waterborne
Ê Regulatory flexibility does not The VOC/MIR-Compliant and high-solids coatings may
seem likely. Materials Roadmap still be needed to drive these to
There are numerous APEO-free sustainability.
Ê CHALLENGES
alternatives that, while somewhat
more expensive, are economically Ê The various definitions of these
feasible. components (VOC and MIR) for OPPORTUNITIES
air quality considerations are not Revisit with other stakeholders
Ê Achieving equal or better
uniform regionally (nor around the
Ê
performance without considerably and collectively push for a holistic
globe), which leads to confusion. redefinition of this issue based on
higher cost in some applications.
“Exempt” solvents defined by science and a clear understanding of
Ê Reformulation has not been without Ê what human/environmental goal is
regional regulations offer some
difficulty and requires considerable to be achieved.
benefit over other solvents, but they
resources.
too are subject to changing status Accept that there is, for the near
While the current evidence as “safer” alternatives. Also, they
Ê
Ê future, no single, clear, universally
indicates, based on predictive are not globally accepted as VOC- applicable, advantageous system.
toxicology, that many alternatives exempt, thus requiring different Cooperative research would be
to APEO are safer, the body of formulations for different regions. beneficial in several areas, including
knowledge could be improved, and solventborne, waterborne, and high-
uncertainty reduced. solids materials and mitigation/PPE
There may still be unintended, Collaborative research initiatives engineering.
Ê
unforeseen consequences from may also take advantage of The uncertainty of definitions and
their substitution.
Ê
regulations increases risk of funding
government and university funding. research on an individual basis,
which suggests that collaboration
TECHNOLOGY GAPS/RESEARCH NEEDS may be the optimal approach to
Ê Current tools for predicting better Ê While some regions allow VOC- reduce risk. Collaborative research
safety can be improved. exempt solvents based on the initiatives may also take advantage of
regional definition of VOC, whether government and university funding.
Ê Technology improvements in systems
the actual goals of environmental
and methodology for formulation and
improvement are being achieved
reformulation are needed. RECOMMENDATIONS
seems lost and some other health
risks may be involved in their use. Host a focused conference/
Ê
OPPORTUNITIES Ê In comparison to outdoor air quality roundtable discussion with other
Collectively fund needed research control, there is much less focus stakeholders to collectively push
Ê on indoor quality, though this may for a holistic redefinition of this
on APEO alternatives and their cost
structure. change in the future. issue based on science and a clear
understanding of what human/
Fund research/development of Ê Where solvent capture is feasible, environmental goal is to be achieved,
Ê it may be better overall to operate
new tools and systems to facilitate and gauge this against current
and reduce cost of formulation and a solventborne (SB) system when regulations. Form next steps based
re-formulation. the entire system footprint is on this revisitation.
considered (i.e., through an LCA).
Ê Communicating why a particular
RECOMMENDATIONS approach (i.e., waterborne, solvent- VISION STATEMENT
Ê Hold a session or specialized borne, or high-solids) has been ACA is a leader in air quality
conference on the status of APEO
Ê
selected is a challenge and industry policy formulation based upon
and alternatives. Topics should efforts in this regard can be improved. sound science.

PAINT.ORG | 31

ACA Technology Roadmap #1_Final 2.indd 31 9/20/22 3:37 PM

 APPENDIX A
ACA Technology Roadmap Project — Development of Topics
ACA’s Science and Technology b. Speeding up development process b. Durability and water resistance
Committee initially considered a (predictive modeling/artificial of waterborne systems
wide assortment of “research themes” intelligence/machine learning, c. Enhanced physical properties
to elaborate upon in subsequent, automation/high throughput/ (including durability, scratch, mar,
targeted discussion aimed at creating accelerated testing) flexibility, toughness, mechanical,
Technology Roadmaps. Discussions c. Initial visual appearance and etching, chemical resistance)
identified several broad categories and performance impacted by film d. Improved adhesion on all
related subcategories, which allowed formation, dampening, flow and substrates and under all conditions
for organizing and prioritizing the maintenance of appearance
effort. These are highlighted below, e. Improved environmental
and those marked in bold text are d. Wet-state preservation and supply- durability (i.e., weathering, color
the consensus areas for initial focus. chain impacts (ties into sustained stability, UV and other natural
Content in italicized text will be use of critical materials) exposures) and maintenance of
considered later. appearance (aesthetics of color,
3. Application (i.e., substrate/flow/cure) sheen, etc.)
1. Materials (i.e., availability, safety, a. Coatings challenges presented f. Improved corrosion and
performance) by lightweighting and new/ infrastructure protection
a. Sustained use of critical mixed substrates (i.e., substrate
change over time and substrate- g. Enhancing value of coatings
materials through non-traditional
surface interaction)
b. Renewable, reduced carbon attributes (functional coatings)
footprint (bio-based materials, b. Waterborne systems (broader
substantiation of life cycle) application robustness) 5. End of life
c. Reducing regulatory c. Kinetics control (curing, drying a. Improved recyclability of
uncertainties — technical/ for technologies) unused product, applied film,
testing methods d. Improved transfer efficiency and the package
(application-related equipment) b. Better evaluation tools for
2. Formulation (i.e., dispersion/use/ e. Predicting end-use performance assessing full-system impacts
performance in coatings) with lab testing (i.e., modeling) (i.e., “cradle-to-cradle” and “eco-
a. Dispersibility (understanding footprint” methodology and other
colloidal stability, nanomaterials, 4. End use and product predictive models for “end of life”)
pigments, etc.) a. Predicting lifetime performance
(i.e., accelerated testing, predictive
modeling, sensors)

32 | OCTOBER 2022

ACA Technology Roadmap #1_Final 2.indd 32 9/20/22 3:37 PM

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World
Coatings
Council

Untitled-2 1 8/18/22 11:25 AM

 MEETING THE ADDITIVE C

W
hile researching the coatings companies, coupled additives for paints and coat-
world of paint and with environmental constraints, ings. Rather, a different ana-
coatings additives has led to decreased availability lytical approach to examining
for what was new and novel, of “preferred tried-and-true” the world of additives would
an article written in June 2020 raw materials. This has forced be more interesting and per-
caught my attention. It was formulators to embark on the haps a small step forward to
an in-depth analysis of the uncomfortable task of extract- “accepting the challenge.”
myriad of additives that are ing multifunctional properties This musing led to the obvi-
ubiquitous in paints, coatings, from the remaining additives. ous question: “If not wetting/
and adhesives. That article ended with the dispersing agents, rheological
Composing only 4% of a observation that there was modifiers, foam control, sur-
coating, chemical additives “plenty of room for innovative face modifiers, flow and lev-
are instrumental to coatings thinking, by both the additive eling agents, catalysts, driers,
manufacturing, shelf-life sta- producers and the coatings adhesion promoters, biocides,
bility, successful application formulators, with regard to the stabilizers, plasticizers, et al.,
onto substrates, film formation, subject of polyfunctional addi- then what?” After all, Robert
and ultimately, appearance, tives for paints and coatings. Ruckle, global marketing
performance, and durabil- The challenge is here . . . and and sales director of Siltech
ity. Ironically, this seemingly the time to accept it is now.”1 Corporation, likened additives
endless array of additives is the That last sentence challeng- to the “flavors and spices” of
smallest of the global raw mate- ing the status quo shouted that a coating by comparing the
rial categories, as defined by another treatise governing the plethora of choices to a “secret
World Coatings Council data, myriad of chemical paint addi- chili recipe.”2 Chili, like paint,
representing only 0.5% of total tives would be redundant at derives signature character-
usage volume under the anony- best. The academic literature istics from the special blend
mous category of “Other.” and trade publications contain of secret additives. Clearly,
More importantly, consol- everything that is currently another path of examination
idation of raw materials and known about traditional would be required.

34 | OCTOBER 2022

Microspheres Cynthia Feature-FINAL 2.indd 34 9/22/22 11:21 AM

E CHALLENGE By Cynthia A. Gosselin, Ph.D., The ChemQuest Group

ADDITIVE CHALLENGE and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) Microsphere is a term used

ACCEPTED: MICROSPHERES for the medical community: for small solid spherical par-
Microsphere: A microparticle ticles with diameters in the
Another category of additives micrometer range (typically 1
called microspheres has been of spherical shape without
membrane or any distinct micron to 1000 micron).
gaining popularity in coatings
outer layer. (See microcapsule.) Equally important,
and adhesive applications in
Note: The absence of outer Microspheres Online has
recent years. Microspheres
layer forming a distinct phase also defined what a micro-
are functional additives that
is important to distinguish sphere is not. Specifically, a
physically modify coatings and
microspheres from micro- microsphere is not the same
films, generating special final
capsules because it leads to as a microcapsule, because
properties without chemically
first-order diffusion phe- microcapsules typically con-
based “steroids.”
nomena, whereas diffusion sist of a flexible (deformable)
Microspheres have long been
is zero order in the case of shell encapsulating a fluid,
used in the medical commu-
microcapsules.3 which might be liquid or gas.
nity for cancer research, in-
vitro drug release, biological Recently, as microspheres
protocols, flow visualiza- become more prevalent in a
tion, and imaging. Industrial wide variety of industries, the
uses include LCD screen definition has been clarified
spacers, particle sieve stan- and expanded. Microspheres
dards, electrical potting Online—the definitive data
compounds, and polymeric base supporting worldwide
material lightweighting and/or microsphere research—pro-
strengthening. vides the following definition:
The first official definition of
a microsphere was developed by
the International Union of Pure

