Elements of Art

1. Lines
- The basic part of any design
- Creates an illusion of height and width
a. Straight Lines:
I. Horizontal - drawn from left to right; gives the impression of
“shorter” and “heavier”
II. Vertical - drawn downward; gives the impression of height
III. Oblique/Diagonal - inclined strokes (left/right) downward
b. Curved Lines
- Drawn downward; lines that changed direction gradually
c. Broken Lines
- Lines that are not continuous; series of dashes
d. Zigzag Lines
- Combination of diagonal lines
2. Shape
- Two-dimensional
- Enclosed space made with connecting lines
- geometric, organic, abstract, or symbolic
a. Geometric
- Square
- Circle
- triangle
b. Organic
- Heart
- Cylinder
- flower
c. Abstract or Symbolic
- Heart-love
- skull-death
3. Form
- 3D objects
- Have length, height, width, and depth
- Can be viewed from different angles
4. Texture
- The way things look or feel
- Appeals strongly to the sense of touch, whether it is coarse, fine, smooth,
rough, sleek, glossy, and slippery
- Affects the color and apparent size of the design
- Rough texture dulls the color and smooth texture intensifies the hue.
Elements of Design
1. Color
- Gives life
- Created when light hits an object and it reflects to the eyes
 I. Primary Colors
- 3 pigmented colors that cannot be mixed with any
combination of other colors
- All other colors are derived from these 3 hue:
a. Red
b. Yellow
c. Blue

II. Secondary Colors

- This can be achieved by adding primary colors
a. Orange
b. Green
c. Violet

III. Tertiary/Intermediate Colors

- This can be achieved by combining primary and secondary
colors
a. yellow -orange
b. Yellow-green
c. Red-violet
d. Red-orange
e. Blue-green
f. Blue-violet
Technical Terms
1. Hue
- Fundamental quality of color
2. Intensity
- Brightness and dullness
a. Tones - adding gray
3. Value
- Lightness and darkness
a. Tint - adding of white
b. Shades - adding black
Color Wheel
- The basic tool for combining colors
- Designed so that virtually, any colors you pick from it will look good together
1. Monochromatic Color Harmony
- Uses the same color in different values and intensity
2. Adjacent Color Harmony
- Neighbor color
- katabi
3. Complementary Color Harmony
- Opposite to each other
- katapat
 4. Split-Complementary Color Harmony
- Variation of complementary color
- Katabi ng katapat
5. Triadic Color Harmony
- Uses colors that are even in space around the color wheel.
- Tatlong spaces mula sa color

Principles of Design
1. Balance
- A proper and satisfactory arrangement of various elements in a design
- Visual equilibrium
- Identical on both sides
a. Formal/Symmetrical Balance
- Mirror-like images
- Centrally places like Seasaw
b. Informal/Asymmetrical Balance
- Contrast
- unequal
c. Radial Balance
- Sunburst
- Radiate from the central part
2. Proportion
- Relative size and scale
- Uneven space relationships are more interesting than even ones
3. Emphasis
- Focal point “center of attention”
4. Harmony/Unity
- When design elements and principles complement each other
5. Rhythm
- Created by repeated use of design
- Creates a visual sense of movement
a. Repetition or Pattern
- the same motif of design
b. Progression/Gradation
- Gradual increase or decrease
c. Radiation/Transition
- The gradual flow of an accent or design creates movement
- Radiated lines
Mechanical Drafting
- Process of making accurate drawings using drawing tools and instrument
Definition of Terms
1. Drawing
- Diagram made of lines
- Graphic representation of a real thing
- Design for production or construction
2. Assembly Drawing
- Shows how different parts go together
3. Detailed Drawing
- Showing a single part of a machine
4. Orthographic Drawing
- Presented into two or more views
- Different views
5. Pictorial View
- Showing 3 faces of an object
a. Isometric
b. Simetric
c. Trimetric
6. Geometrical Construction
- Process wherein geometric problems are solved accurately in mechanical
drawings
7. Sketch
- Quickly executed freehand drawing
8. Logo
- Symbol; to identify

Drafting Materials And Tools

I. Drawing Paper
- Hard and soft surface drawing
II. Masking Tape
- Fastening the drawing paper
- Does not damage the board and paper if it is removed by pulling it off.
III. Pencil Sharpener
- Sharpening the tip of the pencil
- Pencils should be whenever they show signs of dullness
IV. Eraser
- Clean the dirt off
a. Soft eraser
- Removing smudges
b. Hard eraser
- Removing errors
 V. Drawing pencil
- Comes in various grades
- Depends on the quality of paper to be used
a. Hard Pencils - extreme accuracy
b. Medium Pencils - general purpose
c. Soft Pencils - used in mechanical drafting.

