Introduction to Embedded system

Bharathi V K
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Advanced Embedded System

Introduction to Embedded System

Bharathi V K
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Advanced Embedded System
Textbooks

Text Books:
“Introduction to Embedded Systems”, K.V. Shibu, TMH Education Pvt. Ltd. 2009.

Reference Books:

1. “Embedded Systems- A Contemporary Design Tool”, James K. Peckol, John Wiley,

2008.
2. “ARM System Developer’s Guide – Designing and optimizing system software”,
Andrew N SLOSS, Dominic SYMES and Chris Wright, Morgan Kaufmann Publications, 2004.
3. “Arduino Cookbook - Third Edition”, Michael Margolis, Brian Jepson and Nicholas
Robert Weldin, O'Reilly Media, Inc, April 2020.
4. “Programming the Raspberry Pi & Getting Started with Python, 3rd Edition”, Simon
Monk, McGraw-Hill Education TAB, June 2021.
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Introduction to embedded system

Embedded System:-
❑ An embedded system is a system that has software embedded into
computer-hardware, which makes a system dedicated for an application(s)
or specific part of an application or product or part of a larger system.
❑ An embedded system is one that has a dedicated purpose software
embedded in a computer hardware
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Memory

Following are the factors that are to be considered while

selecting the memory devices,

• Speed
• Data storage size and capacity
• Bus width
• Power consumption
• Cost
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Embedded system requirements:
Program memory for holding control algorithm or embedded OS and the applications designed to run
on top of OS.

• Data memory for holding variables and temporary data during task execution.
• Memory for holding non-volatile data which are modifiable by the application.
• The memory requirement for an embedded system in terms of RAM (SRAM/DRAM) and ROM
(EEPROM/FLASH/NVRAM) is solely dependent on the type of the embedded system and
applications for which it is designed.
• There is no hard and fast rule for calculating the memory requirements. Lot of factors need to be
considered for selecting the type and size of memory for embedded system.
• Example: Design of Embedded based electronic Toy.
• If the ES design is RTOS based ,the RTOS requires certain amount of RAM for its execution and
ROM for storing RTOS Image.
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• Sensor: A transducer device which converts energy from one form to another for any
measurement or control purpose.
• Sensors acts as input device
• Eg. Hall Effect Sensor which measures the distance between the cushion and magnet in the
Smart Running shoes from adidas
• Example: IR, humidity , PIR(passive infra red) , ultrasonic , piezoelectric , smoke sensors
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• Actuator: A form of transducer device (mechanical or electrical) which converts
signals to corresponding physical action (motion). Actuator acts as an output device

• Eg. Micro motor actuator which adjusts the position of the cushioning element in the
Smart Running shoes from adidas
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Light Emitting Diode (LED):
• Light Emitting Diode (LED) is an output device for visual Vcc indication in any
embedded system
• LED can be used as an indicator for the status of various signals or situations.
• Typical examples are indicating the presence of power conditions GND like „Device
ON‟, „Battery low‟ or „Charging of battery‟ for a battery operated handheld embedded
devices.
• LED is a p-n junction diode and it contains an anode and a cathode.
• For proper functioning of the LED, the anode of it should be connected to +ve terminal
of the supply voltage and cathode to the –ve terminal of supply voltage.
• The current flowing through the LED must limited to a value below the maximum
current that it can conduct.
• A resister is used in series between the power supply and the resistor to limit the
current through the LED
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7-Segment LED Display:

• The 7 – segment LED display is an output device for displaying alpha numeric characters.
• It contains 8 light-emitting diode (LED) segments arranged in a special form.
• Out of the 8 LED segments, 7 are used for displaying alpha numeric characters.
• The LED segments are named A to G and the decimal point LED segment is named as DP
• The LED Segments A to G and DP should be lit accordingly to display numbers and characters
• The 7 – segment LED displays are available in two different configurations, namely;
• Common anode and Common cathode In the Common anode configuration,
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Optocoupler:

• Optocoupler is a solid state device to isolate two parts of a circuit.

• In electronic circuits, optocoupler is used for suppressing interference in data communication
• , circuit isolation, High voltage separation, etc
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– Stepper Motor:
• Stepper motor is an electro mechanical device which generates discrete displacement (motion) in response to dc
electrical signals It differs from the normal dc motor in its operation.
• The dc motor produces continuous rotation on applying dc voltage whereas a stepper motor produces
discrete rotation in response to the dc voltage applied to it.
• Unipolar: A unipolar stepper motor contains two windings per phase.
The direction of rotation (clockwise or anticlockwise) of a stepper motor is controlled by
changing the direction of current flow.
Current in one direction flows through one coil and in the opposite direction flows through the other coil.
It is easy to shift the direction of rotation by just switching the terminals to which the coils are connected
• Bipolar: A bipolar stepper motor contains single winding per phase. For reversing the motor
rotation the current flow through the windings is reversed dynamically.
It requires complex circuitry for current flow reversal
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– Relay:
• An electro mechanical device which acts as dynamic path selectors for signals and power.

