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4 Transducers2 - Disp Sensors

This document discusses different types of sensors that can be used to measure displacement, including resistive, inductive, capacitive, and piezoelectric sensors. Resistive sensors include potentiometers, strain gauges, and Wheatstone bridges. Inductive sensors can measure displacement by varying coil parameters. Capacitive sensors relate capacitance to the distance between plates. Piezoelectric sensors generate charge when deformed due to reorientation of atomic charges. Each sensor type detects displacement through different underlying physical phenomena.

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Roberto Figueroa
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
18 views

4 Transducers2 - Disp Sensors

This document discusses different types of sensors that can be used to measure displacement, including resistive, inductive, capacitive, and piezoelectric sensors. Resistive sensors include potentiometers, strain gauges, and Wheatstone bridges. Inductive sensors can measure displacement by varying coil parameters. Capacitive sensors relate capacitance to the distance between plates. Piezoelectric sensors generate charge when deformed due to reorientation of atomic charges. Each sensor type detects displacement through different underlying physical phenomena.

Uploaded by

Roberto Figueroa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BIOINSTRUMENTATION

PhD. José Daniel Pinzón


Vivas

SENSORS
DISPLACEMENT MEASUREMENTS
•To measure the displacement of a
variable we can use direct or indirect
measurements with different methods:

➢Resistive, inductive, capacitive and


piezoelectric.
RESISTIVE SENSORS
•Potentiometers can be used to
measure linear or angular
displacement.
•The change in displacement
produces a resistance change, which
produces a change in the output
voltage.
RESISTIVE SENSORS
RESISTIVE SENSORS

• Another way to measure


displacement resistively is
with an extensometer
(strain gage).
• It consists of a cable that
changes resistance when
deformed.
RESISTIVE SENSORS
• The strain gauge is very sensitive to
displacement changes. In the
nanometers order.
• The tension changes the area,
which produces a change in
resistance.
RESISTIVE SENSORS
• Different patterns are more sensitive in different directions.
RESISTIVE SENSORS

• The strain gauge can also be used to measure


pressure changes.
RESISTIVE SENSORS
• Because the resistance
changes of a strain
gauge are usually small,
resistive bridges are
used to improve
measurement.
• The Wheatstone bridge
is ideal for measuring
small changes in
resistance.
RESISTIVE SENSORS
𝑅1 𝑅4
• Originally, if the bridge is balanced ( = )there is no
𝑅2 𝑅3
voltage difference.
• Assuming equal resistance, a change ∆𝑅 in all resistors still
𝑅1 +∆𝑅 𝑅4 +∆𝑅
results in a balanced system ( = ).
𝑅2 +∆𝑅 𝑅3 +∆𝑅
• However, if resistors 1 and 3 increase their value, while 2 and
𝑅1 +∆𝑅 𝑅4 −∆𝑅
4 decrease ≠ , Then we will have a voltage
𝑅2 −∆𝑅 𝑅3 +∆𝑅
difference.
∆𝑅
∆𝑣𝑜 = 𝑣𝑖
𝑅0
INDUCTIVE SENSORS

• Inductive sensors can also be used to


measure changes in displacement, if we vary
some of the parameters of the winding.
2
𝐿 = 𝑛 𝐺𝜇
• Where n is the number of turns of the coil, G is
the geometric form factor, and µ is the
effective permeability of the medium.
INDUCTIVE SENSORS

•Self-inductance
INDUCTIVE SENSORS

•Mutual inductance
INDUCTIVE SENSORS

•Differential transformer
CAPACITIVE SENSORS

• Capacitive sensors allow us to measure distance 𝑥


between two plates of area A with permeability 𝜀.
𝐴
𝐶=𝜀
𝑥
• Although we can change the capacitance by
varying any of the three parameters, the easiest
method to measure displacement is by calculating
the separation between the plates.
CAPACITIVE SENSORS

• The change of capacitance with respect to


distance can be found deriving.
Δ𝐶 𝐴
= −𝜀 2
Δ𝑥 𝑥
• Substituting C, and simplifying, we can see that the
percentage change in C is proportional to the
percentage change in 𝑥.
𝑑𝐶 𝑑𝑥
=−
𝐶 𝑥
CAPACITIVE SENSORS
• The following circuit allows
you to measure dynamic
displacement changes.
• If there is no displacement,
v1 = E and v0 = 0.
• A change in distance will
produce a change in
output given by vo = v1-E.
• Change is only detectable
if it happens quickly.
CAPACITIVE SENSORS
• The above circuit behaves like a high pass filter with 𝜏 =
𝐴
𝑅𝐶 = 𝑅𝜀 .
𝑥0
• For example, if R = 100 MΩ, A = 1 cm2, permeability is
8.854x10-12, and the initial distance x0 is 11.0675 𝜇m.
• The initial capacitance will be:
8.854 × 10−12 1 × 10−4 𝑚 −12 = 80 𝑝𝐹
𝐶= = 80 × 10
11.0675 × 10−6 𝑚
• Therefore the filter will only pass frequencies greater than
1/2πRC = 19.9 Hz.
PIEZOELECTRIC SENSORS
• Piezoelectric sensors generate an electrical
potential when subjected to physical
deformation.
• The deformation in the lattice of atoms produces
a reorientation of charges, creating on the
surface of the material charges of opposite
polarity.
• Charge on opposite surfaces can be measured
with electrodes.
PIEZOELECTRIC SENSORS
• The total induced load is proportional to the
applied force.
𝑞 = 𝑘𝑓
• Where k is the piezoelectric constant of the
material with units C/N.
• The constant depends on the material.
Quartz has 2.3 pC/N and barium titanate
140 pC/N
PIEZOELECTRIC SENSORS
• Assuming that the system works as a parallel
plate capacitor, then the voltage will be
charge between capacitances.
𝑞 𝑘𝑓 𝑘𝑓𝑥
𝑣= = =
𝐶 𝐶 𝐴𝜀
• Additionally, piezoelectric materials have a
high resistance (order of G) but finite, so
again you have an RC circuit.

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