Microspheres Cynthia Feature-FINAL 2.indd 35 9/22/22 11:21 AM

 MEETING THE ADDITIVE CHALLENGE

Microspheres always have a solid shell. FIGURE 1—Rotary microspheres in a gyricon medium6
Even if the microsphere is technically
hollow (containing gas inside), its
shape is not significantly flexible or
deformable.
A microsphere is not the same as a
microparticle, because microparticle
is a general term that refers only to the
size of the granular material and does
not provide information on the shape.
Microspheres are always round and
spherical. There are no sharp edges,
oblong shapes, or debris.
A microsphere is not the same as a
nanosphere, because nanospheres have
diameters on the nanoscale, typically
between 1 nanometer and 1000 nano- technology. The electronic paper of the weight eliminated from a vehicle’s total
meters (1 micron). Nano-diameters 1970s led to the e-reader that everyone weight, fuel economy improves by 7%.
present completely different character- uses today. The predecessor to e-paper Of course, weight reduction of compo-
istics, behaviors, and functionalities.4 was the 1974 invention of the Gyricon. nents must be done without sacrific-
The Gyricon was originally a thin ing mechanical properties, aesthetics
layer of flexible plastic, not intended to related to Class A surfaces, or manu-
COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS replace paper, but to be a better com- facturability. By replacing conventional
Commercially available microspheres are puter screen. It was comprised of a talc filler with water-resistant chemi-
made primarily from natural and syn- rotating ball display containing millions cally stable soda-lime-borosilicate glass
thetic materials such as glass, polymers of tiny spheres suspended in oil bubbles, microspheres in a proprietary propylene
(polyethylene and polystyrene are most similar to today’s e-paper (Figure 1). The compound, a vehicle average weight loss
common, but acrylonitrile and phenolics microspheres were comprised of two of 2.2 lbs (1kg) in trim parts alone was
are also used), metals, and ceramics. contrasting colors that would rotate to achieved, which translates to a 5–13%
Microspheres are either hollow or solid. present one colored side to the viewer vehicle weight reduction.8
Solid microspheres are denser and used when voltage was applied. The resulting Expandable thermoplastic micro-
for a wide variety of applications depend- image or text displayed on the screen spheres specially rated by the FDA
ing upon the desired final properties. would remain until the next charge. are used in the food industry. One of
Hollow microspheres are additives In 1989, further advances led to the the most famous applications allowed
used to lower density, increase volume, ability to mimic printed paper text that DIAM, one of the biggest wine cork
and/or lower weight. The wide variety could feature pages and pages of text makers, to change commodity wine
of microsphere quality, uniformity, that could be electronically rewritten corks into a winemaking solution.
particle size, particle-size distribution, thousands of times. The original goal Microspheres that expanded from 20µm
and mechanical properties allow the was to facilitate inkless printers and fax to 80µm at the cork-molding-process
formulator to pick just the right set of machines. Instead, in 2004, an actual temperatures of 94–105 °C were used to
microspheres for the application. digital book, the “Portable Reader manufacture agglomerated corks that
As mentioned earlier, microspheres System”—running on e-paper using did not leak. More importantly, tailored
have been long used in the medi- an electronic display—was viewable in microsphere additions allowed the
cal community for drug release and direct sunlight, required no power to production of cork structures that pro-
imaging. In fact, some common drugs, maintain a static image and was usable vide different Oxygen Transfer Ratios
like Metformin for Type 2 diabetes, in portrait or landscape orientation. required by the different varietals—in
are formulated as hydrodynamically By 2014, 50% of Americans owned an effect tailoring corks to the needs of spe-
balanced systems (HBS)—tiny floating e-reader device or tablet. The rest is cific wines—elevating the lowly cork into
microspheres that allow drug stability history as wristwatches, mobile phones, a long-term wine preservation solution.9
to target time-released drugs to arrive at smart cards, and shelf labels began
a specific site at a predetermined rate.5 testing e-inks that began as tiny micro- MICROSPHERE ADDITIVES FOR
Cosmetics applications use opaque spheres in a Gyricon medium.7 COATINGS AND ADHESIVES
microspheres for foundations and to Injection-molded thermoplastics
hide wrinkles and modify skin texture. have been targets for weight reduction APPLICATIONS
Polyethylene microspheres are used as in automobiles, particularly electric The most common applications for
exfoliating agents. vehicles (EVs). In the case of gas-pow- microsphere additives in coatings
Electronic paper is one of the most ered vehicles, government fuel economy and adhesives are thermal-insulat-
ubiquitous applications of microsphere estimates suggest that for every 10% of ing paints, sound-damping coatings,

36 | OCTOBER 2022

Microspheres Cynthia Feature-FINAL 2.indd 36 9/20/22 3:49 PM

 anticondensation paints, plastisols, Glass microspheres are finely dis- including mica and metallic flakes.
retroreflectivity traffic paint, tempera- persed, free-flowing powders made of Microspheres can be used as substitutes
ture-regulating roof and wall coatings, soda-lime borosilicate glass. This glass is for expensive pigments or additives to
thickening agents, and acrylic sealants. In chemically inert and water resistant. The obtain special visual effects.
fact, microspheres have been used in traf- high filler loading reduces resin demand, Some solid soda-lime glass micro-
fic paints for many years, providing paint which lowers raw material costs. The spheres improve clarity of color, creat-
for reflective signs and road markings. sliding ball bearing effect of glass micro- ing a multidimensional effect when in
Microspheres for coatings applications spheres allows low viscosity builds even proximity to pigments or metal addi-
are spherical particles made from glass, at high loadings. Because microspheres tives. These microspheres have a mean
polymers, or ceramics 12–300 µm in have extremely low surface area-to-vol- size of 8–12 µm, with a maximum size of
diameter, with wall thicknesses ranging ume ratios, they pack tightly for high 36 µm and can be incorporated into sol-
from 0.1 µm to several micron. Because filler loading, as shown in Figure 2.11 vent and water-based paints, coatings,
they are hollow, their density of 0.25 g/ plastics, inks and some cosmetic for-
cc to 0.60 g/cc is lower than that of other SOLID-GLASS MICROSPHERES mulations. Larger diameter (65–75 µm)
nonsoluble additives, allowing for a sig- solid microspheres are used as flatting
nificant reduction in resin content. Solid-glass microspheres provide high agents in industrial applications where
compressive strength, very good heat matte finishes are desired.
and chemical resistance, and tempera- Several other solid glass sphere
HOLLOW GLASS MICROSPHERES ture stability. Depending upon the type additives act as antimottling agents and
Glass microspheres (or “glass bubbles” of glass, microspheres have a density flow enablers in thicker coatings. These
in the industry vernacular) were devel- range of 2.5–4.49. With high crush microspheres are in the 35–45 µm diam-
oped in the 1960s as a hollow alternative resistance, these microspheres are use- eter range. Latex architectural paint is a
to solid glass beads. Glass microspheres ful for high-shear, high-stress applica- popular application for these spheres.12
have rigid thin walls 0.5–1.5 µm thick tions within the automotive, electrical,
and are particularly useful in applica- and appliance markets.
tions that require resistance to chemical Solid-glass microspheres with an
AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS
and high-temperature environments. average diameter of 3–6 µm (maximum One of the largest applications of hollow
Typical densities are between 0.125 g/ diameter of 20 µm) made from soda- glass microspheres is the automotive
cc and 0.60 g/cc, and density is directly lime glass are primarily used in appli- market. Reducing the weight of the
related to the collapse strength of the cations such as automotive paint, where vehicle is becoming more critical to the
glass bubble. Those at a low density of film build is thin and larger micro- point that initial design considerations
0.125 g/cc exhibit a collapse strength spheres cannot fit without protrusion. are incorporating lower-density mate-
of 250 psi, while those with densities of Solid microspheres can act as tiny rials. Depending upon the application,
0.60 g/cc can withstand 18,000 psi. magnifying glasses, providing an these materials can achieve up to 45%
Formulators have a wide range of den- enhanced chromaticity when incorpo- weight savings. This includes up to 5%
sities and resultant mechanical properties rated into pigmented formulations. The in thermoplastics, 40% in seam sealants
to accommodate a variety of manufactur- surrounding pigments are magnified, and underbody coatings, and 45% in
ing process parameters and final product and the color appears richer, wetter, sheet or bulk molding composites. Metal
field service requirements for applications deeper, and the same color regardless of is being replaced by microsphere-filled
such as potting compounds, paints, coat- observation angle. These microspheres polymeric thermoplastics and ther-
ings, adhesives, and even bowling balls.10 enhance the effect of any additive, mosets. The weight of comparatively
heavy PVC is being reduced in plas-
tisol undercoatings by glass micro-
FIGURE 2—Different sizes of microspheres have very tight packing density, leading to significant weight spheres or expandable thermoplastic
reduction, while irregularly shaped flakes have large areas of resin remaining.11 microspheres.
There are several benefits to the
incorporation of glass microsphere
fillers besides lightweighting. The coef-
ficient of thermal expansion is reduced.
Many coatings filled with microspheres
exhibit inherent sound-damping
properties. Warpage, shrinkage, and
density are reduced, and heat-deflec-
tion temperature, modulus, and scratch
resistance are improved—in some cases
significantly—for both coatings and
polymers/composites.
Irregularly Shaped Fillers Spherical Glass Bubbles The benefits are not isolated to the
vehicle. An equipment wear study

PAINT.ORG | 37

Microspheres Cynthia Feature-FINAL 2.indd 37 9/20/22 3:49 PM

 MEETING THE ADDITIVE CHALLENGE

FIGURE 3—Graph depicting that the difference in nozzle wear is a function of microsphere loading.11 There are at least two versions of
polymeric microspheres. Unexpanded
microspheres expand during the man-
ufacturing process by using the heat
generated for expansion. When the res-
in-processing temperature reaches the
glass transition temperature (Tg ) of the
polymer shell, the microsphere softens.
The blowing agent inside the micro-
sphere exerts pressure outward onto
the shell wall, causing expansion. For
example, unexpanded microspheres
that begin with a density of 1.0 g/cc
can end up with a density as low as
0.010 g/cc while expanding from a dia-
meter of 25 µm to 140 µm.
Expanded microspheres are used
when the heat of the manufacturing pro-
cess is insufficient to initiate the expan-
showed that by incorporating the right Sealants are another area where micro- sion process. In that case, unexpanded
type and size of glass microsphere fillers spheres are advantageous. Seams for the microspheres are blended with calcium
into the resin system, wear on the appli- roof ditch, non-paintable exterior, and carbonate and expanded before adding
cation system (as measured by nozzle exterior seam sealants and spacers for them to the coatings system. Expanded
diameter) can be reduced. Lightweight accurate bondlines are some of the uses microspheres range from 25 to 150 µm
formulations made with 40% of the new- of microspheres in the sealant market. with densities as low as 0.015 g/cc.14
est glass microsphere technology showed Besides providing all the benefits of low
a significant decrease of wear over even viscosity, low weight, and better compati- COOL-ROOF COATING
standard density (no microspheres) bility, microspheres also act as spacers for
plastisol, as shown in Figure 3. Less wear a consistent bondline thickness. APPLICATIONS
on equipment equates to manufacturing Cool-roof coatings represent a very
cost savings and better efficiencies. successful application of coatings filled
Isostatic pressure versus density is THERMOPLASTIC MICROSPHERES with thermally expandable micro-
another consideration in the manu- Thermoplastic polymeric microspheres spheres. Hollow microspheres can
facturing process. Liquid thermosets, were developed in the 1970s. Unlike glass, reflect solar radiation and reduce the
extrusion thermoforming, and injection these hollow spheres are compressible. temperature in cool-roof coatings.
molding each require different diame- The polymer can deform under stress In areas where air conditioning is
ters and densities of glass microspheres without breaking under high-shear mix- not available, this leads to a much more
for optimized processing and ultimate ing, leading to less wear on equipment and comfortable indoor environment. Even
field performance. The size, volume, better flow characteristics. Compressible if air conditioning is available, a home
mechanical properties, and density of microspheres are well suited to elasto- could save energy and money by reduc-
glass microspheres can be selected and mers and thick-film resin systems. ing the energy draw on air conditioning
tailored to accommodate the overall Plastic microspheres have very thin equipment without sacrificing comfort.
system parameters.11 walls that contribute to specific gravi- Figure 4 illustrates a schematic of
Hollow glass microspheres are also ties as low as 0.25 g/cc. As a result, just an expandable polymeric microsphere
used in battery potting resins. These a very small weight percent of micro- used in a cool-roof product. With the
formulations are used in battery ther- spheres can displace large volumes that application of heat, the microsphere can
mal management to cut resin costs and would otherwise be filled with resin. expand to 60 times its original volume,
achieve weight reduction of 15–40% in A typical loading level of polymeric with the shell thinning by 95% at max-
electric vehicles (EV). The low viscos- microspheres is 1–3% by weight, which imum volume. Density is reduced from
ity lends itself to consistent fills even can extend resin volume by 20% while 1.1 g/cc to 0.03 g/cc as well.15
at high loadings. This type of product reducing the weight of the final product. The surfaces of cool-roof coatings
works well for thermal management Microsphere compressibility prop- with a 40% microsphere loading act
components in EV-battery applica- erties increase the impact resistance like a multicelled foam, reflecting solar
tions. Small crevices can be filled for of the final product, yielding improved radiation at all incoming wavelengths.
high-potting compound loading around stone-chipping resistance, less wear The number of reflecting units (micro-
cylindrical EV batteries. These products from foot traffic, and better perfor- spheres) is key, and as a result, the aver-
also offer weight reduction—a critical mance during freeze-thaw cycles, age size of the microspheres should be
property for prolonging the mileage thereby preserving surface appearance as small as possible to cover the entire
range of EV batteries.11 and aesthetics.13 surface. Reflective behavior of foam

38 | OCTOBER 2022

Microspheres Cynthia Feature-FINAL 2.indd 38 9/20/22 3:49 PM

 by the thin wall of the bubbles makes microsphere technology.16 Figure 5 spheres (Figure FIGURE 6—Hollow ceramic
absorption minimal. illustrates the solar reflectance achieved 6) are improved microspheres possess a
The difference in refractive index with a 40% load of expandable micro- upon by removing diameter range of 5-100 µm—
between the encapsulated gas, the sphere spheres against a typical commercial all gas from the so small that they look like a
wall, and the surrounding medium cool-roof coating. 16 inside, creating single grain of fine sand.17
refracts the light. Depending on the angle a vacuum. Since
of incidence, about 4% to 100% of the Ceramic Microspheres nothing can
light is mirror-reflected at the interface. Black or white ceramic microspheres move by con-
One foam bubble has little effect, but the are used in insulating paints for out- duction through
vast amount of bubbles acts as a foam standing thermal stability, sporting a vacuum, the
surface proxy, clearly impacting incom- compressive strength of 6000 psi, good microsphere
ing light. Since microspheres are so much chemical resistance, a softening point becomes a min-
more efficient at reflecting solar energy of 1800 °C, and thermal conductivity of iature thermos
than TiO2 , hollow spheres enable tinted 0.1 W/m/°C. These ultra-low-density bottle that resists
cool roofs (as opposed to only using only spheres combine low thermal conductiv- thermal conductivity and increases
traditional white colors). ity with high emissivity.17 These hollow sound damping.
In contrast to TiO2 fillers, the foam-
like microspheres simultaneously reflect
UV, visible and near-infrared radiation. FIGURE 4—Schematic of the expansion of an expandable polymeric microsphere.15
This is very different from how TiO2
reflects light where the reflection power
for TiO2 is drastically reduced in the
near-infrared region.
It is possible to improve light scat-
tering in the near-infrared region by
increasing the particle size and total
addition of TiO2, but it is not a good
option because of increased cost.
However, when using TiO2 in combina-
tion with hollow microspheres, cost-ef-
fective hybrid cool-roof coatings can be
formulated. One application allowed for
a reduction in TiO2 from 71 g/L down
to 40 g/L with no reduction in perfor-
mance when combined with hollow

FIGURE 5—Comparison of the behavior of traditional cool-roof coatings with those filled with a 40% loading of polymeric expandable microspheres
and the resulting increase in solar reflectance in new and aged cool roofs.16

PAINT.ORG | 39

Microspheres Cynthia Feature-FINAL 2.indd 39 9/20/22 3:49 PM

 MEETING THE ADDITIVE CHALLENGE

FIGURE 7—Schematic of ceramic microsphere pack- durable than paints loaded with conven- industry as well. There are indications
ing after drying/curing of the resin leading to low tional paint pigments and additives. that detrimental overgrown algae
thermal conductivity and high emissivity.17 In fact, there are high-quality solid blooms are feeding off some of these
ceramic microsphere additives on the leached contaminants.
market that even the DIY entrepreneur A combination of microcapsules
can use to mix their own insulating and microspheres loaded into paint
paint. These high-tech solid-sphere systems provide promise of an environ-
synthetic silicate ceramics are similar mentally safe solution, while reducing
to the chemistries used in space shuttle fouling (microspheres), inhibiting
tiles. A typical batch usually consists of corrosion, and healing paint damage
a particle size mixture of spheres of 1, 4, (microcapsules).19
and 15 µm diameters to facilitate tight With non-permeable microcapsules,
packing within the dried paint film, the active ingredient is released as a
leading to improved thermal conduc- result of the initiation of mechanical
tivity and higher emissivity. The round damage, temperature changes, pH
microsphere shape has the lowest sur- changes, etc. The size of the microcap-
face-to-volume ratio, leading to reduced sule influences permeability, diffusion,
Ceramic microspheres are often VOCs and lower paint shrinkage.18 and rate of controlled release of the
variously sized when added to the active ingredients for corrosion inhibi-
paint film in order to ensure the most MORE POLYFUNCTIONAL tion and healing of paint damage. The
tightly packed morphology. Specialized microcapsules can be filled with non-
ceramic vacuum matrix technology
MICROSPHERE APPLICATIONS toxic active ingredients such as a blends
allows the tightly packed film to reflect It is easy to understand that micro- of urea, aldehydes (crosslinking agents),
and dissipate heat by blocking the path sphere additions can lower weight, PVA, vegetable oil and inhibitors. These
for heat transfer in the tightly packed decrease density, increase impact microcapsules can be added to enhance
surface, as shown in Figure 7. resistance and mechanical strength, current anticorrosion marine paints
When mixed into paint, ceramic provide thermal barriers, control for cost-effective targeted self-healing
microspheres provide tailored high- temperature and sound, reflect heat, and corrosion inhibition. The benefits
emissivity surfaces that control heat improve aesthetics, and reduce costs— of lower density and lower weight as a
transfer. These microspheres are also sometimes all at the same time. It would result of microsphere additions remain
useful when temperatures exceed 600 °C, seem that microspheres are the true intact.
as that is much higher than conven- polyfunctional additives. In many cases, Antifouling agents are typically added
tional systems are rated. Ceramic micro- traditional additives can be replaced by to paint systems. After a period of time,
sphere fillers are especially effective a judicious selection of microspheres. the efficacy of these antifouling agents
when thermal cycling is present. The Microspheres can also be used to is exhausted because they are dissolved
coatings are also resistant to degrada- impart functionality that prolongs the in the water environment, leading to
tion in oxidizing, reducing and vacuum life of a coating, while eliminating toxic fouling of the waterways and seabeds
environments, exhibiting emissivity additive solutions as well as the usual and an increase of creatures attached to
> 0.85 at temperatures up to 2200 °F, benefits of better impact resistance, vessels below the waterline.
enabling consistent thermal control. weight, and density. To manufacture the microspheres,
Ceramic microspheres are non-toxic, One area of interest is the big problem emulsion polymerization was used.
inert, fire retardant, and can be mixed of contaminated waterways from anti- Polymer, urea and a silver compound
into a wide variety of paints, coatings, or fouling marine paints. These coatings were dissolved in distilled water and
composites. This even includes interior are necessary to keep organisms from the crosslinking agent was added.
or exterior house and roof paint, where hijacking the surfaces of boats and ships The aqueous solution was poured into
heating and air conditioning can be from beneath the waterline, leading to vegetable oil to form a stable emulsion.
made more cost-effective by reducing premature corrosion, increased weight, After heating at 80 °C for 5 hours, the
heating and cooling loss. and higher drag coefficients. microspheres dispersed into the oil.
Epoxies, urethanes, high-temperature Very effective traditional antifouling Once cool, the oil was removed and
paints, elastomers, and mastics all bene- paints contained tin compounds which the spheres washed. After drying, the
fit from ceramic microsphere additions. are now banned because of high toxicity spheres were ground into microspheres
Enhanced properties include improved when leached into the water. Zinc of 2–4 µm diameters, with a narrow
fire resistance, UV-ray protection, pirithyon and paints with copper oxide particle size distribution.
chewing-insect inhibition, increased concentrations are used today. Copper Three sets of panels were tested. The
coating hardness, sound damping, and compounds are limited because they first control set was painted with the
better long-term durability. Ceramic- accumulate in waterways. It is prob- traditional paint system. The second
filled paint is easier to clean with its ably only a matter of time before zinc set was painted with a system where
exceptional stain and scrub resistance, compounds are found to have an adverse antifouling ingredients were homoge-
and the paint finish is much more effect on marine life and the fishing neously mixed into the paint with no