VI. Erasing Sheild

- Metal with irregular holes
- Protect the rest of the drawing when cleaning smudges
Drawing Instruments

I. Triangular Scales
- generally used when reproducing a drawing in an enlarged or reduced form to
some regular proportion.
II. T-Square
- Drawing instruments when making horizontal lines
a. Fixed head - fastened to the blade
b. Movable head or Adjustable Head - occasional drawing
c. Detachable Head or Removable Head - comfort when carrying T-square
III. Triangles
- Making vertical and diagonal lines
a. 30 deg x 60 deg
b. 45 deg x 45 deg

IV. Compass
- Used when drawing arcs and circles
- Composed of one with a pen leg and the needlepoint leg being held together with
a handle
V. Divider
- Used when transferring measurements, dividing lines and arcs into the desired
number of equal parts
- Can easily transfer accurate measurements by adjusting the divider points
VI. Protractor
- Semi-circular instrument divided into 180 equal parts, each of which is called a
degree
- Used to determine gradations of the degrees when measuring arcs, angles, and
circles.
Mechanical Drafting
- process of making accurate drawings using drawing tools and equipment
Definition of terms
1. Drawing
- graphic representation of a real thing
- Design for production or construction
 2. Assembly Drawing
- Shows how different part go together
3. Detailed Drawing
- Showing single part of machine
4. Orthographic Drawing
- Object presented into two or more views by projecting the outline into the planes
of projection
5. Pictorial View
- Presentation of an object where it is viewed showing the three faces of an object
6. Geometrical Construction
- Geometric problems are solved accurately in mechanical drawings
7. Sketch
- Quickly executed freehand drawing that is not intended as a finish work
8. Logo
-symbol or other design adopted by an organization to identify

Drafting materials and tools

1. Drawing Paper
- Hard and soft surface drawing papers are highly recommended to be the best
2. Making tape
- Fastening paper on the table
- Don’t make any damage
3. Pencil Sharpener
- Shrapening the tip of the pencil
- Pencils should be sharpened whenever the show sign of dullness
4. Eraser
- Use to clean the dirt off the drawing
a. Soft eraser
- Removing smudges and pencil marks
b. Hard eraser
- Making changes and correcting error
5. Drawing Pencil
- Most important tool in drawing
- Comes in various grades; grades depend on quality of paper to be used
a. Hard pencils
- extreme accuracy is required especially working on graphs,
diagrams and charts.

b. Medium Pencils
- general purpose work in drawing.
c. Soft pencils
- too soft to be used in mechanical drafting. They are very useful for
art work of various kinds.
 6. Erasing Sheild
- made up of metal with irregular holes.
- use to protect the rest of the drawing when clearing up smudges, unnecessary
pencil lines and other erasures.

Drawing Instruments
1. Triangular scales
- Used when reproducing a drawing in an enlarged or reduced form to some
regular proportion.
2. T-square
- It is a drawing instrument used when making horizontal lines.
- It is also used for guiding triangles when drawing vertical lines.
a. Fixed Head
- Fastened to the blade. It is used for ordinary work.
b. Movable or Adjustable head
- only for occasional drawing.
c. Detachable head or removable head
- designed for comfort when carrying the T-square.
3. Triangles
- Making vertical or diagonal lines
a. 30 degrees x 60 degrees
b. 45 degrees x 45 degrees
4. Compass
- drawing arcs and circles
- composed of one with the pen leg and the needle point leg being held together
with a handle.
5. Divider
- Transferring measurements, dividing lines and arcs into the desired number of
equal parts.
- easily transfer accurate measurements by adjusting the divider points.
6. Protractor
- Semi-circular instrument divided into 180 equal parts, each of which is called a
degree.
- Determine gradations of the degrees when measuring arcs, angles and circles.

Metric and English Measurements

TRADE MATHEMATICS MEASUREMENT

- Measuring accurately is a skill that should be developed. Inaccurate measurement would
mean waste of time, effort and materials. The development of the skill in measuring
starts with the ability to read measurement
- An orthographic or pictorial view of an object cannot be used as a working guide in the
construction of an object without complete and accurate dimensions indicated in the
drawing.
Two systems of measurement
- the English system which originated in England; and
- the Metric system or Systems International (S.I) which originated in France.
basic unit in the Systems International measurement is called the meter. The meter is divided
into 100 centimeters. Each centimeter is divided into 10 millimeters.

the English system, the inch is divided into 16 gradations and the smallest gradation is read
1/16.
• To read measurement exceeding 1 inch say 2” and for smaller gradations, it is read and written
as: 2” 4/16 or 2 1⁄4.
• 1 foot + 2 inches + 3 smaller graduations, it is read and written as: 14” 3/16

METRIC SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT

1 cm 10 mm

1m 100cm

1km 1000m

ENGLISH SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT

1 ft 12 in

1 yd 3 ft
Lettering
Freehand Lettering
- umbrella term that covers the art of drawing letters, instead of simply writing
them.
- It is considered an art form, where each letter in a phrase or quote acts as an
illustration.
Lettering
- process by which letters, including numbers, are composed for providing ease and
speed in communicating ideas
- considered as the written language of the drafting industry.
- letters in the present-day alphabet originated from the ancient Egyptians as evidenced
by their Egyptian hieroglyphics or hieratic writing
- they underwent some changes made by the Phoenicians, the Greeks, and the Romans
- Romans were the ones who gave the form of the letters from which the existing letters in
the alphabet were derived.
Guidelines
- shows the use of light pencil lines
- ensures consistency in the size of the letter characters

- lettering consists of capitals, draw only the cap line and base line
- lowercase letters are included as well, draw the waist and drop line.
- waist line indicates the upper limit of the lowercase letters.