• „Relay‟ works on electromagnetic principle.

• The Relay is normally controlled using a relay driver circuit connected to the port pin of the processor/controller.

• A transistor can be used as the relay driver. The transistor can be selected depending on the relay driving current requirements.
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• Piezo Buzzer:

• It is a piezoelectric device for generating audio indications in embedded

applications.

• A Piezo buzzer contains a piezoelectric diaphragm which produces audible

sound in response to the voltage applied to it.

• Piezoelectric buzzers are available in two types 1.Self-driving 2.External

driving
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Push button switch:

Push Button switch is an input device.

Push button switch comes in two configurations, namely „Push to Make‟ and „Push to Break‟

The push button stays in the „closed‟ (For Push to Make type) or „open‟ (For Push to Break type)
state as long as it is kept in the pushed state and it breaks/makes the circuit connection when it is released.
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Communication Interface

• Communication interface is essential for communicating with various subsystems of the

embedded system and with the external world.
• The communication interface can be viewed in two different perspectives; namely;
1) Device/board level communication interface (Onboard Communication Interface)
Examples: Serial interfaces like I2C, SPI, UART, 1-Wire etc and Parallel bus interface
2) Product level communication interface (External Communication Interface)
Examples for wireless communication interface: Infrared (IR), Bluetooth (BT), Wireless
LAN (Wi-Fi), Radio Frequency waves (RF), GPRS etc.
Examples for wired interfaces: RS-232C/RS-422/RS 485, USB, Ethernet (TCP-IP),
IEEE 1394 port, Parallel port etc.
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Communication Interface

Device/board level or On board communication interfaces:

Communication channel which interconnects the various components within an embedded product is referred as
Device/board level communication interface (Onboard Communication Interface)

These are classified into

1. I2C (Inter Integrated Circuit) Bus
2. SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) Bus
3. UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter)
4. 1-Wires Interface 1.5 Parallel Interface
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Communication Interface

I2C (Inter Integrated Circuit) Bus:

• Inter Integrated Circuit Bus (I2C - Pronounced „I square C‟) is a synchronous bi-directional half duplex
(one-directional communication at a given point of time) two wire serial interface bus.

• The I2C bus is comprised of two bus lines, namely; Serial Clock – SCL and Serial Data – SDA
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• SCL line is responsible for generating synchronization clock pulses and SDA is responsible
for transmitting the serial data across devices.

• Devices connected to the I2C bus can act as either „Master‟ device or „Slave‟ device.

• The „Master‟ device is responsible for controlling the communication by initiating/terminating

data transfer, sending data and generating necessary synchronization clock pulses.

• Slave devices wait for the commands from the master and respond upon receiving the
commands.
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Communication Interface

The sequence of operation for communicating with an I2C slave device is:
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Communication Interface Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) Bus:
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1-wire interface (protocol):

• 1- Wire is a device communications bus system designed by Dallas Semiconductor Corp.

that provides low-speed data, signaling, and power over a single conductor.

• 1-Wire is similar in concept to I²C, but with lower data rates and longer range. It is typically used
to communicate with small inexpensive devices such as digital thermometers and weather
instruments.
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Communication Interface

1-wire interface (protocol):

• There is always one master in overall charge, which may be a PC or a microcontroller. The
master initiates activity on the bus, simplifying the avoidance of collisions on the bus.
Protocols are built into the software to detect collisions.

• Many devices can share the same bus. Each device on the bus has a unique 64-bit serial
number.
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Communication Interface-(External Communication Interface)

• The Product level communication interface‟ (External Communication Interface) is responsible for data
transfer between the embedded system and other devices or modules
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Introduction to embedded system
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Introduction to embedded system
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USB (UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS):
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USB (UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS):
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USB (UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS):
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UART (UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER ):
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UART (UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER ):
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UART (UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER ):
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UART (UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER ):
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UART (UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER ):
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UART (UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER ):
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UART (UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER ):
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UART (UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER ):
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UART (UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER ):
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UART (UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER ):
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UART (UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER ):
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UART (UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER ):
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UART (UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER ):
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UART (UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER ):
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UART (UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER ):
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UART (UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER ):
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UART (UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER ):
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UART (UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER ):
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UART (UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER ):
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UART (UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER ):
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UART (UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER ):
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UART (UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER ):
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Wireless communication interface :
They are basically classified into following types
1. Infrared
2. Bluetooth
3. Wi-Fi
4. Zigbee
5. GPRS
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INFRARED:

➢ Most of the thermal radiation emitted by objects near room temperature is infrared.
Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Night-vision
devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed
without the observer being detected.
➢ The transmitter of an IR LED inside its circuit, which emits infrared light for every electric
pulse given to it. This pulse is generated as a button on the remote is pressed, thus
completing the circuit, providing bias to the LED.
➢ IR supports data rates ranging from 9600bits/second to 16Mbps
➢ Serial infrared: 9600bps to 115.2 kbps
➢ Medium infrared: 0.576Mbps to 1.152 Mbps
➢ Fast infrared: 4Mbps
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BLUETOOTH

Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for short distances (using short-

wavelength UHF band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz)for exchanging data over radio
waves in the ISM and mobile devices, and building personal area networks
(PANs)
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Wi-Fi:

▪ Wi-Fi is the name of a popular wireless networking technology that uses radio waves to
provide wireless high-speed Internet and network connections
▪ Wi-Fi follows the IEEE 802.11 standard
▪ Wi-Fi is intended for network communication and it supports Internet Protocol (IP) based
communication
▪ Wi-Fi based communications require an intermediate agent called Wi-Fi router/Wireless
Access point to manage the communications.
▪ The Wi-Fi router is responsible for restricting the access to a network, assigning IP
address to devices on the network, routing data packets to the intended devices on the
network.
▪ Wi-Fi operates at 2.4GHZ or 5GHZ of radio spectrum and they co-exist with other ISM
band devices like Bluetooth.
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ZIGBEE
Zigbee is an IEEE 802.15.4-based specification for a suite of high- level communication
protocols used to create personal area networks with small, low-power digital radios, such as for
home automation, medical device data collection, and other low-power low-bandwidth needs,
designed for small scale projects which need wireless connection.
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ZIGBEE

▪ Zigbee Coordinator: The zigbee coordinator acts as the root of the zigbee network. The ZC is
responsible for initiating the Zigbee network and it has the capability to store information about
the network.

▪ Zigbee Router: Responsible for passing information from device to another device or to
another ZR.

▪ Zigbee end device:End device containing zigbee functionality for data communication. It can
talk only with a ZR or ZC and doesn’t have the capability to act as a mediator for transferring
data from one device to another.

▪ Zigbee supports an operating distance of up to 100 metres at a data rate of 20 to 250 Kbps.
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General Packet Radio Service(GPRS):
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General Packet Radio Service(GPRS):
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SYSTEM COMPONENTS

➢ The system components refer to the components/ICs which are necessary for the
proper functioning of the embedded system.
➢ Some of these circuits may be essential for the proper functioning of the
processor/controller and firmware execution.
➢ Watchdog timer, Reset IC, Brown-out Protection IC, etc are examples of
circuits/ICs which are essential for the proper functioning of processor/controllers
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SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Reset circuit:
➢ The reset circuit is essential to ensure that the device is not operating at a voltage level
where the device is not guaranteed to operate, during system power ON.
➢ The reset signal brings the internal registers and the different hardware systems of the
processor/controller to known state and starts the firmware execution from reset vector.
➢ The reset signal can be either Active High or active Low.
➢ The reset signal to the processor can be applied at power ON through an external passive
reset circuit comprising a capacitor and resistor or through a standard reset IC like MAX810
from Maxim Dallas.
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SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Brownout protection unit:

➢ The processor behavior may not be predictable if the power supply voltage falls below
the recommended operating voltage.

➢ It may lead to situations like data corruption.

➢ A brown-out protection circuit holds the processor/controller in reset state, when the
operating voltage falls below the threshold, until it rises above the threshold.
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SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Oscillator Unit:

➢ A microprocessor/Microcontroller is a digital device made up of digital combinational and

sequential circuits.
➢ The instruction execution of a microprocessor/controller occurs in sync with a clock signal.
➢ Oscillator unit is responsible for generating the precise clock for the processor.
➢ Certain processors/controllers integrate a built-in oscillator unit and simply require an
external ceramic resonator/quartz crystal for producing necessary clock signals.
➢ The speed of the operation of a processor is primarily dependent on the clock frequency.
➢ The total system power consumption is directly proportional to the clock frequency.
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SYSTEM COMPONENTS

RTC
➢ RTC is a system component responsible for keeping track of time.
➢ It holds information like current time( In hours, minutes, and seconds) in 12 hour/24 hours
format, date, month, year, day of the week, etc. and supply timing reference to the
system.
➢ RTC is intended to function even in the absence of the power
THANK YOU
Bharathi V K
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
[email protected]