40 | OCTOBER 2022

Microspheres Cynthia Feature-FINAL 2.indd 40 9/20/22 3:49 PM

 microspheres. The third set was coated system with the microsphere addition (c) to poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) micro-
with the paint system that was loaded allowed for a slow release of antifoulant spheres, and then 10 wt % 8HQ-PCL
with the antifouling microspheres. All as needed, significantly reducing organ- microspheres were added to the SMP
sets of samples were immersed in lake ism fouling (orange color in the photo). coating.
water for a total of 15 weeks, with addi- After application onto a 2024-T3
tional interim evaluations occurring at MULTIFUNCTIONAL POLYMERIC aluminum substrate, the cured system
one and five weeks. was scratched down to the base metal
The results of the antifouling evalua-
MICROSPHERES and placed in a 3.5 wt % NaCl solution.
tion are shown in Figure 8. The tradi- Ten percent by weight 5 µn micro- The 8HQ-PCL microspheres immedi-
tional paint system (a) was invaded by spheres were added to SMP-based ately leached out a corrosion inhibitor
organisms after 15 weeks. When the coatings that provided a mechanism into the scratch allowing the scratch to
antifoulant was distributed homoge- for “triple-action self healing” from begin to close. After heating to 80 °C for
neously in the paint (b), the additive was mechanical and corrosion dam- 30 minutes, the scratch was closed and
exhausted after 15 weeks, and organisms age for 2024-T3 aluminum. Next, sealed by the SMP coating matrix shape
were apparent at that point. The paint 8-hydroxyquinoline (8HQ) was added memory effect in cooperation with the

FIGURE 8—Antifouling as a function of additive; a) traditional paint system, b) antifoulant added homogeneously in the paint mixture, and
c) paint system loaded with antifoulant for controlled slow release. 19

PAINT.ORG | 41

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 MEETING THE ADDITIVE CHALLENGE

melted microspheres. This close-then- 6. Wright, Charles. Gyricon media using amorphous silicon 13. Rosenbush, Chris. The Benefits of Microspheres. PCI
heal strategy would be very useful for thin film transistor active matrix arrays and a refresh Magazine. Aug 1, 2003.
field repair, where radiant heat could method for the same. U.S. Patent US20050253802A1.
be used to seal coating damage without 14. Dualite® Microspheres. A Polymer that lets you do more
Published Nov 17, 2005.
expensive out-of-service repainting of with less. Dulalite Chase Corporation brochure.
planes.20 7. Primozic, Ursa. Visionect website. “Nothing ventured, 15. Nouryon website. Blowing agents: Expancel ® Microspheres.
nothing gained: the versatile history of electronic “When it comes to blowing agents, a controlled foam
FINAL THOUGHTS paper.” March 9, 2015. https://www.visionect.com/blog/ structure makes your production process go a lot smoother.”
Microsphere additives inherently provide nothing-ventured-nothing-gained-versatile-history- https://www.nouryon.com/products/expancel-microspheres/
a wide variety of properties—even with electronic-paper/ (accessed Aug 9, 2022). blowing-agents/ (accessed Aug 20, 2022).
one addition to a resin. Reducing weight
and density with microspheres may yield 8. 3M website. “Hanil E-Hwa and 3M team up to help 16. Olof Sandin, et al. Reflective properties of hollow
bonus properties such as thermal man- automotive OEMs meet greenhouse gas reduction microspheres in cool roof coatings. Journal of Coatings
agement, corrosion resistance, improved targets.” May 2020. https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/ Technology Research. 2017. 14 (4), 817–821.
mechanical properties, and more efficient media/656019O/hanil-e-hwa-case-study.pdf (accessed
manufacturing. Perhaps the way to Aug 4, 2022). 17. Hy-Tech Thermal Solutions website. Insulating Additive.
“accept the challenge” is to change the https://hytechsales.com/Insulating-Additive_c_12.html
paradigm and consider the use of micro- 9. Nouryon website. Product Specification Expancel® (accessed Aug 15, 2022).
spheres for additives in the future. FG Microspheres. Nouryon Expancel® Division.
18. Nationwide Product Data Sheet #9300. Professional
https://www.nouryon.com/globalassets/inriver/
Grade INSUL-3K™ Insulating Ceramic Microsphere
References resources/product-overview-specification-
Additive. July 21, 2009.
1. Pilcher, George R. Additives for Paints and Coatings: expancel-fg-global-en.pdf (accessed Sept 9, 2022).
Current State and Future Dynamics. PCI Magazine. 19. Szabóa, Tamás, et al. Self-healing microcapsules and
10. Elve, Mark. Chase Corporation website. “Not All slow-release microspheres in paints. Progress in Organic
June 2020.
Microspheres Are Created Equal.” March 24, 2021. Coatings. 2011. Vol. 72, 1–2, 52–57.
2. Ruckle, Robert. Understanding the Function of Additives. https://blog.chasecorp.com/specialty-chemical-
Coatings World. Dec 12, 2018. intermediates/not-all-microspheres-are-created-equal 20. Yao, Huang et al. Triple-Action Self-Healing Protective
(accessed Aug 10, 2022). Coatings Based on Shape Memory Polymers Containing
3. Vert, Michel, et al. Terminology for Biorelated Polymers
Dual-Function Microspheres. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces.
and Applications (IUPAC Recommendations 2012). Pure 11. 3M™ Glass Bubbles for Automotive Applications: 2018. 10(27), 23369-23379.
Appl. Chem., Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 377–410, 2012. Lightweighting Reimagined. 3M Advanced Materials
4. Microspheres Online. What Is A Microsphere? Definition Division. https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/
And Explanation. https://www.microspheres.us/what-is- 431692O/3mtm-glass-microspheres-for-the-
automotive-market.pdf?fn=GlassMicrospheresAuto.pdf
CYNTHIA A. GOSSELIN, Ph.D., is director
a-microsphere/ (accessed Aug 10, 2022).
(accessed Sept 8, 2022). at The ChemQuest Group/ChemQuest
5. M. Ishwarya, Samineni, R., Kumar, S. Floating Micro- Technology Institute/ChemQuest
spheres: A Promising Drug Delivery. International 12. Prizmalite website. Prizmalite Microspheres. Powder Coating Research; cgosselin@
Journal of Pharmacy and Parmaceutical Research. https://prizmalite.com/main/microspheres/ chemquest.com; www.chemquest.com.
Dec 2017. 11(1), 375–388. prizmalite-microspheres/ (accessed Aug 1, 2022).

42 | OCTOBER 2022

Microspheres Cynthia Feature-FINAL 2.indd 42 9/20/22 3:49 PM

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 Ti
D I FF E RE N CE S B ET WE E N TH E G R

PIGMENTS IN GLO

INTRODUCTION In architectural paints, titanium paints without grinding the particles

T
dioxide is usually incorporated into in a bead mill. In some cases, paint pro-
itanium dioxide is the most import- wall and ceiling paints, along with other ducers do not have bead mills in their
ant white pigment in waterborne fillers, in the form of slurries and is machine park, so they produce high-
architectural paints. Even though combined with other raw materials. The gloss paints by using a Cowles dissolver.
it is one of the most expensive raw slurries for waterborne paints for walls It is very important that the formulator
materials in the formulation, subject and ceilings are prepared by dispersing of the recipe select the appropriate
to numerous price fluctuations and the primary particles at a high speed type of titanium dioxide for grinding
turbulence related to changes in the with a Cowles dissolver equipped with a in a Cowles dissolver, ensuring proper
hazard classification, titanium dioxide is serrated disc. dispersibility and obtaining the highest
the most effective pigment for providing The appropriate selection of surfac- possible gloss level. The selection
opacity to white and light shades. tants and grinding aids helps separate should be based on data from research
In addition to opacity, the structure, the primary particles so the degree of and case studies prepared in various
surface treatment, and grade of titanium dispersion is sufficient to obtain paints devices to ensure grinding to a level
dioxide pigments are valued in architec- with a semigloss or gloss above 60% at that maximizes gloss in paints with
tural coatings, as described in ASTM D476. 60°. This is usually because latex paint low PVC. It is also very important to
Titanium dioxide in waterborne formulations for walls are prepared by note the type of titanium dioxide used
paints is used in architectural paints, dispersing the primary particles with to produce the level of gloss that was
on wood, and on metal and other sub- other fillers, such as calcium carbonate, achieved with the resulting coating,
strates. Thanks to its very high opacity, nepheline syenite, and quartz, which along with the related characteristics of
it has replaced zinc oxide and barium act as an additional grinding medium hiding power, gloss retention, durability
sulphate in many applications. for the titanium dioxide particles. of the coating against solar radiation
However, to maximize the effective- This result occurs even when the paint and weather conditions.
ness of titanium dioxide pigment in a production process consists of adding
formulation, it must be incorporated separate slurries from each type of filler
into the paint in a specific manner. This TIO2 CLASSIFICATION
in the let-down process and mixing
involves the deagglomeration of the tita- them with a binder and thickeners in an Typically, paint formulators use the
nium dioxide particles; in its commercial increased viscosity of suspension. recommendations of raw material
form, titanium dioxide is a powder with Many types of titanium dioxide can- manufacturers in selecting ingredients
aggregated and agglomerated particles. not be used in high-gloss waterborne partly based on how they can be used

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i
H E G R I N D I N G PROCE SS O F

2
S IN GLOSSY ACRYLIC PAINTS By Artur Palasz,
Spektrochem

in paint. It is similar in the case of tita- of manufacturers of titanium dioxide terms of use in paints with a diverse
nium dioxide. Raw material manufac- pigments. These classifications include range of PVC and paint types in terms of
turers’ recommendations are based on a list of different groups of anatase and gloss, durability of the coating, etc.
the titanium dioxide grades described rutile pigments, which are divided Table 1 shows the classification of tita-
in ASTM D476 and ISO 591-1. according to the TiO2 content and other nium dioxide according to ASTM D476,
Data from these standards can often pigment parameters; in the case of while Table 2 shows the classification
be found in the technical materials ASTM D476, they are also divided in according to ISO 591-1.

TABLE 1—Classification of titanium dioxide pigments according to ASTM D476

CLASSIFICATION TYPE I II III IV V VI VII VIII

Crystal type Anatase    Rutile

Chalking resistance, Free chalking Low-medium Medium High High Medium-high Medium-high Very high
relative
Exterior colored
Interior and Interior and coating and polymer
White exterior Exterior coatings Exterior coatings
Typical end use Low-medium exterior exterior requiring infrared
house paint and High % PVC requiring excellent requiring excellent
application % PVC medium-high low-high reflectance with
interior use durability durability with gloss % PVC % PVC excellent durability

Titanium dioxide (TiO2)

94 92 80 80 90 90 92 92
content, min., %
Specific resistance, 5,000 5,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 5,000 5,000 3,000
min., Ω ∙ cm
Specific gravity 3.8 – 4.0 4.0 – 4.3 3.6 – 4.3 3.6 – 4.3 3.6 – 4.3 3.6 – 4.3 4.0 – 4.3 3.6 – 4.3
45-µm screen
residue, max. 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

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 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE GRINDING PROCESS OF T

The data in Table 1 show which types of levels of acceptable variation in gloss or DISPERSING AND GRINDING
titanium dioxide pigments can be tested other parameters. The ASTM D476 stan-
in each formulation type. When formu- dard only specifies the evaluation of the When used in paint production, titanium
lating high-gloss low-PVC paints, ASTM chalking of the coating after exposure, but dioxide is a ground powder that has
D476 type V is suitable for exterior paint there is no indication of the exposure time, undergone a surface treatment (organic,
application that require excellent dura- and the test procedure is recommended inorganic, or both). Primary titanium
bility with high gloss. When analyzing to be performed against a reference paint dioxide particles, usually about 0.2–0.5
the data from Table 2, it is not possible to with known chalking resistance agreed µm in size, are joined together by edges
suggest which type of R-grade titanium upon between the buyer and seller. and corners to form aggregates, which
dioxide pigment to use for the tests. This causes some inaccuracies as in turn combine to form agglomerates.
Therefore, paint formulators do not usu- the results cannot be translated into Titanium dioxide is dispersed in this form
ally take ISO 591-1 standards into consid- water-based paints. It also makes the during the production of paints, and the
eration when selecting titanium dioxide Type V classification, which indicates grinding processes are designed to break
pigments for testing in their formulations. high durability in glossy coatings, relate down both agglomerates and aggregates.
It should be emphasized, however, to chalking and not to gloss durability Aggregates are created during particle
that the classification of titanium dioxide requirements. formation rather than particle grinding.
pigments, according to ASTM D476, and For this reason, it is very important The calcination process (in the sulphate
the assignment of high durability to the to provide appropriate case studies and process) affects the aggregation of pri-
gloss coating, as for type V, are based on recommendations based on dedicated mary particles, similar to the gas reaction
tests in solvent-based alkyd binder paints laboratory tests in waterborne paint for- phase in the chloride process where tita-
and exposure to natural atmospheric mulations (which supplement the ASTM nium tetrachloride reacts with oxygen.
conditions at an angle of 45° south-facing D476 classification) and to educate The more particles are separated to
Florida outdoor exposure testing. formulators that class V does not mean form primary particles, the more specific
However, these requirements are not durability in terms of gloss retention for surface the titanium dioxide particles
clearly defined, and there are no indicated waterborne paints. will be able to use. This and the surface
treatment of the particles will result in
the most efficient use of the TiO2 and the
TABLE 2—Classification of titanium dioxide pigments according to ISO 591-1
best possible efficacy of its properties.
ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS Particles that are not well ground will
adversely affect not only the appearance
Type A (anatase) Type R (rutile) of inclusions (particles) in the coating,
Characteristic but also a number of additional proper-
A1 A2 R1 R2 R3
ties, ranging from opacity and gloss, and
TiO2 content, % (by mass), min. 98 92 97 90 80 weather resistance. Therefore, a properly
conducted grinding process is crucial.
Matter volatile at 105 °C at point To be agreed between the The agglomerates formed in the liquid
0.5 0.8 0.5
of acceptance, % (by mass) interested parts are called flocculates. They arise in
Matter soluble in water, improperly dispersed and grinded slur-
0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.7 ries, where they are the cause of color
% (by mass) max.
development disorders (rub-out), as well
Residue on sieve (45 µm), 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 as the other problems described above.
% (by mass) max. The grinding process must be carried
out correctly to not only break down
Conditional requirements
agglomerates and aggregates, but also
Color Similar to that of the agreed reference pigment to prevent flocculation during storage of
slurries or titanium dioxide paints, bear-
Scattering power To be agreed between the interested parts
ing in mind that the formulation usually
Matter volatile at 105 °C after also includes other pigments and fillers.
24 h pre-conditioning at The term “dispersing” applies only to
0.5 0.8 0.5 1.5 2.5
(23 ± 2) °C and (50 ± 5)% relative rupturing agglomerates connected to
humidity, % (by mass) max. each other by adhesion forces, and the
term “grinding” usually refers to the
pH of aqueous suspension disintegration of particles joined into
Similar to that of the agreed reference pigment
Oil-absorption value aggregates in which chemical bonds are
broken as a result of the grinding process.
Similar to that Similar to that Upon dispersing, the particle sepa-
of the agreed ration process takes place practically
Resistivity of aqueous extract – reference – of the agreed
reference pigment simultaneously and is divided into three
pigment
interpenetrating stages:

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C E S S O F T I O2 P I G M E N T S I N G L O S S Y A C R Y L I C P A I N T S

FIGURE 1—A pictorial representation of Young equation

1. Wetting of the pigment surface by
liquid ingredients of the mill base
2. Mechanical separation of agglom-
erates into smaller agglomerates
and primary particles
3. Stabilization of primary particles
against flocculation
If any of the above steps are disrupted
or not handled correctly, the degree
of dispersion and grinding will not be
satisfactory.1, 2

Surface treatment seldom been the focus of case studies. the wetting process during the mechan-
Titanium dioxide, depending on the This necessitates extensive testing in ical break-up of agglomerates. 3
surface treatment, is one of the more various formulations, particularly for
dispersible pigments used for the latex paints, where the surface treatment Mechanical deagglomeration
production of paints. The surface sometimes affects the coating's proper- The mechanical deagglomeration of the
treatment of the titanium dioxide is for ties differently than the way it affects the titanium dioxide particles must ensure
this purpose is also very important for properties of solvent-based coatings.1, 2 that the air is replaced by a liquid between
dispersal, especially surface treatments the agglomerates, with the simultaneous
with organic materials. The organic Wetting
supply of surfactants dissolved (in this
surface treatment of titanium dioxide When the agglomerates are placed in the case, in water), thus allowing for their
is carried out at 0.1–0.6% with TMP mill-base liquid (e.g., in water), the liquid further stabilization process.
(1,1,1-Trimethylolpropane). Surface enters the agglomerates on each side. Hence, mechanical grinding processes
treatment can also be carried out with Capillary pressure causes penetration consist in setting the particles, including
the dispersants used in the pigment and and tries to force liquid into all the gaps. agglomerates, in motion by means of a
fillers in the production of paint. Surface The relationship between free surface dissolver disk or grinding elements in
treatment is usually carried out in the energy (gs), interfacial tension between a bead mill. The flow during grinding
final stage of milling the titanium diox- solid (ssl) and liquid, and surface tension should be Newtonian or slightly pseu-
ide and happens in one or two stages. of liquid (gl) increases the contact angle doplastic, which is achieved by adding
Inorganic surface treatment affects (q), which was first described by Thomas special grinding aids to the batch.
the shift of the isoelectric point (IEP, Young as the wetting behavior of the glass Mechanical deagglomeration then
pHIEP, i.e., the pH value at which the surface by mercury, water, and ethanol in becomes the supply of energy which sets
zeta potential is 0), which in turn causes the year 1805. The formula and diagram the particles in motion and their mutual
changes in the properties of titanium shown in Figure 1 are the key to under- collision and rubbing against each other
dioxide in terms of weathering resis- standing the wetting relationship of solids (and with a Cowles dissolver) and addi-
tance, gloss retention, and chalking by liquids, including titanium dioxide. tional rubbing between the beads and
resistance. For example, a surface The liquid filling the spaces between grinding elements in the bead mill. Due
treatment in the range of 0.5% to 4% the agglomerates must overcome the to the high mixing speed and the released
silica increases gloss retention, chalk- opposing pressure of the air between energy as a result of the process is the
ing resistance, and reduces yellowing them. Therefore, the wetting process temperature is controlled by the cooling
and graying. Increasing the level of takes a certain amount of time and is jacket in the dissolver or mill tank. It is
silica surface treatment to 6–11% favors crucial for the correct replacement of recommended that the temperature be
weathering resistance and scattering, any air-filled spaces with liquid. The kept at a level where the decomposition
especially in latex paints. lapse of time for proper wetting can of the raw materials in the dispersed feed
The alumina surface treatment also be replaced by mechanical breaking of does not occur, where biocides are of par-
increases the weathering resistance, and agglomerates, for example, with high- ticular importance, the effectiveness of
the additional zirconium oxide treatment speed impeller mills. which may fall off when the temperature
contributes to the integration of the sur- Otherwise, the deagglomeration rises above 40 °C (104 °F).
face treatment layers. Untreated titanium would have to be done by wetting the During the past 10 years, grinding
dioxide has a specific surface area of 4 pigment overnight (or even longer), machines have operated using homog-
m2/g to 9 m2/g, and after inorganic sur- which could cause re-agglomeration enizers with a rotor-stator grinding
face treatment, it increases to 7–45 m2/g in the liquid and thus, flocculation. element, which generate very high shear
due to the spongy structure provided by To avoid this, in the case of titanium forces. These devices have become very
the precipitated metal oxides. dioxide, surface treatment and surfac- popular and are widely used in the
The effect of surface treatment on tants—the so-called wetting agents that cosmetics industry for the production of
titanium dioxide pigments and their do not allow flocculation—for faster emulsions; however, they are found in
properties in water-based paints has wetting of the particles also accelerate the paint industry more and more often.

PAINT.ORG | 47

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 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE GRINDING PROCESS OF T

Grinding is typically measured in the adsorption of low ions. Bulk migration and graying. This level of surface treat-
paint industry using a Hegman gauge, takes place on the basis of, inter alia, the ment with an amorphous silica, alumina
which is a polished block of stainless pH dependence of zeta potential and, so and organic surface treatment should
steel with a groove or grooves graduated it is very important to use appropriate increase the titanium dioxide particles'
from 0 to 4 mils (8 to 0 Hegman) or less. dispersing agents (dispersants). dispersibility.
This block is used to assess the fineness Depending on the pH range, titanium
of grind in accordance with ASTM dioxide may have a negative charge Formulation and lab-scale paint preparation
D1210, a method in which a special knife (e.g., in the range of pH 7 to 8.5), at The test paints were prepared from
is used to spread the grinded slurry or which point it cannot be stabilized with slurries obtained by grinding the ingre-
paint over the block so the agglomerates anionic polyelectrolytes because they dients in a Cowles dissolver (recipe is
in the grooves can be accessed. The have the same charge. If the charge is shown in Table 5). Dispersing into the
assessment can be made with the naked positive, then the cationic polyelectro- Cowles dissolver was performed using a
eye based on the light reflected in the lytes are not working. Therefore, the serrated disc according to ASTM D6619.
path of the distributed slurry or with the selection of an effective stabilizing sys- Laboratory dissolver geometry: disk
use of automated grindometers, which tem for an environment with a specific diameter D = 56 mm (vessel diameter
enables a computer reading if equipped pH is extremely important. Often the 1.90 D). Dispersion was carried out
with a precise camera and software. use of pH buffering additives is desirable at a circumferential speed of 4.2 m/s
While the deagglomeration of very to prevent the pH drift caused by other (ca. 826 fpm) in a container with a cool-
large agglomerates of titanium dioxide raw materials in the formulation.1, 2, 3 ing jacket, and the temperature during
is possible to assess with a grindometer, dispersion was maintained below 28 °C
grind sizes below ca. 12 µm (less than EXPERIMENTAL (82 °F). Total time of dispersing in the
0.5 mils) are difficult to assess with a Cowles dissolver: 15 minutes.
Hegman gauge, especially by inexpe- Additional case studies of titanium Then the prepared suspension was
rienced laboratory technicians, and dioxide pigments tested in waterborne divided into three parts. The first was
requires the use of grindometers with a paint formulations can supplement the used to let-down and combine with the
much narrower scale (e.g., 0–15 µm). existing technical materials. An experi- formulation ingredients as shown in
ment was conducted to test rutile-grade Table 5. The remaining two portions of
Stabilization against flocculation titanium dioxide pigments, which were slurries were subjected to additional
classified by the manufacturer as type grinding. The first one at the bead mill
In a liquid medium, titanium dioxide V in accordance with ASTM D476, in
particles flocculate due to London-van and the second one at the homogenizer.
paint formulations with low PVC that Grinding in the bead mill was carried
der Waals attractive forces. Stabilization were prepared with slurries grinded
of the pigment is necessary because of out in accordance with the guidelines of
in three laboratory devices: bead mill, ISO 8780-1 (general) and ISO 8780-4 (for
the usefulness of its suspension as a Cowles dissolver, and homogenizer.4, 5, 6
slurry for the preparation of latex paints bead milling) with 1.25 mm-diameter
The aim of the experiment was to check zirconium beads filling 40% by volume of
and also in the paints themselves where to what extent the type of titanium diox-
stability is expected for at least few the laboratory mill tank. Milling was car-
ide used determines the gloss retention of ried out in a vessel with a cooling jacket at
years in the liquid state. the waterborne paint, how the grinding
The stabilization process is just as a speed of 6.0 m/s (ca. 1,180 fpm), which
method affects coating parameters of the kept the temperature during grinding
important, and you can even say that resulting coating, and which method of
it is slightly more important, than the between 21–27 °C (70–81 °F). Milling was
mechanical deagglomeration is the best at carried out for 20 minutes.
mechanical deagglomeration process. achieving the above parameters.
Stabilization against flocculation is The third portion was grinded in an
The focus was on the mechanical IKA® Ultra-Turrax® T18 homogenizer.
achieved when each particle repels the deagglomeration method, without ana-
other particles away, and the repulsive Milling was performed for 4 minutes
lyzing the cases of particle stabilization at a rotor speed of 18,600 rpm, and the
forces overcompensate for the attractive with various auxiliaries. The slurries
dispersion force. batch temperature was kept less than
formulation presented in the paper was 25 °C (77 °F). The short grinding time
The stabilization mechanism against selected to ensure deflocculation stability
flocculation can be divided into three was dictated by the very high speed and
and prevent particle reagglomeration. the difficult-to-control temperature rise
stages:
that happens over a long period, which
1. Electrostatic stabilization Titanium dioxide for studies results in significant evaporation of
2. Entropic (steric) stabilization Type V, rutile-grade titanium dioxide water during grinding.
pigment, which has the characteristics The resulting titanium dioxide suspen-
3. Stabilization by adsorbed inorganic
of the parameters as presented in Table 3 sions using different grind and dispersion
nanoparticles, carrying an electro-
was selected for the case studies. methods were intended to be let down
static charge
The titanium dioxide pigment selected in the paint formulation according to the
Electrostatic stabilization takes place at for the tests was surface-treated in a formulation shown in Table 5.
the time of dissociation of surface groups, moderate manner, which affected gloss The characteristics of the constants
adsorption of large polyelectrolytes, and retention and resistance to yellowing are presented in Table 6.

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C E S S O F T I O2 P I G M E N T S I N G L O S S Y A C R Y L I C P A I N T S

TABLE 3—Titanium dioxide for the case studies

  PROPERTY DATA FROM TECHNICAL DATA SHEET
TiO2 content min. 93 wt %
Median particle size 0.36 µm
Oil absorption 13.9 g/100 g
Amorphous silica 3.0 wt %
Surface treatment Alumina 2.5 wt %
Organic Yes

TABLE 4—Formulation of titanium dioxide slurry

FUNCTION RAW MATERIALS LBS/GAL WT %
Solvent/carrier Tap water 4.361 22.73
Dispersant Disperbyk®-199 0.215 1.12
Defoamer BYK®-1640 0.096 0.50
In-can biocide Acticide® LA 1209 0.038 0.20
White pigment Titanium dioxide (Table 3) 14.336 74.73
HEUR thickener BYK®-7420 ES 0.069 0.36
Mineral thickener Acti-Gel® 208 (20 % in water) 0.068 0.35
Total 19.2 lbs/gal 100 wt %

TABLE 5—Formulation of acrylic gloss paint for case studies

FUNCTION RAW MATERIALS LBS/GAL WT %
Slurry with pigment Titanium dioxide slurry (Table 4) 3.585 33.28
Acrylic binder Axilat 6492
TM
5.540 51.43
In-can biocide Acticide® LA 1209 0.021 0.20
Fungicide Acticide® MKW 2U 0.129 1.20
Coalescing agent K-Flex® 500P 0.222 2.06
Corrosion inhibitor CHE®-COAT LNFA4 0.021 0.20
Mineral thickener Acti-Gel® 208 (20% in water) 0.521 4.84
Solvent Tap water 0.514 4.77
HEUR thickener Viscolam® PS 202 0.019 0.17
Surfactant BYK®-3455 0.068 0.63
HEUR thickener Tafigel® PUR 80 0.133 1.20
Total 10.8 lbs/gal 100 wt %

TABLE 6—Formulation constants

CONSTANTS CALCULATED VALUE
PVC 19.3%
CPVC 62.6%
Q (PVC / CPVC) 0.31
Weight per gallon 10.8 lbs / gal
(P+F) / Ba 0.97
Volume solids 42%
a
Ratio of Pigment plus Filler per Binder PAINT.ORG | 49

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 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE GRINDING PROCESS OF T

Test results FIGURE 2—Spreading rate at 98% contrast ratio

In the field of case studies, a number of
parameters of coatings obtained from
paints prepared with grinded tita-
nium dioxide slurries were assessed in Homogenizer 321
three different ways: bead mill, Cowles
dissolver, and homogenizer. Dry hid-
ing power, wet-to-dry hiding change
(WDHC), gloss of coatings, and changes Cowles dissolver 334
in gloss of coatings after accelerated
artificial exposure in a UV chamber
were assessed. The results are discussed
in the following subsections.
Bead mill 362
Dry Hiding power
The hiding power test was carried out
according to the ASTM D2805 method 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370
by calculating the spreading rate with a Spreading rate, ft2/gal
contrast ratio of 98%. The test was per-
formed on Leneta 2A black-white charts
and the measurements of the contrast TABLE 7—Wet-to-Dry Hiding Change, test results
ratio were taken with the Rhopoint
Instruments Novo-shade Duo+ reflec- PAINT PREPARED SPREADING RATE TO OBTAIN 98% ΔhS WDHC, %
BY GRINDING CONTRAST RATIO
tometer with geometry 0/45.
The test results are shown in Figure 2. TIO2 SLURRY Wet coating Dry coating
The paint prepared from slurries Bead mill 612 ft / gal (15 m / L)
2 2
414 ft / gal (10.2 m2 / L)
2
-8 -32
grinded in the bead mill has the highest
spreading rate at 98% contrast ratio of Cowles dissolver 612 ft2 / gal (15 m2 / L) 341 ft2 / gal (8.4 m2 / L) -12 -44
362 ft 2/gal (8.9 m 2/L). Compared to the Homogenizer 612 ft / gal (15 m / L)
2 2
341 ft / gal (8.4 m / L)
2 2
-12 -44
paint prepared from slurries made by
grinding using the Cowles dissolver, the
bead mill paint had a spreading rate that TABLE 8—Lightening power and color tint test results
was 28 ft 2/gal higher (0.7 m 2/L). When COLOR CHANGES ASTM D2244
painting from a five-gallon container,
the bead mill paint results in 140 ft 2 Cobalt blue pigment PB28 Iron oxide red PR101
COLOR DATA + 3.5 wt % colorant + 1.0 wt. % colorant
(13m 2) more painted surface area than
the Cowles dissolver paint does, while Cowles dissolver Homogenizer Cowles dissolver Homogenizer
maintaining hiding power. ΔL* -0.03 -0.07 0.18 -0.23
On the other hand, compared to
the paint with slurries grinded by the Δa* 0.06 0.04 -0.14 0.13
homogenizer, the paint with slurry with Δb* -0.22 -0.02 -0.03 0.13
bead mill hiding power had a 41 ft 2/gal
higher spreading rate (1 m 2/L), which, ΔE*ab 0.23 0.09 0.23 0.29
when painting with a five-gallon con-
tainer, results in an additional 205 ft 2
cards and evaluated with a 98% con- rate have a contrast ratio of 98%. After
(19 m 2) of painted surface area.
trast ratio reference coating, both wet the paint strips have dried and the dry
The dry hiding power results clearly
and dry. hiding index has been marked, there is
show the differences in the impact of
The difference in the wet-to-dry a clear change in hiding power towards
the grinding three devices used during
spreading rate coefficients defines the weakening of the dry hiding index
the process.
WDHC as Dhs (the difference in the (hence, the negative signs in the WDHC
hiding index of a paint between the wet column). This weakness is identical
Wet-to-Dry Hiding Change (WDHC)
and the dry state, expressed in logicator for the samples grinded in the Cowles
The WDHC test was carried out in units, or LU.) and the percentage differ- dissolver and homogenizer and is 341
accordance with ASTM D5007 with ence WDHC. The test results are shown ft 2/gal (WDHC -44%). The paint sample
a Leneta TG19 logicator allowing the in Table 7. prepared from the bead mill slurry
application of paint strips at a defined All paints show an identical wet- grind has a spreading rate of 414 ft 2/gal
spreading rate. Coatings were applied hiding index of 612 ft 2/gal, which means (WDHC -32%), which ensures a dry film
to black and white chevron-pattern that wet paint strips at this spreading with a contrast ratio of 98%.

50 | OCTOBER 2022

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C E S S O F T I O2 P I G M E N T S I N G L O S S Y A C R Y L I C P A I N T S

Lightening power exposure to a UV chamber. The mea- Artificial accelerated weathering exposure
In order to evaluate the influence of the surement results are shown in Figure 3. The evaluation of the resistance of the
titanium dioxide grinding process on tint- Coatings at an angle of 60° meet the coatings was carried out in the QUV
ing, two sets of samples with colorants MPI criteria for gloss level 6 only for chamber. Gloss was used as the indicator
(pigment concentrates) were prepared. bead mill paints and homogenizer. The of any changes, because it is the most
Colorants from the Colanyl® 500 series by fulfillment of these requirements, how- important criterion in this project for clas-
Clariant® were used for lightening power: ever, is on the verge, slightly above the sifying which type of titanium dioxide,
3.5 wt % Oxide Blue COR 530 (cobalt level of the required gloss. The coating when used in a formulation, creates suit-
oxide blue PB28) and 1.0 wt % Oxide Red obtained from the paint prepared with able waterborne gloss paint. The exposure
B 530 (iron oxide red PR101). slurry with Cowles dissolver is close was performed according to ASTM G154
Tinted paints were applied to BYK to the required level, but below 70%, cycle 6 in the run as in Table 9.
cards to evaluate the tristimulus coordi- which in this case disqualifies it as a Cycle 6 has been deliberately selected
nates after drying. L* a* b* measurements coating that can be classified as gloss, for display, because it is one of the most
were made using a Konica Minolta® but only semigloss (MPI gloss level 5, at stringent tests in terms of irradiance (1.55
CM-2500d (d/8) spectrophotometer with 60° between 35% and 70%). W/m2 at 340 nm) and the ultraviolet dose
an illuminate D65 and 10° observer (SCI— Of course, in this case, it can be said that the coating takes in order to observe
specular gloss included). Calculation that we are talking about an average whether the gloss retention will be
of the change in color coordinates was result for coatings prepared with a satisfactory enough to be able to classify
made according to ASTM D2244 and the certain margin of error, however, for the the used titanium dioxide as a Type V for
results are shown in Table 8. purposes of this project, it was found high durability gloss waterborne coatings.
The evaluation was performed using that the coating does not meet the gloss Exposure to radiation from UVB-
bead mill coatings as reference points (so level 6 criterion. 313 lamps, which are used in tests of
the changes in color coordinates were Figure 3 also shows the gloss values coatings with even higher durability
measured in relation to them). Coatings at 20°, i.e., at the angle which gives the requirements, was not carried out in the
tinted with cobalt oxide blue pigment greatest specular gloss impression. The project; however, due to the presence
concentrate show a noticeable difference results clearly show that the highest gloss of radiation in their spectrum outside
in readings, with calculations of DE*ab = at an angle of 20° came from the bead the range from the sun, a higher dose of
0.23 for the Cowles dissolver and 0.09 for mill paint (about 17% higher than that of ultraviolet from the UVA-340 lamps was
the homogenizer. the Cowles dissolver and homogenizer deliberately chosen.
It is true that the differences in the paints). Sheen at 85° was only allowed to Gloss assessments were made after
shade are so insignificant that they be interpreted in the context of changes 250 h and after 500 h with a gloss meter
are not visible to the naked eye, while after exposure to a UV chamber. as noted above in accordance with
measurements taken with the spectro-
photometer showed a clear difference, TABLE 9—The course of exposure of coatings in the UV chamber
demonstrating the effect of the grinding EXPOSURE CYCLE UV LAMPS AND IRRADIANCE @340 nm TOTAL DURATION
method on lightening power. In the case
of samples with iron oxide red, the DE*ab 8 h UV at 60 °C UVA-340, 1.55 W / m2
500 h
values are practically identical at 0.23 4 h condensation at 50 °C Dark cycle
and 0.29 respectively, which also makes
them invisible to the naked eye, but they FIGURE 3—Specular gloss differences
show a drift compared to the tinted ref-
erence coating with the bead mill slurry. 100.0
87.4 85.1 89.4
Gloss
80.0 73.0
The gloss of the coatings was measured 69.3 71.0
on BYK charts and on Q-Panel A-36 pan-
Specular gloss

els to which paints were applied using 60.0

an applicator with a 7-mil gap. The gloss 40.4
was measured with a Novo-gloss Trio 40.0 32.7 33.3
glossmeter by Rhopoint Instruments in
accordance with ASTM D523.
20.0
The intent was to obtain coatings
with a gloss that would allow classifica-
tion of the paints in MPI gloss level 6 0.0
(gloss), which means gloss at 60° above 20° 60° 85°
70%, according to criteria MPI #114 and Measure at an angle
#119. Measurements were also made
at 20° and at 85° to further evaluate Bead mill Cowles dissolver Homogenizer
and analyze the change in gloss after

PAINT.ORG | 51

Palasz Waterborne Feature_Final.indd 51 9/22/22 1:59 PM

 20° 60° 85°
250 hrs 500 hrs 250 hrs 500 hrs 250 hrs 500 hrs
0.0

Dgloss after QUV exposure

-10.0
-12.5
-14.7
-20.0 -17.2 -18.3
-21.6 -18.8
-23.1 -24.0
-23.6 -24.5
-30.0 -27.9
-29.1
-32.0 -31.3
-34.2 -35.3 -35.3
-40.0
The very strong cycle of exposure to
-50.0
-43.6 UV radiation has shown that the coat-
ings do not show good gloss retention,
Bead mill Cowles dissolver Homogenizer
despite a short exposure even after 250
hours. The greatest decrease in gloss
FIGURE 4—Change in gloss after exposure in the QUV chamber
was observed for the bead mill samples,
which in other tests were characterized
ASTM D523. The gloss-change results energetic—no better dry hiding power by the best results, equated with the
as Dgloss are shown in Figure 4. was obtained and was even worse than in highest degree of deagglomeration. This
The gloss loss is extremely high for the Cowles dissolver. It is assumed that also contributed to the highest exposure
any coating. The highest gloss loss at this may be due to high-shear forces and of titanium dioxide surface treatment
60° can be observed for the bead mill damage to the primary particles or the to UV radiation, which in turn proved
coating, both after 250 h (48% gloss disintegration of the surface treatment on by testing that there is a serious risk of
reduction) and after 500 h (60% gloss the titanium dioxide particles. the application of this grade of titanium
reduction). The Cowles dissolver and Regarding WDHC, a better result is dioxide in high durability gloss coatings
homogenizer coatings also show a very shown for the sample prepared from and classification of the pigment as grade
large decrease, however, ranging from slurry grinded in the bead mill. This is V according to ASTM D476; this is despite
35% to 41% after 250 h and ranging from further evidence that the preparation of the fact that this pigment only has this
40% to 44% after 500 h. slurries at the bead mill allows for a bet- classification in solventborne systems in
Such a decrease in gloss means that the ter separation of primary particles from terms of resistance to chalking.
coatings that had the initial gloss classi- agglomerated forms, although titanium This research work proved the necessity
fication at 60° in the level 6 range, after dioxide is not a favorite when it comes to to conduct deliberate and extensive tests of
exposure, already have a gloss at 60° from prime pigments or extender pigments to titanium dioxide as pigments for coatings
about 38 to 42 after 250 h, which classifies improve wet-hiding power. of water-based paints, especially those that
them in the gloss level 5 category (semi- Lightening power showed differ- are to be characterized by high durability
gloss). After 500 h, the bead mill coatings ences in tinting strength but were so of the coatings. This research proved that
showed a gloss of 29.4, which means that small they were only noticeable with a it is necessary to conduct deliberate and
the classification is downgraded to gloss spectrophotometer. It should be remem- extensive tests of titanium dioxide used
level 3–4 (low sheen), where the criteria bered that such slight differences are in pigments for coatings of water-based
for a 60° angle describe a gloss in the the result of the use of only pigment and paints; this is especially important for
range of 10–35. After 500 h, the Cowles filler in the form of titanium dioxide, coatings that will be deemed highly dura-
dissolver and homogenizer still main- which is present in a large amount ble. These tests will help ensure customer
tained a gloss of 40 at an angle of 60°. compared to the pigments in the form of satisfaction and save customers money on
The 20° gloss variation is also extremely pigment concentrates (colorants) used recoating costs.
large for all samples, ranging from 70% to in the tests. It should be expected that
85%. On the other hand, at the 85° angle, these differences could be magnified in
References
the sheen of the coatings decreased by the case of paints with a lower content 1. Winkler, J. Titanium Dioxide. Vincentz, 2003.
about 15–20% both after 250 h and after of titanium dioxide and other colorants. 2. Winkler, J. Dispersing Pigments and Fillers. Vincentz, 2012.
500 h for the Cowles dissolver and homog- The influence of the grinding process 3. Heilen, W., et. al. Additives for Waterborne Coatings.
enizer coatings, while by 40%, there was a on the gloss is also noticeable. Waterborne Vincentz, 2009.
deduction of sheen for bead mill coatings, paints based on acrylic polymer disper-
4. Palasz, A. Methods of determining the classification of
which means that these coatings under- sion are less likely to obtain a high gloss
titanium dioxide in accordance with ASTM D476 and recom-
went the greatest decrease the sheen compared to solvent-borne paints. Never- mending its use in waterborne architectural paints. Polymer
towards the flat. theless, a gloss was obtained here, with Paint Color Journal, TiO2 Buyer’s Guide. December 2021.
the assumed PVC, meeting the MPI
criteria in the range of level 6. This level 5. Titanium dioxide comparisons in architectural paints,
CONCLUSIONS research work results made by Spektrochem R&D Lab
was achieved only for samples that were
The obtained results clearly show that the (unpublished), 2021.
subjected to high energy grinding, in this
deagglomeration of particles takes place case, the bead mill and homogenizer. 6. Palasz, A. Influence of the surface treatment of titanium
much more effectively in the bead mill The coatings exposure tests in the white on its properties in dispersion paints for wood and
than in the Cowles dissolver or homog- for exterior masonry. Technical papers of 10th Spektro-
chamber showed unequivocally that the
enizer, which causes the breakdown chem Seminar (Poland), 2018.
coatings showed a drastic decrease in
of agglomerates and aggregates into gloss. Of course, it should be remembered
primary particles much more efficiently, that this is an exposure in a chamber
and due to the greater degree of particle that simulates only ultraviolet radiation, ARTUR PALASZ is R&D director at
separation of titanium dioxide ground in but it has been adopted as a criterion for Spektrochem, Spektrochem,
the bead mill, its hiding power is stronger. assessing the durability of coatings and 15 Dabrowskiej Str., Tarnobrzeg 39-400,
It is surprising that in the homogenizer— is recommended for testing coatings and Poland. Email: [email protected].
in which the shear forces are even more other materials in terms of durability.

52 | OCTOBER 2022

Palasz Waterborne Feature_Final.indd 52 9/22/22 1:59 PM

 New Products

Pigment with Anti-Fading Effect

ECKART has launched EDELSTEIN Sapphire Blue, its first
pigment with an anti-fading effect. According to the company,
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high chemical resistance, and 10-year shelf life, the company
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It can be processed in all systems, coating technologies,
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extra weather and moisture resistance as well as intercoat
adhesion. Visit www.eckart.net to learn more.
COURTESY OF ECKART

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individual Science and Technology of AND TECHNICAL TEXTILES
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© COURTESY OF TEXENE

These workshops are offered as “com- Effects Collection. The new powder
mon site” (professionals from different coating collection features 11 special
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lem solving. EPCEd partners have more including special effect powders and

PAINT.ORG | 53

New Products_Replacement.indd 53 10/31/22 2:55 PM

 Sponsored by ACA
Calendar of Events (ACA webinar details: www.paint.org/aca-events/webinars/)

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Calendar.indd 54 9/21/22 5:27 PM

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06  YK Additives
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16
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INSIDE BACK COVER, 08, 09, 33 22

Texene LLC
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A
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www.paint.org/ctc-2023 Emulsion Polymers Consulting
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 Inside Innovation

©ADOBESTOCK | DOTTEDYETI

3D Construction Printing and the Coatings Market

By Victoria Scarborough, Ph.D., The ChemQuest Group

C
ementitious 3D construction printing (3DCP), or 3D concrete
printing, is a form of additive manufacturing used to fabricate
buildings or construction components in new shapes not pre-
viously possible with traditional concrete work.
The global 3DCP market doubled during the past year, driven
by the high demand from the infrastructure and building markets.
Construction using 3DCP may solve several key problems as com-
panies are facing challenges with workforce shortages, high labor
costs, poor construction quality and safety issues, demand for less
jobsite waste, and an increased demand for greener buildings.
Global government investments have resulted in active
promotion of 3DCP for faster, less expensive production of
energy-efficient buildings in areas where there are housing Source: www.alquist3d.com
shortages. The U.S. Department of Defense is deploying 3D
construction printers for construction of training centers and Concrete extrusion is the primary method used for
emergency response areas, for example, and companies such as printing buildings and homes. In this technique, material
ICON Technology Inc. have been awarded funding from NASA is extruded from a nozzle mounted on a crane, gantry, or a
to conduct space-based construction projects for the moon. 6-axes robotic-arm to print a structure layer by layer. The
Habitat for Humanity recently completed a 1,200-square- extrusion-based technique is mainly employed for on-site
foot, three-bedroom, two-bathroom concrete structure that construction applications and allows the usage of conven-
can withstand hurricanes and tornados and was constructed tional construction materials such as concrete, geopoly-
in just 12 hours. The new homeowner also received a personal mer, cement, plaster, and clay.
3D printer that allows them to reprint objects such as electri- The extruded material may also contain additives such
cal outlets and cabinet knobs. as carbon or glass-milled fibers for adding strength, and
defoamers or colorants, for example. In addition, eco-
friendly forms of concrete are under development by many
universities and small companies to reduce their carbon
footprints.
Coatings industry raw material suppliers and manufac-
turers of paints, sealants, and cementitious fillers will see
a change in the number of products needed in this market.
Concrete coatings use will increase over time and change
the product mix as more 3DCP technology is deployed into
the built environment. Cement- and mineral-based paints
as well as those containing photocatalytic TiO2, used for
self-cleaning concrete, could be developed as new products
for this market. Companies such as Sika Inc. have formed a
Source: Habitat for Humanity division devoted to 3D Printing Concrete and are position-
ing themselves for large-scale industrial projects.
The project was completed with the help of Alquist 3D, a con- As one of the fastest growing new technologies, it’s easy
struction start-up company that announced plans to build 200 to see the 3D concrete printing market is attracting signif-
more homes in an underserved rural region of Virginia. According icant attention and resources that will affect global mar-
to the company, constructions costs are 15-25% less than using kets and products, including paints and coatings. Getting
traditional building methods. Similar 3DCP construction projects involved now will allow for trial-and-error learning that
are ongoing in many areas of the United States and the world to drives good business growth in the future.
build new homes in record time and at competitive costs.

Victoria Scarborough, Ph.D., is vice president, collaborative innovation, at The ChemQuest Group, Inc., and ChemQuest Technology Institute.
Email: [email protected] and phone: 330-998-5483.

56 | OCTOBER 2022

Inside Innovation.indd 56 9/20/22 4:13 PM

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