Ascender – is the part of the lowercase letter that extends above the body of the letter. For
example, the dot portion of the character i. All ascenders are as high as the caps.
Descender – is the part of the lowercase letter that extends below the body of the letter. For
example, the tail of the character g. The drop line indicates the lower limit of the lowercase
letters.

- To help you keep your lettering vertical, construct vertical guidelines, spaced at random
along the horizontal guidelines.
- For inclined lettering, lay off lines inclined at the angle you wish your lettering to be
slanted.
Styles of Letter
Parts of lettering
1. Gothic
- simplest style to make and the easiest to read on a drawing.
- Single-stroke means that each stroke of the letter is made by one stroke of the
pencil.
- classified as single-stroke, round, and gold.
- plainest and most legible among the styles of letters.
- commonly used in billboard signs, posters, and car cards.
2. Roman
- all letters having “accented” strokes or are made up of a thick and thin elements.
3. Old English Text
- includes all types of Old English texts, like the Church text, Block text, and
German text.
- It is widely used today in diplomas, certificates, Bibles, land titles, and wedding
invitations.
4. Italic
- slanted letters used in the heading of newspapers, columns, and advertisements.
They could be Roman or Gothic Italic.
5. Script
- writings of the ordinary cursive form commonly used in wedding invitations,
diplomas, certificates, and Christmas cards.
Basic Lettering Strokes
1. Straight Line Capital

2. Curved and Straight-line combinations

 3. Lowercase letters

Essential Parts of Lettering

1. Stem
- Horizontal and vertical units of the letter
2. Swash Line
- Oblique part
3. The Lobe
- Curved part

Geometric Construction
- process wherein geometric problems are solved accurately in mechanical drawings.

Things to Remember in Drawing Geometric Figures

1. Accuracy is important in drawing geometric figures.
2. Use medium hard lead for both pencil and compass points.
3. Construction lines should be drawn very lightly and should barely be visible when the
drawing is held at arm’s length.
4. All given and required lines should be drawn medium to thin and dark.

Geometric Figures

1. Point
- A point represents a location in a particular space on a given drawing.
- A point has no height, width, and depth.
- A point may be made by any of the following.
2. Line
- A line refers to the shortest distance between two points.
- It has no breadth but it has length.
- Lines may be vertical, diagonal, horizontal, perpendicular, parallel, and sloping.
3. Angle
- An angle is formed by two intersecting lines.
4. Triangle
- A triangle refers to a plane bounded by three straight sides and the sum of the interior
angles is always 180 degrees.
Kinds of triangle
1. Equilateral Triangle
- A triangle wherein all sides are equal and its angles are also equal.
2. Isosceles Triangle
- A triangle whose two sides and the two included angles are equal.
3. Scalene Triangle
- A triangle wherein no sides or angles are equal.
4. Right Triangle
- A triangle that has one angle equal to 90 degrees.
5. Quadrilaterals
- Quadrilaterals are plane figures bounded by four straight lines.
- Whenever two opposite sides are parallel, the quadrilateral is referred to as
parallelogram.
Kinds of Quadrilateral
1. Square
- A quadrilateral whose four sides are equal and whose angles are
all right angles.
2. Rectangle
- A quadrilateral whose two opposite sides are equal and whose
angles are all right angles.
3. Rhombus
- A quadrilateral whose sides are equal and whose opposite sides
angles, which may not be right angles, are also equal.
4. Rhomboid
- A quadrilateral with two opposite sides equal and with two angles,
which may be other than right angles,equal.
5. Trapezoid
- A plane figure with two parallel sides and angles are not equal.
6. Trapezium
- A plane figure, all the sides and angles of which are not equal.
6. Polygons
- Polygons are plane figures bounded by straight lines.
- A polygon that has equal sides and angles is called a regular polygon.
- This may be inscribed or circumscribed in a given circle.
- Inscribing is done by constructing a figure inside the figure of a circle as shown
below.
- On the other hand, circumscribing is made by constructing a figure outside the
circle as shown below.
Kinds of polygon
1. Pentagon
- 5 sides
2. Hexagon
- 6 sides
3. Heptagon
- 7 sides
4. Octagon
- 8 sides

7. Circle
- A circle is a plane figure bounded by a circumference, all points of which are
equidistant from the common center.
- The distance around the circle is referred to as the circumference.
- Any taken part of circumference is called an arc.
Terms used in circle: